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Open Access
Fungal diseases of selected medicinal plants of Kerala
(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1991) Sukumara, Varma A; KAU; ; Abi, Cheeran
Open Access
Qualitative changes of yoghurt prepared from milk preserved by different methods
(Department of Dairy Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 1990) Prasad, V; KAU; Sukumaran, M V
An experiment was conducted to study the qualitative changes of yoghurt prepared from milk preserved by different methods. An attempt was also made to study the efficiency of LP system in controlling psychrotrops in refrigerated milk thereby extending the keeping quality of such stored milk. The efficacy of the system was compared with pasteurized milk and raw milk stored under similar conditions. An exhaustive review of literature has been presented on the use of various preservation methods employed in milk, quality of yoghurt and other related aspects. The methods of analyses of some important components of milk and yoghurt has been detailed. The milk after collection were divided into three portions and used for various treatments A (raw milk as such), B (laboratory pasteurized) and C )LP activated). Samples in each treatment were again divided into four parts and stored under refrigeration for 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours for further analysis and yoghurt preparation. When raw milk was stored under refrigeration, acidity developed to a significantly high level (P < 0.05) at the end of 72 hours of storage whereas no significant increase in activity was noticed in treatments B and C. This result was corroborated by a decrease in both psychrotrophic and total bacterial counts in milk under treatments B and C. So it was concluded that the development of acidity in treatment A could be due to bultiplication of microbes particularly psychrotrophs. In B and C its growth was arrested by the treatments. Hydrogen peroxide and thiocyanate were detected in all raw milk samples at a level of 3.78 and 7.33 ppm respectively. The level of H2 O2 and SCN – used for the activation of LP system for the study were found to be adequate, since the psychrotrophic count in milk at the end of 72 hours in treatment C was less than that found in treatment B. The residual H2 O2 and SCN – contents at the end of 72 hours were found to be within the normal level found in milk thus having no health hazards, by this method of preservation. When yoghurt samples were prepared from stored milk no significant differences between treatments were noticed in the values of fermentation period, acidity, pH, total proteins and total solids. A significant increase in NPN and tyrosine values were noticed in yoghurt prepared from milk under treatment A indicating extensive proteolysis in milk during storage under this treatment. However, no difference was noticed between treatments B and C. Diacetyl and acetaldehyde were produced at a desirable level in yoghurt samples under all the three treatments. A proper ratio of Str. Thermophiles – 6 and L. bulgaricus – 4 was found to be maintained in all yoghurt samples. On organoleptic evaluation the yoghurt prepared from milk under treatment C could not be distinguished from other two treatments. In fact, yoghurt under C got a higher total score on organoleptic evaluation than A and B. Low score for body and texture, and falvour was observed under treatment A. This may be attributed to the effect of growth of psychrotrophs in raw milk during refrigeration. From the results, it was concluded that good quality yoghurt can be prepared from milk stored under refrigeration following pasteurization or LP activation. Yoghurt samples prepared from milk stored under treatment A was found to be of inferior quality when compared to B and C. The result also confirmed that LP system can be recommended as a safe preservative for extending storage life of refrigerated milk. When such stored milk was used for yoghurt production, no significant difference in the quality was noticed when compared to yoghurt under treatment B. Suggesting that LP activated milk can be conveniently and economically used for the production of fermented milk products like yoghurt without any apparent harmful effect.
