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Open Access
Preparation of mozzarella cheese using skim milk filled with coconut milk
(Department of Dairy Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1994) Gnana Selva, Johnson; KAU; Mukundan, M
A detailed study was carried out to determine the quality of coconut fat filled milk for the preparation of Mozzarella cheese and why drinks. Literatures based on filled milk products has been reviewed, apart from the preparation of cheese and why drinks. The control samples of Mozzarella cheese and whey drinks were prepared using cow’s milk. Experiment I products were prepared from milk in which 50 per cent of milk fat was replaced with coconut fat. Experiment II products were prepared from cheese milk in which 100 per cent of milk fat was replaced with coconut fat. All the samples of milk were standardized to 4 per cent fat. A total of 6 trials were carried out to obtain reliable data for statistical analysis. The acidity, pH, stretchbility and FDM content were found to be similar in control, experiment I and II Mozzarella cheese. Eventhough, the control Mozzarella cheese were found to have slightly higher yield protein, fat and lower moisture content, the experimental I and II. Mozzarella cheese also satisfied the requirements for good quality Mozzarella cheese. The control Mozzarella cheese got maximum score on sensory evaluation than the experiment I and II Mozzarella cheese. Pineapple and Lemon falvoured control, experiment I and II whey drinks were found to be equally acceptable with nodifference on storage studies ar 5 + loC. Total bacterial count on whey drinks were also made. The studies revealed that the cow milk in which the milk fat replaced to the extend of 50 per cent and 100 per cent with coconut fat can be effectively utilised for preparation of Mozzarella cheese. The quality of such cheese is comparable with that made from cow milk.
Open Access
Metabolic profile of downer cow syndrome
(Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 1994) Mhachuvino Catherine, Khatsu; KAU; Alikutty, K M
The metabolic profile of ‘Downer Cow’ syndrome in field conditions was studied. Fourteen field cases of ‘Downers’ in crossbred dairy cows aged three to thirteen years, ranging from 250 to 300 kg body weight from Trichur district were selected at random and utilized for the study. Fourteen apparently healthy crossbred dairy cows of similar age group and body weight, maintained under similar conditions of feeding and management from the area from which the clinical cases studied were also selected at random and utilized as the healthy controls. Samples of blood for haematological and biochemical parameters, urine and dung from both healthy and diseased animals were collected and analysed using standard methods. Analyses of the data from fourteen diseased animals indicated a higher incidence in Jersey crossbred cows during summer season. Prominent clinical signs were sternal recumbency exhibiting hindquarter weakness and reduced feed and water intake. However, the affected animals remained bright and alert with no evidence of any systemic disturbances. The clinical data were within physiological limit. Highly significant increase in PCV and significant increase in Hb but no significant difference in ESR, RBC and WBC were observed. Lymphopenia, neutrophilia and eosinopenia were observed with no variation in basophils and monocytes counts. Biochemically, hypocalcaemia,hypophosphataemia, hypoproteinaemia and hypoalbuminaemia were obtained from ‘Downers’ with no significant variation in blood glucose, urea nitrogen, sodium, potassium, magnesium and albumin/globulin ratio. Urinalysis revealed no consistent result indicative of any systemic involvement and no parasitism on dung examination microscopically.
