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Open Access
Preparation of mozzarella cheese using skim milk filled with coconut milk
(Department of Dairy Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1994) Gnana Selva, Johnson; KAU; Mukundan, M
A detailed study was carried out to determine the quality of coconut fat filled milk for the preparation of Mozzarella cheese and why drinks. Literatures based on filled milk products has been reviewed, apart from the preparation of cheese and why drinks. The control samples of Mozzarella cheese and whey drinks were prepared using cow’s milk. Experiment I products were prepared from milk in which 50 per cent of milk fat was replaced with coconut fat. Experiment II products were prepared from cheese milk in which 100 per cent of milk fat was replaced with coconut fat. All the samples of milk were standardized to 4 per cent fat. A total of 6 trials were carried out to obtain reliable data for statistical analysis. The acidity, pH, stretchbility and FDM content were found to be similar in control, experiment I and II Mozzarella cheese. Eventhough, the control Mozzarella cheese were found to have slightly higher yield protein, fat and lower moisture content, the experimental I and II. Mozzarella cheese also satisfied the requirements for good quality Mozzarella cheese. The control Mozzarella cheese got maximum score on sensory evaluation than the experiment I and II Mozzarella cheese. Pineapple and Lemon falvoured control, experiment I and II whey drinks were found to be equally acceptable with nodifference on storage studies ar 5 + loC. Total bacterial count on whey drinks were also made. The studies revealed that the cow milk in which the milk fat replaced to the extend of 50 per cent and 100 per cent with coconut fat can be effectively utilised for preparation of Mozzarella cheese. The quality of such cheese is comparable with that made from cow milk.
Open Access
Metabolic profile of downer cow syndrome
(Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 1994) Mhachuvino Catherine, Khatsu; KAU; Alikutty, K M
The metabolic profile of ‘Downer Cow’ syndrome in field conditions was studied. Fourteen field cases of ‘Downers’ in crossbred dairy cows aged three to thirteen years, ranging from 250 to 300 kg body weight from Trichur district were selected at random and utilized for the study. Fourteen apparently healthy crossbred dairy cows of similar age group and body weight, maintained under similar conditions of feeding and management from the area from which the clinical cases studied were also selected at random and utilized as the healthy controls. Samples of blood for haematological and biochemical parameters, urine and dung from both healthy and diseased animals were collected and analysed using standard methods. Analyses of the data from fourteen diseased animals indicated a higher incidence in Jersey crossbred cows during summer season. Prominent clinical signs were sternal recumbency exhibiting hindquarter weakness and reduced feed and water intake. However, the affected animals remained bright and alert with no evidence of any systemic disturbances. The clinical data were within physiological limit. Highly significant increase in PCV and significant increase in Hb but no significant difference in ESR, RBC and WBC were observed. Lymphopenia, neutrophilia and eosinopenia were observed with no variation in basophils and monocytes counts. Biochemically, hypocalcaemia,hypophosphataemia, hypoproteinaemia and hypoalbuminaemia were obtained from ‘Downers’ with no significant variation in blood glucose, urea nitrogen, sodium, potassium, magnesium and albumin/globulin ratio. Urinalysis revealed no consistent result indicative of any systemic involvement and no parasitism on dung examination microscopically.