Open Access
Survival of Xanthomonas campestris pv. Oryzae and its Control in Kuttanad
(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1996) Mary, C A; KAU; Sasikumar Nair
The present investigation was taken up to understand the factors responsible for the recurrence of bacterial blight disease in a severe from only during the additional crop season in Kuttanad. The mode of survival of the pathogen during and in between the two major cropping seasons of Kuttanad region were also studied in detail. An extensive survey was also conducted among 115 farmers in 12 Krishibhavans of Kuttanad taluk for this purpose to collect specific informations on existing cultural practices, crop variety, nature and distribution of weed flora and self sown rice plants in and around rice fields and on wether data from June 1992 to March 1994. The efficacy of two different methods of spraying, prophylactic and curative using streptocycline, mixture of streptomycin and oxytetracycline in the proportion 1:9, Bactrinol – 100 cowdung extract on the control of bacterial blight disease was tested under field condition at Nedumudi in Kuttanad. The survey showed that there was considerable variation in the incidence of bacterial blight in Kuttanad taluk. Among the 12 Krishibhavan areas the disease incidence was maximum in Ramankari and Nedumudi and minimum in Kavalam, Kainakary and Muttar. In Neelamperoor and Thalavadi areas there was no incidence of this disease during the period of survey. Between the two major cropping seasons the disease incidence was more during the additional crop season than during Punja season. Red Triveni and Jyothy were the most popular varieties cultivated in the area and more than 50% of the farmers cultivate Red Triveni. It was observed that the variety Red Triveni as highly susceptible to bacterial blight disease. The isolate of the pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae from the rice variety Red Triveni was capable of both gelatin liquefaction and starch hydrolysis. The pathogen X. oryzae pv. oryzae was found to survive for a maximum period of 42 days in infected seed, 105 days in infected straw, 56 days in infected stubbles at room temperature, 24 days in infected stubbles under dry land condition and 14 days under wet land condition. The pathogen did not survive in soil and water. Weeds like Oryza sativa var. fatua and Paspalum conjugatum served as alternate host for the pathogen. Bacterial blight infected self sown rice plants could be seen in Kuttanad during the cropping and non cropping seasons. Due to certain specific reasons, the cultivation practices were often found to extend beyond the normal cropping seasons in the region resulting in the chances of survival of bacterial blight pathogen in the host plant itself. The specific weather conditions during the additional crop season played an important role for the severity of bacterial blight desease in this season in Kuttanad. The pathogen X. oryzae pv. oryzae was tested for sensitivity to antibiotics, Bactrinol – 100 and cowding extract under in vitro conditions. The maximum growth inhibition was obtained with oxytetracycline followed by chloramphen icol which was statistically on par with oxytetracycline. The effect of increasing concentrations of oxytetracycline in combination with streptomycin on growth of X. oryzae pv. oryzae was studied with 100, 250 and 500 ppm concentrations. The growth inhibition increased not only with the concentrations of antibiotic from 100–500 ppm but also with increasing concentration of oxytetracycline. The maximum zone of growth inhibition was obtained with 1:9 proportion of streptomycin and oxytetracycline. The five treatments selected for field evaluation trial included streptocycline at 500 ppm, streptomycin + oxytetracycline (1:9) at 250 ppm and 500 ppm, Bactrinol -100 at 500 ppm and fresh cowdung extract at 20g/1. Two different spraying methods, prophylactic and curative were evaluated in two rice varieties, T(N) 1 and jyothy. The reduction in disease index by prophylactic and curative sprayings was maximum after spraying with cowdung extract 20g/1. As regards to two methods of spraying, significant reduction in per cent disease index was obtained with curative spraying. The maximum per cent increase in grain yield over control was obtained after curative spraying with 500 ppm streptomycin and oxytetracycline mixture in jyothy followed by cowdung extract 20 g/l. In T(N) 1 and jyothy both by prophylactic and curative spraying, the thousand grain weight was maximum with cowdung extract 20 g/1. As regards to two method of spraying, significant increase in grain yield and thousand grain weight was obtained after curative spraying. In T(N) 1, both by prophylactic and curative spraying the per cent increase in straw yield was maximum with a mixture of streptomycin and oxytetracycline at 500 ppm and jyothy with cowdung extract 20g/1. In T(N)1 significant reduction in chaff per cent was recorded by prophylactic spraying while in Jyothy no significant difference was obtained by the two methods of spraying. In both these varieties the reduction in chaff per cent was maximum by spraying with cowdung extract (20g/1). It was observed that two prophylactic spraying with selected bactericidal agents, neither resulted in any significant reduction in disease index nor increase in yield as compared to curative spraying. This could be due to the fact that in Kuttanad bacterial blight disease usually occurred only around the panicle initiation stage or even later. Therefore a need based curative spraying schedule would be most effective for the control of bacterial blight disease in Kuttanad. On working out the economic benefits of controlling bacterial blight it was observed that there will be economic return only from spraying infected plants of both (T(N) 1 and jyothy with cowdung extract 20g/1. The return from plants sprayed with all other treatments in the investigation was low when compared to unsprayed control plants. Thus it will be economically advantageous to use cowdung extract to control bacterial blight of rice.