Open Access
Effect of dried spleen as growth stimulator in kid rations
(Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 1994) Shyama, K; KAU; James, C S
An investigation was carried out to assess the effect of dried spleen as a growth promotant in kid rations. Twenty four female Malabari kids with an average body weight of 8.5 kg were distributed randomly and as uniformly as possible into four groups (groups 1, 11, 111 and IV) of six animals each, with regard to age and weight. The four dietary treatments A, B, C and D were allotted to the kids in the groups 1, 11, 111 and IV respectively, ration A with a concentrate mixture containing 16 per cent crude protein supplemented with dried buffalo spleen at the rate of 0.1 per cent, ration B forming the control diet at 16 per cent protein level without incorporation of spleen, ration C with a concentrate mixture containing 12 per cent crude protein supplemented with dried buffalo spleen at the rate of 0.1 per cent, ration D forming the control diet at 12 per cent protein level. Jack leaves formed the sole source of roughage to the animals. The experimental duration was 120 days. The results indicated that incorporation of dried spleen in the ration enhanced the growth performance of animals, especially in animals maintained on low level of protein, as evidenced by the cumulative and average daily weight gain registered in that descending order being 7.52 kg and 62.64 g, 7.4 kg and 61.67 g, 6.88 kg and 57.36 g and 5.00 kg and 41.67 g for the animals maintained on rations C, A, B and D respectively. The efficiency of feed and protein utilisation also exhibited the same trend. It was also noticed that, a cost of production per kilogram gain of Rs.32.58 and 26.14 were registered for animals maintained on spleen incorporated rations (rations A and C) as against Rs.35.08 and 38.63 respectively for the animals maintained on corresponding control groups (ration B and D) indicating a better cost efficiency in spleen incorporated groups, especially in animals maintained on low level of crude protein in the ration. The haematological studies reveal that R.B.C., W. B. C., haemoglobin, plasma protein, plasma calcium, phosphorus and magnesium were within the normal range prescribed for the species. The animals maintained on ration C showed a significant increase (P < 0.01) in plasma calcium level when compared to that of the control. Digestibility studies reveal no significant difference in digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen free extract between the four groups. Animals maintained on the spleen incorporated rations (groups 1 and 111) showed better digestibility (P < 0.01) of crude protein and ether extract than the respective control groups (groups 11 and IV). Incorporation of dried spleen could not bringforth any influence on fibre digestion. The results of the balance experiment showed better retention of nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in the animals maintained on spleen incorporated diets. The higher retention of these parameters could be substantiated by the comparatively lower faecal and urinary excretion of these, in animals maintained on spleen incorporated rations (rations A and C). An overall assessment of the results, indicated that incorporation of dried buffalo spleen in the ration of goats, at the rate of 0.1 per cent, certainly augment the nutrient utilisation by increasing the digestibility and retention, and can be recommended as a harmless natural growth promotant with economic benefit.
Open Access
Effect of plane of feeding during pre-partum and lactating stages on mothering ability and subsequent conception in sows
(Department of Livestock Production Management, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1992) Joseph Mathew; Kurien Thomas
Thirty six pregnant gilts were randomly maintained on three different planes of feeding with respect to crude protein (CP) and digestible energy (DE) viz. (i) NRC recommended levels as control (ii) a high plane of 10% increase of CP with respect to NRC level and (iii) a low plane of 10% decrease of CP and DE with respect to NRC – at four stages A, B, C, and D which represented the periods 56 – 83 days of gestation, 84 days to farrowing, farrowing to 28 days and 29 to 56 days post – partum respectively. Shifting of plane of feeding from low to high plane and vice versa while NRC level treated as control, resulted in nine treatment groups each having four experimental units. The body weight gain/ loss of the dam in stages A and D, live litter size and weight at birth, litter size and weight at weaning, parturient and suckling behaviour – expressed as a score – feed consumption of sow and the litter and the overall mothering ability of the sow expressed as composite sow index were beneficially influenced by a high plane of feeding when compared to NRC, while the low plane of feeding was significantly (P < 0.01) poor with respect to almost all the above traits. However, the total litter size at birth, average birth weight of live piglets, feeding and post – weaning oestrus behaviour – expressed as scroes - and conception rate were not significantly affected by plane of feeding. Overall results suggested that a switch – over to high plane of feeding at 84 days of gestation till weaning is most efficient with respect to litter output, economy and post – weaning conception.
