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Open Access
Shelf life of irradiated rabbit meat underaerobic and vacuum packaging
(Department of Livestock Products Technology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2009) Sonika, S; KAU; Kuttinarayanan, P
Prevention of Food Adulteration Act (1954) as amended in 1998 has permitted irradiation at a dose rate of 2.5 to 4.5 kGy to control pathogenic microorganisms and to extend the shelf life of meat and meat products including poultry products. A study was conducted to evaluate the shelf life of irradiated rabbit meat under aerobic and vacuum packaging. The rabbit meat was prepared by slaughtering locally purchased rabbits under hygienic conditions and was packed in HDPE and PAPE packages at a rate of 120 g each. Half of the packets of aerobic and vacuum packaged samples were subjected to gamma radiation at 2.5 kGy at melting ice temperature and kept immediately at chiller temperature (1 to 4oC) and domestic refrigerator freezer (-6 to -8oC). Samples were analyzed for physical, physicochemical, microbiological, and organoleptic qualities on the day of preparation and on days 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 45, 50, 60, and 70 of storage or until spoilage, whichever was earlier. The samples were also analyzed for proximate composition on the day of preparation. The dressing percentage of the rabbits subjected to the study was 49.35 per cent. The keeping quality of the rabbit meat was 15 to 18, 17 to 19, 5 to 7 and 7 to 9 days in HDPE IR, PAPE IR, HDPE NR and PAPE NR respectively at chiller temperature. In freezer temperature it was significantly (P < 0.05) increased to 45 to 47, 47 to 49, 25 to 27 and 27 to 29 days in HDPE IR, PAPE IR, HDPE NR and PAPE NR respectively. Irradiation or packaging did not significantly (P < 0.05) affect fat, protein and ash composition but higher moisture percentage was observed in irradiated samples. Swelling of the collagen fibres was noticed in irradiated samples on histological examination. The physicochemical parameter, pH of irradiated and non-irradiated samples varied significantly (P < 0.05) on the day of preparation. On storage the pH values decreased uniformly. The WHC was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in irradiated samples. The ability of the rabbit meat to retain its water decreased gradually on storage and a reduction of about 40 per cent could be noticed from the initial level. Drip loss was not significantly (P < 0.05) different on the day of preparation. Irradiation had a significant (P < 0.05) effect in enhancing the cooking loss whereas packaging had little effect. Both drip loss and cooking loss was increased significantly (P < 0.05) due to storage under chiller and freezer temperature. Irradiation had a significant (P < 0.05) role in increasing the TBARS value of rabbit meat. As the days of storage enhanced, the TBARS values were increased. Irradiation had a significant (P < 0.05) effect in reducing the TV in both type of packaging. As storage period enhanced, TV increased with significant (P < 0.05) changes among treatments. Irradiation had a beneficial effect on microbiological qualities of rabbit meat. There was a significant (P < 0.05) reduction of nearly three log in APC of irradiated meat from that of control. The irradiation of the samples both in HDPE and PAPE packaging significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the PC of meat on the day of preparation where as storage had significant (P < 0.05) effect in enhancing the microbial load of meat. The colour score was non-significantly (P < 0.05) higher in irradiated samples. The juiciness, tenderness and overall acceptability scores were improved significantly (P < 0.05) due to irradiation, where as flavour score was reduced. The sensory attributes were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced due to storage in all the treatment groups. The keeping quality of rabbit meat was significantly (P < 0.05) increased by irradiation both in chiller and freezer under different packaging. In addition irradiation could effectively control food borne illness by destroying the major pathogenic organism without affecting the sensory and nutritional quality of the product. Considering these advantages it can be recommended that packaging the meat in PAPE packages followed by low dose gamma irradiation and maintaining the cold-chain contribute to extended storage life of rabbit meat.