Open Access
Differential adoption of plant protection technology by farmers of Kerala - a critical analysis
(Department Of Agricultural Extension, College Of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1995) Meera, B; KAU; Thyagarajan Nair, G
Indian agriculture has undergone intensive farming with the introduction of high yielding varieties of crops. Adoption of improved technology and management practices for boosting up production of food grains have resulted in serious pest and disease complexes warranting intensive and extensive use of plant protection chemicals. A number of limitations and adverse side effects such as pest resistance to pesticides, pesticide residues, health hazards, environmental pollution and ecological imbalance have been identified recently. The components of plant protection technology were taken to study the differential adoption in important crops like paddy and vegetables by the farmers and explained the variations in their cognitive, affective and connative components of behaviour with a selected set of independent variables. The study analysed the indigenous practices of plant protection being followed by farmers and also their perception about the impact of pesticides on environmental aspects. The major constraints experienced by the farmers in the adoption of plant protection technology along with the suggestions to overcome the same were also studied. The study was undertaken in two districts of Kerala viz., Thiruvananthapuram and Alappuzha. A sample of 120 farmers each from the two districts was selected and the total sample size for the study was 240.The data were collected using an interview schedule and analysed using suitable statistical techniques. There was significant difference among the farmers of Thiruvananthapuram and Alappuzha districts with regard to their knowledge about chemical and cultural methods of plant protection. Majority of farmers of both the districts belonged to low knowledge group. The farmers of both the districts were ignorant about biological, physical and integrated methods of plant protection methods. Majority of the farmers of both the districts possessed favourable attitude towards chemical method of plant protection. The farmers of Alappuzha district were significantly higher adopters of plant protection methods than the farmers of Thiruvananthapuram district. Majority of the farmers of both the districts belonged to low perception category with regard to their perception about the utility and practicability of plant protection methods. Crops yield index and scientific orientation emerged as significant independent variables in the correlation and multiple regression analysis with regard to the farmers of both the districts. The practices, viz., controlled application of nutrients for reducing pest and disease attack in paddy and use of ‘thulsikeni’ in ‘pandals’ to trap and kill fruit flies in vegetables were judged as the most effective and scientifically rational practices adopted by farmers. The farmer’s perception about the impact of pesticides on environmental aspects was very low and majority of them belonged to low perception category. The constraint ‘untimely supply and high cost of imputs’ was the most important constraint experienced by the farmers of Thiruvananthapuram district, while ‘lack of proper drainage facilities’ was the most serious constraint experienced by the farmers of Alappuzha District. The most important suggestion given by the farmers to overcome the constraints was to ‘develop simple and more compatible plant protection technologies’ and the most important suggestion given by the experts to overcome the constraints experienced by the farmers was to ‘impart adequate training to farmers as well as extension workers on IPM practices’. The strategic model developed by integrating the salient findings of the present study, emphasized the importance of popularizing effective plant protection technology among the farmers in ecologically sensitive rice and vegetable production systems in Kerala.
Open Access
Effectiveness of soil solarization for the control of soft rot disease in ginger
(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1996) Vilasini, T N; KAU; Peethambran, C K
The effectiveness of soil solarisation for the control of soft rot disease in ginger was studied at the College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, Thrissur during March 1992 to December 1993. The beds were inoculated with Pythium aphanidermatum, five days before the solarisation. Transparent, 150 guage polyethylene sheets were used for solarizing the beds. Maximum soil temperatures recorded were 63.00, 59.00 and 46.50 at 5, 10 and 15 cm depths in solarized soil, while, that in non-solarized soils were 49.50, 43.00 and 40.00C, respectively, at 5,10 and 15 cm depths. Temperature in the solarized soil at 5 cm depth was above 50.00 C for the entire solarisation period and above 55.00 C for 38 days, while, at 10 cm depth the temperature was above 50.00 C for 35 days and above 55.00 for five days. The soil temperature at 15 cm depth never reached 50.00 C during the solarisation period. Based on the soil and air temperature recorded, two simple regression equations at 5 and 10 cm depths, one simple equation at 15 cm depth and one multiple regression equation at 10 cm depth were developed for predicting soil temperature under polyethylene mulch. Rate of germination in ginger was enhanced by solarisation. Significant effect of solarisation was observed in controlling the pre and post-emergence rotting in ginger. Increasing the period of solarisation from 30 to 45 days did not result in a corresponding reduction in the pre-emergence rotting. Trichoderma incorporated neem cake amended 30 day solarized treatment was highly effective and recorded cent percent control of the soft rot disease, while, maximum disease incidence (90.67%) was in Trichoderma incorporated neem leaves amended 45 days solarized plots. Reduction in Pythium population ranging from 79.49 to 99.1 per cent was observed in solarized plots immediately after the removal of polyethylene sheets. Solarization reduced the total fungal, bacterial, actinomycetal and Pseudomonas sp. population in the field. Plants grown in solarized plots showed better colonization of VAM and Azospirillum. Significant reduction in the nematode population was recorded by solarisation. Solarization had a profound suppressive effect on the weed population and it lasted till harvest. Solarization effect was more pronounced in dicots. Eventhough, solarisation substantially reduced weed population, its effect was less in the edges. Bulbostylis barbata, Cynodon dactylon and Cyperus rotundus survived the solarisation effect. Increased growth response of ginger plants was observed as a result of solarization. Growth parameters like height, number of leaves/plant, number of tillers, number of roots, leaf length, leaf breadth, fresh weight of shoots and rhizomes were influenced by solarisation. Significant increase in the yield was obtained through solarisation. Trichoderma incorporated and neem cake amended 30 days solarized treatment gave the maximum yield/plant (623.23 g) and also per plot yield (10159.57 g), which was 5361 per cent more than that of control. Availability of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was improved by solarisation. The initial cost of solarization is comparatively high, an amount of Rs. 52,500/- is required for solarizing one hectare of ginger field. An additional profit generated from this technique was Rs. 40,136/ha for 30 days solarisation.