Open Access
Performance of desi x exotic cross-bred layers
(Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary Science, Mannuthy, 1992) Jayanthy, M V; KAU; Leo, Joseph
Data were collected on egg production performance of two cross-breds viz. desi X Austra White (DAW) and desi X New Rock (DNR) from 20 to 40 weeks of age. The birds in each cross consisted of naked neck and normal neck varieties. DNR cross birds were significantly heavier at 20 and 40 weeks of age than DAW cross birds. The body weight in Naked neck and normal neck varieties comparable in both crosses. Age at sexual maturity was 184 and 189 days in DNR and DAW crosses respectively. Hen housed and hen day egg numbers were similar in both crosses (37.61 and 47.61 vs 34.40 and 47.81), while the naked neck birds in both crosses showed higher hen housed and hen day egg number between the varieties in DAW cross was significant (53.82 Vs 34.86). The eggs were significantly heavier in DNR cross than in DAW cross (46.74 Vs 44.88) whereas the varieties with in both crosses laid eggs of similar size. The mean daily feed consumption and feed efficiency were also similar in both crosses (106.61 g and 4.09 Vs 104.95 g and 4.93). In DAW cross, the naked neck birds registered a better feed efficiency. While DNR birds were multicolored and laid brown eggs, DAW crosses consisted of only black, grayish white with black patches and grey birds which laid tinted eggs. Broodiness was observed in both the crosses. Egg quality was excellent in both the crosses and varieties with in crosses, at 32 weeks of age. Livability was also similar in both crosses though it was poor. Considering the overall performance, the DNR cross was adjudged as a better cross for the backyard.
Open Access
Hypolipidaemic effect of allium sativum and emblica officinals in rabbits
(Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1992) Mini, K P; KAU; Gopakumar, N
The study was undertaken with the objective of determining the hypolipidaemic effect of Allium sativum and Emblica officinalis in hyper lipidaemic rabbits. The different forms of the indigenous agents tried were aqueous extract of A. sativum and fruit pulp as well as aqueous extract of E. officinalis. The effects produced by the above agents were compared with that of the known hypolipidaemic drug namely, Gemfibrozil which served as the positive control drug. Thirty Newzealand white adult male rabbits were used for the study. The average body weight of the animals were 1.5 kg. They were housed in cages designed for the purpose. Each rabbit received 200 g standard rabbit’s feed per day. The experiment was conducted in two stages. The first step was to render all the rabbits hyper chloesterolaemic. In order to achieve this goal, the standard ration was supplemented daily with 100 mg cholesterol and 8 g Vanaspathi for each rabbit. The rabbits were fed on this diet continuously for 60 days when they developed hypercholesterolaemia. This was ascertained by the estimation carried out initially and every fortnightly during this period. The parameters estimated were plasma cholesterol and plasma triglyceride. The second part of the study was to evaluate the hypolipidaemic efficacy of the chosen indigenous preparations in comparison to that of Gemfibrozil. Each agent was tried on a separate group by dividing the hypercholesterolaemic rabbits into five groups of six each. Group I was kept as the control group which received no treatment. Group II was administered aqueous extract of A. sativum 10 ml (2g/kg b.wt.) orally. The animals of Group III were treated with fruit pulp of E. officinalis at a dose rate of lg/kg orally. Group IV animals received aqueous extract of E. officinalis, orally at a dose rate of I g/kg prepared in 10 ml of water. The Group V served as the positive control which received Gemfibrozil at a dose rate of 120 mg/kg orally. All the drugs were administered for a period of 75 days. The high cholesterol containing diet was continued throughout the period of study. The difference brought about by the above agents on plasma cholesterol and triglyceride of hyperlipidaemic rabbits was determined by routine estimations of the above parameters carried out every fortnightly. At the end of the period of study histopathological studies of liver and aorta were also performed in order to detect the structural changes in tissues caused by the different treatments. The control group of animals increased their plasma cholesterol and triglycerids by 76.59 and 81.36% respectively. This increase was found to be statistically significant. The liver and aorta of these animals also supported the above finding on histopathological examination. Diffused fatty changes was noticed throughout the section of liver and aorta. The hepatocytes were filled with fat and the