Open Access
Assessment Of Bacteriological quality Of Raw Milk In Trichur And Its Public Health Importance
(Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 1995) Anju Raghunathrao, Kapre; KAU; Nanu, E
In the present study an effort has been made to assess the bacteriological quality of raw milk obtained from three different sources in Trichur. A total of 21 individual and seven pooled samples were collected from each sources (S1, S2 and S3), over a period of five months. The samples were subjected to different bacterial counts and also for the isolation and identification of S. aureus and E. coli. The isolates were tested for their sensitivity to various chemotherapeutic agents. The average total viable count of individual milk samples from S1, S2 and S3 were 7.5 x 104, 1.4 x 105 and 2 x 105 CFU per ml respectively. Significant difference (P < 0.01) between the counts from S1 and S2; and S1 and S3 was noticed. The average coliform count for S1 was 2.4 x 10, for S2 was 4.8 x 104 and for S3 was 3.8 x 103 CFU per ml. There was significant difference (P < 0.01) between the counts from S1 and S2 ; S1 and S3 ; and S2 and S3. The average counts for thermotolerant coliforms in samples from S1, S2 and S3 were 2.2 x 10, 2.4 x 104 and 2.4 x 103 CFU per ml. The counts from S1 and S2 ; and S1 and S3 differed significantly (P < 0.01). The average faecal streptococcal counts for the sample from S1, S2 and S3 were 1.5 x 102 , 2.1 x 103 and 1.7 x 103 CFU per ml. Significant difference (P < 0.01) between the counts from S1 and S2 , and S1 and S3 was noticed. The staphylococcal counts in samples from S1, S2 and S3 averaged 5.7 x 102, 2.8 x 103 and 6.8 x 103 CFU per ml respectively. Significant differences (P < 0.01) between the counts from S1 and S2 , and S1 and S3 were noticed. The average S. aureus count in samples from S1 was 8.5 x 10, from S2 it was 1.8 x 102 and from S3 , 7.1 x 10 CFU per ml. The average E. coli counts in samples from S1, S2 and S3 were 2 x 102, 1.2 x 104 and 1.5 x 103 CFU per ml respectively. The counts in samples from S1 and S2 ; S1 and S3 ; and S2 and S3 differed significantly (P < 0.01). The average total viable count in pooled milk samples from S1 , S2 and S3 were 4 x 104 , 1.8 x 106 and 2.1 x 105 CFU per ml respectively. Significant difference (P < 0.01) between the counts from S1 and S2 and S1 and S3 was noticed. The average coliform counts at 370C of incubation in the pooled samples from S1, S2 and S3 were 5.5 x 10, 2 x 105 and 6.4 x 103 CFU per ml respectively. The counts from S1 and S2, S1 and S3 ; and S2 and S3 were found significantly different (P < 0.01). The average thermotolerent count in samples from S1, S2 and S3 were 2.8 x 10, 3.6 x 104 and 4.4 x 103 CFU per ml respectively. Significant difference (P < 0.01) in the counts of S1 and S2 ; and S1 and S3 was noticed. The average faecal streptococcal count in samples from S1, S2 and S3 were 2 x 102, 4.8 x 103 and 2.9 x 103 CFU per ml respectively. Significantly different (P < 0.01) counts were noticed between S1 and S2 ; and S1 and S3 was noticed. The average staphylococcal count in samples from S1 was 9.2 x 102 from S2 was 5.3 x 104 and from S3 was 1.3 x 104 CFU per ml. The counts in samples from S1 and S2 ; and S1 and S3 were significantly different (P < 0.01). The S. aureus counts in milk samples from S1, S2 and S3 averaged 1 x 102, 4.8 x 102 and 1.1 x 102 CFU per ml respectively. The average E. coli count in samples from S1, S2 and S3 were 2.7 x 102, 8.9 x 104 and 1.9 x 103 CFU per ml respectively. Significant difference (P < 0.01) between the counts of samples from S1 and S2 ; S1 and S3 ; and S2 and S3 was observed. All the individual samples from S1 were either of very good or good grades (95.24 and 4.76%) respectively. All the pooled milk samples from this source was of very good grade. Most of the individual samples from S2 were of very good or good grades ( 76.20 and 23.80%) respectively, but the pooled milk samples from S2 were of very good, good, fair and poor grades (42.84, 28.60, 14.28 and 14.28%) respectively. Among the individual samples from S3 source all were of either very good or good grades (80.95 and 19.05%) respectively. Pooled milk samples from the same source had very good and good grade (57.14 and 42.86%) respectively. None of the samples from this source were of fair or poor grades. Of the 60 suspected colonies isolated, 54 were identified as S. aureus. Antibiogram of S. aureus isolates showed highest sensitivity to cloxacillin (100%) and gentamicin (100%) followed by amoxicillin (87.03%), chloramphenicol (77.80%) and penicillin – G (35.20%). Of the 70 suspected colonies isolated 66 were identified as E. coli. The E. Coli. Isolates were most sensitive to gentamicin (96.96%) followed by amplicillin (93.92%), furazolidone (80.30%) and carbenicillin (15.155). Doxycycline was least effective drug with no sensitivity and high resistance (90.90%).