Open Access
Influence of mating ratio on fertility and hatchability in Japanese quails
(Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 2009) Suraj Amrutkar, A; KAU; Leo Joseph
An experiment was carried out to study the influence of mating ratio on fertility, hatchability and other productive traits in Japanese quails maintained at University Poultry Farm, Mannuthy. A total of 376 breeder Japanese quails at 6 weeks of age were allotted randomly to four groups with a male female ratio of 1: 3 (T1), 1: 4 (T2), 1: 5 (T3) and 1: 6 (T4) with four replicate each. The number of male and female breeders employed in the treatment groups T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 24 & 72, 20 & 80, 16 & 80 and 12 & 72, respectively. Standard managemental practices were followed uniformly. Quail breeder ration which contained 22.75 per cent crude protein and 2650 kcal metabolizable energy per kg feed was fed to all mating groups. The T1, T2 and T3 treatment groups were similar but a T4 group differed significantly from the other groups for 6 weeks and 16 weeks body weight. The age at first egg, 10 and 50 per cent production was similar (p < 0.05) in all the treatment groups. The results revealed that mean egg number and mean per cent production did not differ significantly in all the treatment groups. Statistical analysis of the mean data on egg weight revealed no significant difference between treatment means at 8, 12 and 16 weeks of age. The overall mean fertility in the treatment groups T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 92.65, 90.45, 91.21 and 90.71 per cent, respectively and statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between treatment groups. The overall mean hatchability on total egg in the treatment groups T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 86.22, 84.71, 83.86 and 84.78 per cent, respectively and statistical analysis did not reveal any significant difference (p<0.05) between treatment groups. The overall mean hatchability on fertile egg in treatment groups T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 93.04, 93.62, 91.95 and 93.43 per cent, respectively and the means were statistically similar (P<0.05). The total number of chicks obtained from 9 to 16 weeks of age was similar in all treatment groups. Margin per quail housed in the treatment groups T1, T2, T3 and T4 were Rs. 113, 117, 125 and 132, respectively. The T4 treatment group had highest margin than other treatment groups. Cost of production per chick in the treatment groups T1, T2, T3 and T4 were Rs. 2.21, 2.19, 2.10 and 2.04, respectively. The T4 treatment group had lowest cost of production per chick as compared to other treatment groups. The critical evaluation of the result revealed that changing the mating ratio from 1: 3 to 1: 6 did not affect fertility, hatchability and other production traits. Therefore a sex ratio of 1: 6 is recommended in the quail line since it is more economical compared to other sex ratios of 1: 3, 4 & 5.
Open Access
Waste management system evaluation in commercial dairy farms
(Department of Livestock Production Management, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2009) Sany Thomas; KAU; Joseph Mathew
The present study on “Waste management system evaluation in commercial dairy farms” was conducted to assess the usefulness of the different waste management methods adopted in dairy farms of Kerala. Study area comprised of Thrissur, Malappuram and Ernakulam districts and adjoining area of central and northern Kerala. Forty five dairy farms were identified and visited in and their profile of the study area .Data regarding general outlay of the farms selected management practices in the farm, livestock details and existing waste management methods in the farms were collected and studied. The dairy farms under study were classified based on the animal holding capacity as those with less than six animals (class 1), 6-20 animals (class 2), 21-50 animals (class 3)and 51-100 animals (class 4), and above 100 animals (class 5). Among the 45 farms under study, four per cent belonged to class 1, forty nine per cent belonged to class 2, thirty five belonged to class 3, six per cent farms came under the classes 4 and 5.There was no commercialization of waste management methods adopted by the farms. The majority farms had dung pit as waste disposal method and no regularity in dung removal