nucleus was displaced. Lining of the wall of aorta also showed severe fatty infiltration in the control group. It was found that administration of aqueous extract of A. sativum reduced plasma cholesterol by 79.08 per cent and plasma triglycerides by 75.76 per cent within a period of 75 days. Both the reductions were highly significant. Compared to the control group, the histopathological findings of this group showed that garlic was very effective in counteracting the fatty changes induced by high cholesterol diet in rabbits. The fatty changes of liver was only of a mild degree and the fatty infiltration of aorta was also very mild. The percentage reduction obtained in the case of fruit pulp of E. officinalis was 69.74 and 78.20 with respect to cholesterol and triglycerides which was also statistically significant. Aqueous extract of E. officinalis administered to the fourth group of animals could produce a reduction in plasma cholesterol and triglyceride by 79.40 per cent and 82.80 per cent respectively. The histopathological studies conducted in the above two groups showed almost similar findings. Compared to the control group, the degree of fatty changes was only mild to moderate. Infiltration of fat into the elastic tissues of aorta was also very mild. Hence it can be suggested that E. officinalis is capable of counteracting the fatty changes in liver and aorta partially. Gemfibrozil which served as the positive control brought about a percentage reduction of 78.43 with respect to cholesterol and 81.54 per cent in the case of triglyceride, both were found to be highly significant. The above observation was well supported by the photomicrographs of liver and aorta taken from the animals of this group. Mild to moderate degree of fatty changes was noticed in the liver and aorta. Aorta did not reveal prominent changes like that of the control group due to fatty infiltration. The histopathological observation made in the case of Gemfibrozil resemble that of E. officinalis. From the results of the present study, it can be inferred that aqueous extract of A. sativum and fruit pulp as well as aqueous extract of E. officinalis are effective as hypolipidaemic agents and this finding is further asserted by the simultaneous histopathological studies carried out. Both the indigenous agents were capable of correcting the fatty changes produced by the fat containing diet to a considerable extent and garlic was found to be superior to E. officinalis in this respect. The efficacy of these agents in lowering plasma cholesterol and triglyceride was comparable to that of Gemfibrozil as shown by the statistical analysis of the results obtained. Hence these agents prove to be of value as hypolipidaemic agents in the future clinical trials that can be carried out in animals and also in human beings.
Open Access
Assessment of the antipyretic and analgesic effect of selected indigenous plants in rats
(Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1992) Suresh, B; KAU; Marrykutty, P
The experiments were conducted in three different parts. In the first part of the experiment the antipyretic activity of Ocimum sanctum and Tinospora cordifolia was determined. Twenty four groups of ten albino rats each were used for the study. Pyrexia was induced by injecting 20 per cent yeast suspension subcutaneously. Benzene extract of O. sanctum was given at 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg dose levels in four different groups. A dose dependent reduction in temperature was obtained after four hours of its administration. Four hundred mg/kg dose level produced an affective lowering in the temperature than other doses used and showed the reduction in the temperature from 38. 840 C to 37. 590 C . Dose rates used for essential oil of O. sanctum were same as benzene extract. Two hundred mg/kg dose level revealed a more effective reduction in the temperature than four hundred mg/kg. A reduction of temperature was observed from 39. 370 C to 37. 960 C after four hours of its administration. Single, double and triple the doses of decoction of O. sanctum were used for antipyretic study. Compared to other doses, double the dose of decoction produced a maximum reduction in the temperature. It produced a reduction from 38. 