Open Access
Nutritional status of women engaged in fishvending in Thivandurm district
(Department of Home Science, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1993) Karuna, M S; KAU; Prema, L
The study on the “Nutritional status of women engaged in fishvending in Trivandrum District” comprises of the socio-economic and food consumption pattern of the fisherwomen families with special reference to their actual food intake, energy expenditure and nutritional status. Families surveyed were nuclear type belonging to under privileged communities. Main occupation of the families was fishing and fishvending. Most of the families belonged to the income groups of Rs.1000 to 2000. In these families as the income increased the percentage of income spent on food items decreased. Expenditure on education and health was very low. Male members spent much money for their faulty habits like alcoholism and playing cards. Most of the families were in debts and only women were responsible for the economic management of the families. Index developed from various socio-economic variables revealed that all the families lived below the poverty line. All the families were non-vegetarians and fish was the main nonvegetarian food in their diet. However, consumption of vegetables, pulses, eggs and green leafy vegetables was less due to lack of knowledge about nutritious food. Preparation of food is not upto the standard and this results in the poor quality of the food. Unbalanced, monotonous meal pattern was observed in the community. Compared to other stages of life, special attention was given only during infancy and pre-school period. Besides fishvending women were responsible for household tasks and child care practices. The women got employment for 7 months in a year. Most of the women sold the fish either in the markets in the city or by home to home delivery. Income getting from fishvending was not in proportion to the distance covered. Time spent for fishvending activity was more than the time they spent for other activities. Most of the household activities were combined with fishvending activities. It was found that total time spent for fishvending and household activities was more than 10 hours in a day. Time spent for fishvending activities was positively associated with family income, age of the fisherwomen and income of the fisherwomen. Compared to recommended daily allowance, higher energy expenditure was noticed in all the fisherwomen studied. Majority of the women were below the normal weight. Body Mass Index of the women showed that 33.33 percent suffered from energy deficiency. Nutritional status index was developed from height, weight and body mass index. The index developed ranged from 14.04 to 18.58. A highly significant positive association was observed in between nutritional status index of the women and their height, weight, BMI, Index developed from socio-economic factors and their energy expenditure. Clinical examination of the fisherwomen revealed that 95.33 percent of the women were suffering from any one of the nutritional deficiency disorders. Consumption of food quantity and availability of nutrients from the food were not satisfactory. The nutrients like energy, calcium, iron , retinol, thiamine , niacin and riboflavin and Vitamin C were deficient in their diets. As a result nutritional deficiency symptoms were more prevalent among them. Energy expenditure was more than the intake of energy. Blood constituents like haemoglobin, total protein albumin and Vitamin A were deficient in many of the women studied. From the above findings it was concluded that the nutritional status of the fisherwomen was found to be affected by geographic, environmental and disease factors.
Open Access
Genetic divergence, prepotency and inbreeding depression in para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.)