from pit, it was upon demand. Regarding the soil quality, there was no significant difference in the soil nutrients quantity between different groups of farms. Regarding water quality, the water samples collected from the nearby water bodies were inferior in quality in terms of microbiology and BOD. Air quality stands below the permitted standards in all groups of farms. Intervention by the government, local bodies and scientific institutions must be made in this area supporting the farmers to develop awareness in this serious issue and also providing necessary technical and financial support for the farmers to construct proper waste management systems such as compost unit as well as biogas plants because they provide a support for the most efficient waste management system in a dairy farm proving that waste is wealth
Open Access
Cloning and sequence analysis of the growth hormone gene in Indian elephants
(Department of Animal Breeding, Genetics and Biostatistics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2009) Bhosale, R A; KAU; Aravindakshan, T V
The study was undertaken with the objectives of cloning and sequence analysis of the growth hormone gene of the Indian elephants. The growth hormone is a peptide hormone produced in the anterior pituitory. It stimulates the growth of vertebates. It is a protein hormone of about 190 amino acids, synthesized and secreted by cells called somatotrophs. Growth hormone is a major participant in the control of several complex physiologic processes, including growth and metabolism and it is also of considerable interest as a drug used in both humans and animals. The genomic DNA was isolated from blood samples and a 1712 bp fragment of the entire transcriptional unit of the GH was amplified by PCR using synthetic oligonucleotide primer pair designed based on the 5′ and 3′ flanking sequences of goat growth hormone gene. The gel purified PCR product was ligated in to the pGEM®-T Easy cloning vector and was transformed by giving heat shock to competent E. coli cells prepared by CaCl2 treatment. The recombinant clones among the transformed cells were identified by Blue–White Screening and the recombinant plasmid carrying the insert gene was isolated from the white clones by a modified SDS-alkaline lysis method. The 1.712 kb GH gene insert in the vector was sequenced by the dideoxynucleotide sequencing method with primer walking using an automated DNA sequencer. The nucleotide sequence showed 75 to 96 per cent homology with pig and 77 to 95 per cent with that of Dolphin GH genes, respectively. The exon-intron boundaries in the porcine gene occur at the codons of the amino acid residues, Gly-4 (intron 1), Phe-57 (intron 2), Ser-96 (intron 3) and Arg-150 (intron 4). The all four residues are conserved in both species and also in African elephants. This strict homology in the sites of insertion of introns suggests that the exon-intron organization of these genes was established before the divergence of these species. The positions of the exon-intron boundaries are also conserved as evidenced from similar sizes of the exons. Evidence for some homology was also seen in intron 1, which showed maximum 84 per cent similarity with giraffe. In contrast, intron 2, 3 and 4 showed no significant similarity both in length and in sequence with other animal species. The Indian elephant GH gene has an open reading frame of 648 nucleotides encoding a signal peptide of 26 amino acid residues and a mature protein of 190 amino acid residues with both NH2- and COOH- terminal phenylalanine. Alignment of this sequence with African elephant counterpart showed that 189 amino acid residues are identical with only one variant while, with pig sequence it showed 186 identical residues with four variants. The predicted secondary structure showed that the larger α-helical lobe is formed by four sections of the polypeptide chain (residues 3-34, 47-80, 110-126 and 148-172) while the smaller lobe, which encompasses a small antiparallel beta-sheet and a small irregular structure formed the remaining structure of the polypeptide chain. The predicted tertiary structure of the Indian elephant GH showed high homology with the human GH structures. Overall, the structures of Indian elephant GH gene was found to be very similar to that of African elephant and porcine reflecting their high degree of amino acid sequence identity (99 – 97 per cent).