930C to 37.490 C. Dose rate used for benzene extract of T. cordifolia were 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight. A dose depandant reduction in the temperature could be observed after four hours of its administration. Four hundred mg/kg dose level revealed as an effective dose caused a reduction from 39.010 C to 37.770 C after four hours of its administration. Single, double and triple the dose of decoction of T. cordifolia were used for assessing antipyretic activity. Double the dose of decoction was found to be more effective. And it reduced the temperature from 39.720 C to 38.140 C after four hours of its administration. In the second part of the experiment analgesic effect of benzene extract of O. sanctum and T. cordifolia were evaluated. All the dose rates of both the drugs used were compared with aspirin for a period of two hours showed no significant analgesic effect. In the third part of the experiment long term effect of essential oil of O. sanctum and benzene extract of T. cordifolia were studied. Haematological parameters were determined at an interval of 15 days. Benzene extract of O. sanctum and T. Cordifolia produced a significant charge in the erythrocyte count from 45 days onwords. At the end of the study Benzene extract of T. cordifolia treated group revealed a significant change in the leucocyte count. Both the groups showed a significant change in the haemoglobin value from days onwards. Fifteen days after the administration of the drug, both the groups showed a significant increase in the neutrophil count and decrease in the lymphocyte count. At the end of study same effect was noticed. On 61st day histopathological studies of liver were conducted. Lesions observed in both the treated groups were in general, comparable with those of control group. It was found that neither essential oil of O. sanctum nor benzene extract of T. cordifolia caused lesions in hepatic tissue in any of the experimental animals.
Open Access
Reproductive pattern and performance of nanny goats in Kerala
(Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1992) Krishna Kumar, G; KAU; Sudarsanen, V
A study to elucidate the reproductive pattern and performance of nanny goats under the agroclimatic conditions of Kerala conducted on a flock of 154 nanny goats of mixed genotype, Malabari, Saanen x Malabari and Alpine x Malabari, maintained under the All India Co – ordinated Research Project on goats for milk, Kerala Agricultural University, has revealed the following results and conclusions. The method adopted was detection of oestrus twice a day using a vasectomised buck and by clinical examination. On detection, all animals of good reproductive health were bred artificially with freshly collected semen extended in Tris buffered yolk extender and preserved at low temperature. A group of animals were given a second insemination after seven hours of the first insemination for a comparison of the success rate to single and double inseminations during a heat. Following breeding, the duration of gestation, durations of stages of parturition, presentation of kids, incidence of multiple birth and secondary sex ratio were also recorded. Daily record of maximum and minimum temperature for a period of one year of the study was maintained. The period was divided into four quarters almost in agreement with the four natural seasons and the conceptions during each of the quarters were related with their secondary sex ratio and birth weight records to know the influence of the environmental temperature on them. Placental area weight records were also maintained and by applying linear regression equation they have been correlated with the birth weight to establish that the birth weight difference was due to the influence of environmental temperature on placental growth and development. Goats were found to be polyoestrous and 61. 54 per cent came into oestrus during the period from April to September when the day is long. Of the two peak breeding activities noticed the greater one occurred in July and the other during November. Breeding activity was found to be low during the months of January and February. The duration of oestrous cycle was found to be 18 – 23 days but the cycle length varied from 6 to 140 days. 45.8 per cent of the animals had an oestrus duration of less than 18 days. Duration of oestrus varied from 12- 48 h. Cessation of oestrus was noticed in 84.8 per cent of animals by 36 h and in 93.26 per cent of animals by 48 h. Conception percentage to first time single and double inseminations during a heat were 33.93 and 42.85 respectively. Overall conception percentages for the above were 71.42 and 82.14 respectively. Average gestation length was 145.62 ± 0.23 days while with singleton, twin and triplet, the durations were 146.05 ± 144.86 ± 0.32 and 145.25 ± 1.03 days. In twin pregnancies and in pregnancies with male foetus/foetuses in both singleton and homogamous twin, was found to have lesser duration of gestation. Mean durations of the first, second and third stages of labour were 57.47 ± 10.29 , 14.52 ± 1.34 and 128.87 ± 4.84 min respectively. Presentation of kids at the time of birth was 88.9 per cent in anterior and the rest in posterior presentation. Secondary sex ratios of singleton and multiple pregnancies were 52.05 and 54.08 per cent with an overall of 53.22 per cent. No significant variation could be observed in the secondary sex ratio of kids those were conceived between seasons having variable environmental temperature. Mean birth weight of kids born during the three trimesters with mean environmental maximum temperature 39.0, 33.4 and 36.30 C were respectively 1.64, 1.92 and 1.88 kg. Between the trimesters having 39. 