Open Access
Pathology of hypothyroidism in pigs
(Centre of Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 1995) Prasanna, K S; KAU; Sreekumaran, T
An experimental model of hypothyroid state was induced in piglets, using thiourea with the objectives of studying the sequence of clinico pathological changes and its influence on the animal health and growth. Tweleve Large White Yorkshire male piglets of 2 – 3 months age were selected for the study. The animals were divided into control group of six animals and experimental group of six animals. Experimental hypothyroidism was induced by feeding thiourea daily for a period of three months at the dose level of 50 mg per kg body weight. Haemogram, body weight, plasma proteins, serum cholesterol and serum thyroxine values were estimated at periodic intervals. The piglets were subjected to detailed autopsy after sacrifice. Gross lesions were recorded and detailed histopathological examination of tissues was carried out. During the course of experiment all the experimental animals recorded stunted growth and appreciable reduction in feed intake and alopecia of neck and shoulder regions. There was significant increase in blood cholesterol values and plasma protein level in thiourea fed group. A significant reduction in serum thyroxine level was also recorded. There was significant increase in the relative weight of thyroid, adrenal and pituitary glands of experimental animals. Gelatinisation of subcutaneous fat and dilatation of right ventricles were common findings at autopsy. Histologically the thyroid glands exhibited varying degree of hyperplastic changes and depletion of colloid in the follicles. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the lining epithelium was also observed. Predominant histological changes in the pituitary was hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the basophil cells and degranulation of the acidophil cells. Adrenal glands showed diffuse hyperplasia of zonafasiculata and accessory cortical nodule formation. Skin revealed acanthosis, hyperkeratosis and keratinisation of harifollicles. In all the hypothyroid animals testis showed varying degree of tubular degeneration. A random survey study was conducted to assess the thyroid status of pigs from different parts of Kerala using serum thyroxine as the marker. This concluded that most of the animals had the normal range of serum thyroxine levels.
Open Access
Microbial degradation of mimosine in goats
(Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 1995) Prabhakaran, P; KAU; Devasia, P A
An investigation was carried out to find out the extent of in vitro microbial degradation of pure mimosine (T1) and that of immature leaves (T2), mature leaves (T3), tender stems (T4) and seeds (T5) of L. leucocephala using strained rumen liquor obtained from three rumen fistulated Saanen – Malabari crossbred goats maintained under standard conditions of feeding and management. The proximate chemical composition and mimosine content of different edible parts of leucaena during the months of May, June and July were determined. While immature leaves and seeds had higher crude protein content, seeds had higher crude fat, tender stems had higher crude fibre and mature leaves had higher ash content compared to other edible parts of subabul. The average mimosine concentrations of T2, T3, T4 and T5 were 12.11 + 0.05, 4.89 + 0.02, 3.90 + 0.04 and 10.70 + 0.08 per cent respectively during May; 11.66 + 0.06, 5.23 + 0.03, 3.62 + 0.03 and 10.44 + 0.05 per cent respectively during June and 9.96 + 0.05, 4.92 + 0.03, 3.73 + 0.02 and 9.51 + 0.04 per cent respectively during July on a dry matter basis. The average mimosine concentrations of strained goat rumen liquor incubated with 37.50 mg/100 ml of added mimosine in pure form or as immature leaves, mature leaves, tender stems and seeds showed significant reduction at every 12 hr intervals from 0 to 48 hr of incubation, the final average concentrations being 23.98 + 0.37, 23.14 + 0.37, 22.20 + 0.28, 23.12 + 0.52, 23.35 + 0.37 mg/100 ml of SRL. The percentage of in vitro degradation in respect of T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 increased significantly at every 12 hr intervals of incubation from 0 to 48 hr, even though the degradation was incomplete with all treatments, the average percentage degradation at 48 hr of incubation being 31.69 + 1.02, 34.49 + 1.18, 37.12 + 0.99, 34.54 + 1.50 and 33.41 + 1.03 respectively. The overall average rate of disappearance of mimosine in µg.ml-1 . h-1 in respect of T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 for the entire period of 48 hr of incubation were 2.33, 2.54, 2.74, 2.54 and 2.44 respectively with highest rates during 0 to 12 hr, lower rates during 24 to 36 hr and least rates during 36 to 48 hr. The production of ammonia and VFA coincided with the active degradation of mimosine, there being faster degradation upto 12 hr of incubation with highest concentrations of ammonia and VFA at 12 hr of incubation. The overall results indicated that the rumen microorganisms of crossbred goats degrade mimosine to DPH, ammonia and VFA and that mimosine does not inhibit the microbial activity, even though the possible role of leucaena endogenous enzymes in the partial degradation of mimosine recorded in the present study cannot be ruled out.