(Department of Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1992) Kavitha Mydin, K; KAU; Gopinathan Nair, V
A study on genetic divergence, prepotency and inbreeding depression in rubber was undertaken in an effort to identify clones for use as components of polyclonal seed gardens. Forty clones of Indian, Indonesian, Malaysian and Sri Lankan origin were evaluated in a replicated trial at the Rubber Research Institute of India. Genetic variability, correlations and the cause and effect relationships of dry rubber yield and its components were worked out. Genetic divergence was estimated employing the Mahalanobis' D2 techinique. The factors of divergence were identified through principal factor analysis. Twenty promising clones from genetically divergent clusters were subjected to seedling progeny analyses for the estimation of propotency based on performance of their open pollinated seedling progenies and inbreeding depression in the first generation of selfing. Significant clonal variation was revealed in respect of all the physiological, morphological and structural attributes studied as mean values for the fourth year of tapping for the stress period and for the peak yield period. High genetic variability for volume of latex under stress, plugging index under stress, annual mean dry rubber yield and dry rubber yield during the stress and peak periods was indicated by the high estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation. Additive gene effects offering scope for improvement through selection was indicated for dry rubber yield, latex flow rate and volume of latex during the three periods, girth increment rate, annual mean plugging index and plugging index under stress, by the moderate to high heritability estimates along with high genetic advance for these traits. Non- additive gene action was indicated by the high heritability and low genetic advance for dry rubber content during the three periods, girth and bark thickness. At both genotypic and phenotypic levels, annual mean dry rubber yield showed moderate to high positive correlations with dry rubber content and latex flow rate during the three periods, girth, girth increment rate, length of the tapping panel and bark thickness and negative correlations with yield depression under stress and plugging index during the three periods. Dry rubber yield under stress emerged as a more important component than peak dry rubber yield by its higher magnitude of positive direct effect on annual mean dry rubber yield. Latex flow rate during the stress and peak periods and annual mean volume of latex exhibited high positive direct effects on annual mean dry rubber yield while plugging index during the peak yield period, volume of latex under stress and girth increment rate had negative direct effects on annual mean dry rubber yield. The magnitude and direction of the effects of the components on dry rubber yield during the three periods varied indicating these relationships to be under different genetic control. Selection for a high dry rubber yield under stress, annual mean volume of latex and latex flow rate during the stress and peak periods and against a high plugging index during the peak period, volume of latex under stress and girth increment rate would help achieve improvement in annual mean dry rubber yield. Considerable genetic diversity was revealed by the wide range of D2 values and intra and inter cluster distances. The forty clones were grouped into eight genetically divergent clusters irrespective of their country of origin indicating the absence of any relationship between geographical diversity and genetic divergence. Volume of latex, plugging index, latex flow rate, dry rubber content and dry rubber yield contributed more towards divergence than the morphological and structural attributes. Supporting evidence was obtained from principal factor analysis which revealed the yield factor to be the main factor of divergence with respect to the clusters studied. Junveile rubber yield on test tapping, number of latex vessel rows and number of leaf flushes in seedling progenies exhibited high heritability and genetic advance indicating scope for their use as early selection parameters, while girth exhibited high heritability and low genetic advance. These three traits showed significant positive correlations with juvenile rubber yield, of which girth exhibited the strongest association. Juvenile rubber yield, number of latex vessel rows, girth and number of leaf flushes were identified as important traits for being accorded simultaneous emphasis in the computation of performance index and index scores for the determination of recovery of superior seedlings as estimates of prepotency. Nine clones were identified as likely preopotents on the basis of seedling progeny analysis at the age of two years. Selfing resulted in a lower fruit set than open pollination in the clones in general. No significant inbreeding depression was recorded for juvenile vegetative traits and rubber yield in seedlings. Clones PB 28/83, PB 215, RRII 105, AVT 73, PB 217, PB 252, Ch 26, PB 242 and PB 5/51 were identified as likely prepotents from three genetically divergent clusters. They recorded superiority for yield and various yield components. These clones exhibited synchrony in flowering and are suggested as components of a nine parent polyclonal seed garden. For a seven parent seed garden the clones suggested to be excluded are PB 5/51 and PB 242. A polyclonal seed garden comprising these nine or seven clones as components could generate good quality polycross seed material. Appropriate seed garden layouts have been suggested.