Open Access
Invitro fertilization of bovine oocytes using fresh, frozen and epididymal spermatozoa
(Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2009) Binoy, V S; KAU; Vijayakumaran, V
The study was designed to assess the fertilizability of bovine oocytes matured in vitro on co-culture with fresh, frozen or epididymal spermatozoa. The yield of oocytes and effect of cumulus oocyte complex (COC) morphology on in vitro maturation (IVM) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) was also studied. A total of eighty one ovaries of abattoir origin from South Indian breeds like Hallikar, Kangayam, Khillari and crossbred cattle of Kerala were subjected to oocyte retrieval by aspiration method. Grade I (462) and grade II (138) COCs so obtained were subjected to maturation in separate groups for 24 h in Hepes modified TCM-199 enriched with sodium pyruvate, sodium bicarbonate, antibiotics, estradiol-17β, FSH, hCG and 20 per cent heat inactivated day zero estrus cow serum. Culture environment was set as 39o C temperature, five per cent CO2 tension and maximum humidity in a standard CO2 incubator. Maturation status of COCs was assessed by observing cumulus expansion and mucification. Oocytes with maximum degree of cumulus expansion from each group (407 and 95) were subjected to IVF using fresh (n=169), frozen (n=162) and epididymal (n=171) spermatozoa in Fert-TALP medium supplemented with epinephrine, hypotaurine, pencillamine and heparin (5-10 oocytes in 100 μl droplet). Good quality spermatozoa isolated by percoll density gradient separation technique were used for IVF. Culture conditions set for IVF were 39o C temperature, five per cent CO2 tension with maximum humidity in a standard water jacketed CO2 incubator. After 24 h co-culture in fertilization medium, the oocytes were evaluated for evidence of sperm penetration like presence of swollen decondensed sperm head, male pronuclei, two pronuclei, a clear second polar body and cleavage The total yield of oocytes by aspiration method per ovary was 11.59±0.10 (939 /81) and percentage yield of grade I, grade II and total culture grade oocytes were 49.20±0.31 (462), 14.70±0.41 (138) and 63.90±0.22 (600) respectively. Mean number of grade I, grade II and culture grade oocyte per ovary were 5.70±0.06, 1.70±0.05 and 7.41±0.07 respectively. The percentage and yield of grade I oocytes were significantly higher than grade II oocytes.Cumulus expansion rates of grade I, grade II and total culture grade oocytes were 88.20±0.75 (407), 69.21±1.97 (95) and 83.67±0.35 (502) per cent respectively. The mean number of oocytes showing cumulus expansion per ovary from grade I, grade II and culture grade COCs were respectively 5.04±0.06, 1.18±0.03 and 6.22±0.06. Grade I oocytes showed significantly higher maturation rate and mean yield of matured oocyte per ovary than grade II oocytes. The fertilization rates obtained with fresh, frozen and epididymal spermatozoa were respectively 36.52±1.68, 28.65±0.76, 46.53±1.32 for grade I; 45.00±5.63, 23.89±3.03, 35.20±4.62 for grade II and 37.86±0.47, 27.72±0.89, 44.51±0.57 per cent for culture grade oocytes. The mean number of oocytes fertilized per ovary by fresh, frozen and epididymal spermatozoa were respectively 1.87±0.06, 1.43±0.04, 2.33± 0.05 for grade I; 0.51±0.07, 0.31±0.05, 0.39±0.06 for grade II and 2.38±0.05, 1.73±0.07, 2.72±0.03 for culture grade oocytes. Significant difference was observed between three sources of spermatozoa for grade I and culture grade oocytes on fertilization rate and mean yield of fertilized oocytes per ovary. No significant difference could be observed between three sources of spermatozoa with respect to fertilizability when grade II oocytes were used.There was no significant difference between grade I and grade II oocytes on fertilization rate of fresh, frozen and cauda epididymal sources of spermatozoa. But the mean number of fertilized oocytes per ovary obtained from grade I oocytes was significantly higher than that from grade II oocytes for fresh, frozen and cauda epididymal sources of spermatozoa. The overall fertilization rate obtained was 36.70±1.71 per cent and in vitro fertilized oocyte per ovary was 2.28±0.10 in the present study. The mean motility (per cent), concentration (x 106 /ml), percentage of live sperms, dead sperms, normal spermatozoa, abnormal heads, abnormal tails, proximal protoplasmic droplet and distal protoplasmic droplet of epididymal semen were 49.17±9.26, 37175±7612 , 84.5±8.02, 15.5±8.02, 35.67±2.30, 3.17±1.58, 2.33±0.61, 11.67±4.01 and 47.17±3.17 respectively. The present study revealed that more number of grade I oocytes could be obtained by aspiration method from cow’s ovaries than grade II oocytes. Even though COC morphology has a significant role in maturation rate of oocytes, the fertilizing ability of grade I and grade II oocytes did not differ significantly after proper maturation. Epididymal spermatozoa retrieved from bulls after slaughter could be efficiently used for IVF of in vitro matured bovine oocytes equally or even better than the freshly ejaculated or frozen semen. Epididymal spermatozoa showed significantly more fertilization rate than fresh semen and this was closely followed by frozen semen (44.51±0.57, 37.86±0.47 and 27.72±0.89 per cent respectively).