Open Access
Effect of dried spleen as growth stimulator in kid rations
(Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 1994) Shyama, K; KAU; James, C S
An investigation was carried out to assess the effect of dried spleen as a growth promotant in kid rations. Twenty four female Malabari kids with an average body weight of 8.5 kg were distributed randomly and as uniformly as possible into four groups (groups 1, 11, 111 and IV) of six animals each, with regard to age and weight. The four dietary treatments A, B, C and D were allotted to the kids in the groups 1, 11, 111 and IV respectively, ration A with a concentrate mixture containing 16 per cent crude protein supplemented with dried buffalo spleen at the rate of 0.1 per cent, ration B forming the control diet at 16 per cent protein level without incorporation of spleen, ration C with a concentrate mixture containing 12 per cent crude protein supplemented with dried buffalo spleen at the rate of 0.1 per cent, ration D forming the control diet at 12 per cent protein level. Jack leaves formed the sole source of roughage to the animals. The experimental duration was 120 days. The results indicated that incorporation of dried spleen in the ration enhanced the growth performance of animals, especially in animals maintained on low level of protein, as evidenced by the cumulative and average daily weight gain registered in that descending order being 7.52 kg and 62.64 g, 7.4 kg and 61.67 g, 6.88 kg and 57.36 g and 5.00 kg and 41.67 g for the animals maintained on rations C, A, B and D respectively. The efficiency of feed and protein utilisation also exhibited the same trend. It was also noticed that, a cost of production per kilogram gain of Rs.32.58 and 26.14 were registered for animals maintained on spleen incorporated rations (rations A and C) as against Rs.35.08 and 38.63 respectively for the animals maintained on corresponding control groups (ration B and D) indicating a better cost efficiency in spleen incorporated groups, especially in animals maintained on low level of crude protein in the ration. The haematological studies reveal that R.B.C., W. B. C., haemoglobin, plasma protein, plasma calcium, phosphorus and magnesium were within the normal range prescribed for the species. The animals maintained on ration C showed a significant increase (P < 0.01) in plasma calcium level when compared to that of the control. Digestibility studies reveal no significant difference in digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen free extract between the four groups. Animals maintained on the spleen incorporated rations (groups 1 and 111) showed better digestibility (P < 0.01) of crude protein and ether extract than the respective control groups (groups 11 and IV). Incorporation of dried spleen could not bringforth any influence on fibre digestion. The results of the balance experiment showed better retention of nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in the animals maintained on spleen incorporated diets. The higher retention of these parameters could be substantiated by the comparatively lower faecal and urinary excretion of these, in animals maintained on spleen incorporated rations (rations A and C). An overall assessment of the results, indicated that incorporation of dried buffalo spleen in the ration of goats, at the rate of 0.1 per cent, certainly augment the nutrient utilisation by increasing the digestibility and retention, and can be recommended as a harmless natural growth promotant with economic benefit.