Open Access
Development and application of a scale to measure the efficiency of adult education centres
(Department Of Agricultural Extension, College Of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1990) Padmanabhan, V B; KAU; Thampi, A M
This study on the development and application of a scale to measure the efficiency of Adult Education Centres (AECs) was designed to develop and standardize a scale to measure the efficiency of AECs, to evaluate the selected AECs by using the scale developed and to suggest a model for the efficient functioning of AECs. The study was conducted in the Rural Functional Literacy Programme (RFLP) centres of the Rural Development Blocks of Ollukkara and Kodakara in Thrissur district during 1989. A three stage sampling design was adopted for the study. Instructors and learners of the AECs were the two types of respondents included in the study. Efficiency of AEC (dependent variable) and selected 41 factors (independent variables) were the variables for the study. The data were collected from the instructors by using questionnaires and from the learners by using interview schedules. The collected data were analysed using appropriate statistical techniques including percentage analysis, simple, linear correlation analysis, multiple linear regression analysis, step-wise regression analysis and path coefficient analysis. The salient findings oDepartment of Agricultural Extension College of Agriculturef the study are as follows : 1. Thirty seven independent variables out of the 41 were found to have significant positive relationship with the efficiency of AEC. Job commitment of instructor had the highest value of correlation coefficient. 2. The selected 24 independent variables taken together accounted for 98.35 per cent variation in the efficiency of AEC. The nine variables which were found to exert significant influence on the efficiency of AEC when taken together accounted for 96.27 per cent variation in the efficiency of AEC. 3. The best prediction equation was with eight variables which accounted for 93.97 per cent variation in the efficiency of AEC. These variables were instructor-learner communication, information processing behaviour of instructor, job commitment of instructor, job satisfaction of instructor, human resources, supply of inputs, monitoring and empathy of learner. 4. Job commitment of instructor alone explained 89.03 per cent variation in the efficiency of AEC. 5. Job commitment of instructor had the largest direct effect on the efficiency of AEC and its three components, namely, achievements of learners in literacy, awareness and functionality. The high positive correlations of all the other factors with the efficiency of AEC and its components were due to their positive inter-relationship with job commitment of instructor. 6. The scale developed to measure the efficiency of AECs was found to have high validity (content, criterion – related and concurrent) and reliability (test-rest and split-half). 7. The distribution of scores obtained on evaluating the selected AECs by using the scale was found to be normal. 8. A model was suggested for the efficient functioning of AECs based on the results of this study.
Open Access
Managerial efficiency of cassava farmers
(Department Of Agricultural Extension, College Of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1991) Asnantharaman, M; KAU; Thyagarajan Nair, G
The study aimed at analyzing the managerial efficiency of cassava farmers. It was conducted in four districts namely, Thiruvananthapuram (low productivity), and Pathanamthitta (high productivity) in Kerala State and Kanyakumari (low productivity) and Selem (high productivity) in Tamil Nadu state. The first three districts were considered as non- industrial district and Selem district was considered as industrial district also. A total of 240 cassava farmers were selected, 60 from each district following stratified random sampling. The managerial efficiency was measured with the help of a scale consisting of 30 items developed for the study. The data on the managerial efficiency of farmers and on the fifteen socio- psychological and situational factors of the farmers were collected using an interview schedule. The components of managerial efficiency identified empirically were ‘planning’, ‘labour management’, ‘information management’, ‘financial management’ ‘production management (variety)’, ‘production management (practices)’ and ‘marketing management’. The managerial efficiency of cassava farmers as the whole was somewhat better as little more than half of the farmers had high managerial efficiency. While the farmers exhibited high efficiency in the managerial components namely, ‘planning’, ‘labour management’, ‘financial management’ and marketing management’, they were not efficient in the components of ‘Information management’, ‘production management (variety)’ and ‘production management (practices)’. The farmers of industrial district were found to have significantly higher efficiency in the overall managerial efficiency as well as in the managerial components viz., ‘planning’, ‘information management’, ‘financial management’, ‘production management (variety)’, and ‘production management (practices)’ when compared to farmers of non- industrial district. The component- wise performance of farmers on the whole was in the order of ‘labour management’, ‘marketing management’, ‘planning’, ‘financial management’, ‘production management (practices)’, ‘information management’, and ‘production management (variety)’. While farmers of industrial district relatively performed well in ‘production management (variety)’, ‘production management (practices)’ and ‘planning’ when compared to other components, non-industrial district farmers performance was good at ‘labour management’, ‘marketing management’ and ‘financial management’. The managerial components namely, ‘planning’, ‘information management’ and ‘financial management’ were found to be relatively more important than other components with regard to their contribution towards the profit from cassava cultivation. The socio-psychological and situational factors namely, closeness with agricultural support system, market perception, achievement motivation, economic motivation, attitude towards scientific management in crop enterprise, knowledge on scientific management in crop enterprise, cultivated holding, cassava area and irrigation potential were found to be significantly contributing to the managerial efficiency. The major managerial constraints faced by the farmers were lack of awareness, knowledge, conviction, timely information and planting materials; limited resources, uncertainty and shortage of labourers.

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