00 C and 33.40 C there was a significant increase in birth weight. A definite correlation was found to exist between the placental weight and birth weight and the placental area and birth weight. The following conclusions were derived : 1. There is a reproductive pattern difference as could be seen from the above as 61.54 per cent of the oestruses occurred during the period of long days, contrary to the belief that breeding season of goats is the short days. Peak breeding activity was also noticed during the month of July. An instinctive attempt to reduce the number of births during the months of heavy rain which is not conducive for the survival of the young could be appreciated from the low breeding activity seen during January and February. 2. The duration of oestrous cycle, oestrus, gestation and the first, second and third stages of parturition were found to be in consonance with the already available informations. 3. Two inseminations during a heat was found to improve the conception percentage over single insemination. 4. Incidence of multiple pregnancy was found to be lower in the flock. 5. Secondary sex ratio of the kids born was 53.22 per cent and it confirms well with the reports already available. Presentation of foetus was anterior in 88.9 per cent and the rest of posterior presentation. 6. Conception between periods of variable environmental temperature did not seem to influence the sex ratio, to significantly alter the secondary sex ratio. 7. Environmental temperature at the time of conception was found to significantly influence the birth weight of kids. From the correlation that could be established between placental weight and birth weight and between placental area and birth weight it could be inferred that the environmental temperature effect on birth weight is through its influence on placental development and growth.
Open Access
Antigens of pasteurella multocida isolates from rabbit and their immunologencity
(Department of microbiology, College of veterinary and animal sciences, Mannuthy, 1994) Manoharan S; KAU; Jayaprakasan, V
Two rabbit strains viz. R9 S and R23 S and a bovine vaccine strain P – 52 which were maintained in virulent form, were used for the preparation of three forms of antigen viz., heat inactivated crude extract, KSCN extract and sonicated antigen. These antigens were chemically analysed for protein and carbohydrate contents and were found to be higher in the sonicated antigen preparation irrespective of the source. In SDS – PAGE analysis, the profiles discerned by heat inactivated crude extract, KSCN extract and sonicated antigens were four, five and six protein bands with molecular weights lesser than 68 kDa while the KSCN extract and sonicated antigen presented an additional protein band with molecular weight higher than 68 kDa. Three types of antigen of P. multocida were characterized and analysed for the inter relationship and the immunogenic potential in mice. Antiserum was raised against each antigenic preparation from the three strains in rabbits and used for serological study. In AGPT and immunoelectrophoresis the serum developed multiple precipitin lines and arcs respectively when reacted against the three homologous and two heterologous antigens in which a few were identical to the heterologous antigens. The results revealed stronger serological relationship between the two rabbit strains than with the cattle strain and the heterogeneity of the sonicated antigen. The antibody titre in each antiserum was measured by IHA using the sensitized GA – SRBC/T – GA – SRBC and the titres were more in the homologous antiserum and high titre for the heterologous serum was seen with the sonicated antigen. The LD50 determined for the three strains R9 S, R23 S and P- 52 was found to be 3 x 104 , 3 x 103 and 3 x 105 bacteria. Immunogenic potential of the three antigens and an adjuvanted sonicated antigen were tested in mice by giving two doses of vaccine at 14 days interval and challenging on 21st day with homologous and heterologous strains. A higher percentage of protection was conferred by homologous strains and it was cent per cent (100%) with sonicated antigen. The percentage of protection against challenge with heterologous strains was low. An elaborated study on immunity trials with these immunogens is needed before recommending the R23 S as a candidate vaccine strain.

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