Open Access
Effect of plane of feeding during pre-partum and lactating stages on mothering ability and subsequent conception in sows
(Department of Livestock Production Management, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1992) Joseph Mathew; Kurien Thomas
Thirty six pregnant gilts were randomly maintained on three different planes of feeding with respect to crude protein (CP) and digestible energy (DE) viz. (i) NRC recommended levels as control (ii) a high plane of 10% increase of CP with respect to NRC level and (iii) a low plane of 10% decrease of CP and DE with respect to NRC – at four stages A, B, C, and D which represented the periods 56 – 83 days of gestation, 84 days to farrowing, farrowing to 28 days and 29 to 56 days post – partum respectively. Shifting of plane of feeding from low to high plane and vice versa while NRC level treated as control, resulted in nine treatment groups each having four experimental units. The body weight gain/ loss of the dam in stages A and D, live litter size and weight at birth, litter size and weight at weaning, parturient and suckling behaviour – expressed as a score – feed consumption of sow and the litter and the overall mothering ability of the sow expressed as composite sow index were beneficially influenced by a high plane of feeding when compared to NRC, while the low plane of feeding was significantly (P < 0.01) poor with respect to almost all the above traits. However, the total litter size at birth, average birth weight of live piglets, feeding and post – weaning oestrus behaviour – expressed as scroes - and conception rate were not significantly affected by plane of feeding. Overall results suggested that a switch – over to high plane of feeding at 84 days of gestation till weaning is most efficient with respect to litter output, economy and post – weaning conception.
Open Access
Performance of desi x exotic cross-bred layers
(Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary Science, Mannuthy, 1992) Jayanthy, M V; KAU; Leo, Joseph
Data were collected on egg production performance of two cross-breds viz. desi X Austra White (DAW) and desi X New Rock (DNR) from 20 to 40 weeks of age. The birds in each cross consisted of naked neck and normal neck varieties. DNR cross birds were significantly heavier at 20 and 40 weeks of age than DAW cross birds. The body weight in Naked neck and normal neck varieties comparable in both crosses. Age at sexual maturity was 184 and 189 days in DNR and DAW crosses respectively. Hen housed and hen day egg numbers were similar in both crosses (37.61 and 47.61 vs 34.40 and 47.81), while the naked neck birds in both crosses showed higher hen housed and hen day egg number between the varieties in DAW cross was significant (53.82 Vs 34.86). The eggs were significantly heavier in DNR cross than in DAW cross (46.74 Vs 44.88) whereas the varieties with in both crosses laid eggs of similar size. The mean daily feed consumption and feed efficiency were also similar in both crosses (106.61 g and 4.09 Vs 104.95 g and 4.93). In DAW cross, the naked neck birds registered a better feed efficiency. While DNR birds were multicolored and laid brown eggs, DAW crosses consisted of only black, grayish white with black patches and grey birds which laid tinted eggs. Broodiness was observed in both the crosses. Egg quality was excellent in both the crosses and varieties with in crosses, at 32 weeks of age. Livability was also similar in both crosses though it was poor. Considering the overall performance, the DNR cross was adjudged as a better cross for the backyard.
Open Access
Hypolipidaemic effect of allium sativum and emblica officinals in rabbits
(Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1992) Mini, K P; KAU; Gopakumar, N
The study was undertaken with the objective of determining the hypolipidaemic effect of Allium sativum and Emblica officinalis in hyper lipidaemic rabbits. The different forms of the indigenous agents tried were aqueous extract of A. sativum and fruit pulp as well as aqueous extract of E. officinalis. The effects produced by the above agents were compared with that of the known hypolipidaemic drug namely, Gemfibrozil which served as the positive control drug. Thirty Newzealand white adult male rabbits were used for the study. The average body weight of the animals were 1.5 kg. They were housed in cages designed for the purpose. Each rabbit received 200 g standard rabbit’s feed per day. The experiment was conducted in two stages. The first step was to render all the rabbits hyper chloesterolaemic. In order to achieve this goal, the standard ration was supplemented daily with 100 mg cholesterol and 8 g Vanaspathi for each rabbit. The rabbits were fed on this diet continuously for 60 days when they developed hypercholesterolaemia. This was ascertained by the estimation carried out initially and every fortnightly during this period. The parameters estimated were plasma cholesterol and plasma triglyceride. The second part of the study was to evaluate the hypolipidaemic efficacy of the chosen indigenous preparations in comparison to that of Gemfibrozil. Each agent was tried on a separate group by dividing the hypercholesterolaemic rabbits into five groups of six each. Group I was kept as the control group which received no treatment. Group II was administered aqueous extract of A. sativum 10 ml (2g/kg b.wt.) orally. The animals of Group III were treated with fruit pulp of E. officinalis at a dose rate of lg/kg orally. Group IV animals received aqueous extract of E. officinalis, orally at a dose rate of I g/kg prepared in 10 ml of water. The Group V served as the positive control which received Gemfibrozil at a dose rate of 120 mg/kg orally. All the drugs were administered for a period of 75 days. The high cholesterol containing diet was continued throughout the period of study. The difference brought about by the above agents on plasma cholesterol and triglyceride of hyperlipidaemic rabbits was determined by routine estimations of the above parameters carried out every fortnightly. At the end of the period of study histopathological studies of liver and aorta were also performed in order to detect the structural changes in tissues caused by the different treatments. The control group of animals increased their plasma cholesterol and triglycerids by 76.59 and 81.36% respectively. This increase was found to be statistically significant. The liver and aorta of these animals also supported the above finding on histopathological examination. Diffused fatty changes was noticed throughout the section of liver and aorta. The hepatocytes were filled with fat and the nucleus was displaced. Lining of the wall of aorta also showed severe fatty infiltration in the control group. It was found that administration of aqueous extract of A. sativum reduced plasma cholesterol by 79.08 per cent and plasma triglycerides by 75.76 per cent within a period of 75 days. Both the reductions were highly significant. Compared to the control group, the histopathological findings of this group showed that garlic was very effective in counteracting the fatty changes induced by high cholesterol diet in rabbits. The fatty changes of liver was only of a mild degree and the fatty infiltration of aorta was also very mild. The percentage reduction obtained in the case of fruit pulp of E. officinalis was 69.74 and 78.20 with respect to cholesterol and triglycerides which was also statistically significant. Aqueous extract of E. officinalis administered to the fourth group of animals could produce a reduction in plasma cholesterol and triglyceride by 79.40 per cent and 82.80 per cent respectively. The histopathological studies conducted in the above two groups showed almost similar findings. Compared to the control group, the degree of fatty changes was only mild to moderate. Infiltration of fat into the elastic tissues of aorta was also very mild. Hence it can be suggested that E. officinalis is capable of counteracting the fatty changes in liver and aorta partially. Gemfibrozil which served as the positive control brought about a percentage reduction of 78.43 with respect to cholesterol and 81.54 per cent in the case of triglyceride, both were found to be highly significant. The above observation was well supported by the photomicrographs of liver and aorta taken from the animals of this group. Mild to moderate degree of fatty changes was noticed in the liver and aorta. Aorta did not reveal prominent changes like that of the control group due to fatty infiltration. The histopathological observation made in the case of Gemfibrozil resemble that of E. officinalis. From the results of the present study, it can be inferred that aqueous extract of A. sativum and fruit pulp as well as aqueous extract of E. officinalis are effective as hypolipidaemic agents and this finding is further asserted by the simultaneous histopathological studies carried out. Both the indigenous agents were capable of correcting the fatty changes produced by the fat containing diet to a considerable extent and garlic was found to be superior to E. officinalis in this respect. The efficacy of these agents in lowering plasma cholesterol and triglyceride was comparable to that of Gemfibrozil as shown by the statistical analysis of the results obtained. Hence these agents prove to be of value as hypolipidaemic agents in the future clinical trials that can be carried out in animals and also in human beings.

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