Open Access
Techno- economic analysis of mid- size organised dairy farm
(Department of Livestock Production and Management, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2009) Ayub, A; KAU; Joseph, Mathew
Seven farms in three districts of Kerala (Palakkad, Malappuram and Thrissur) were studied taking University Livestock Farm (ULF), Mannuthy as control. Feeding, breeding, health, marketing and economics of these farms were studied. Peak yield was seen achieved before one month of lactation. Persistency was optimum in 28% of farms. Occurrence of disease was more in large farms. Mastitis was the major cause of economic loss followed by Lameness and dermatitis. Among reproductive parameters, calving interval and service period were not ideal in all the farms. Best reproductive performance was observed in the ULF and this included a calving interval of 358 days and service period of 82 days respectively. Rearing of calves was not adequate in almost all the farms visited. Calf scour and Joint ill were the common diseases observed among calves. Farmers were reluctant to maintain replacement stock as it was not economical. Vaccination against Foot and Mouth disease were done in all farms regularly. Feed cost was the most important variable which contributed the major share of expense. Increased use of non conventional feeds reduced feed cost. Roughage consumption was not adequate in many of the farms. Branded feeds were not used in any of the farms except ULF. Crude protein requirement was met through the daily ration as per the National Research Council (NRC) recommendations. Labour was the second largest component in the variable cost. Labour efficiency was more in large farms than medium sized farms. More than 60 percent of labourers were from outside states. Majority (71%) of farms sold milk directly to the consumers to get better profit. Present study revealed that profitability of a farm depended on productivity of the animals which in turn relied on feed, breed and breeding. Efficient utilization of feeds and labour determined the economic viability of farms. Size of the farm was another factor that determined the profitability. Large farms with more than 50 herds were more profitable than medium farms with 25 to 50 animals.
Open Access
Evaluation of plate osteosynthesis for the management of long bone fractures in dogs
(Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2009) Unnikrishnan, K; KAU; Sarada Amma, T
Effectiveness of bone plating in the treatment of long bone fractures in dogs confirmed by radiography was evaluated clinically and radiographically in eight dogs. Dogs with fractures of diaphysis of long bones confirmed by radiography were selected and subjected to bone plating. Selected dogs were subjected to preoperative evaluation and all of them were subjected to detailed clinical, radiological, haematological and serum biochemical evaluation preoperatively and postoperatively on the immediate postoperative day, 15th, 30th and 60th post operative days. The fractures selected were four tibial, two radio-ulnar, one humerus and one femoral fracture. Anatomically two tibial fractures were short oblique; one was transverse and the other one multiple. One of the short oblique fractures had a butterfly fragment also. The fracture of humerus and femur were transverse which involved the midshaft. One of the radial fractures was 1½ month old with nonunion involving the distal third. Open reduction and plate fixation was done in all cases following standard AO/ASIF principles. Dynamic compression plates (DCP) were used in six dogs and reconstruction plates in two dogs. The DCP was applied in compression mode in five dogs and neutralization mode in one dog. Both the reconstruction plates were applied in neutralization mode. The fracture reduction and plate fixation were done following standard principles. Osteosynthesis was evaluated clinically and radiographically during the observation period. Clinical evaluation was mainly based on observation for symptoms, pain and functional limb usage evaluation. Radiographs were evaluated for apposition, alignment, angulation, apparatus, activity and architecture of the fractured bone. The fracture reduction and plate fixation was satisfactory in all cases except one. Early functional limb usage with partial weight bearing was observed in four dogs. Primary healing with filling of the fracture gap with radio opaque bone was observed in dogs where the implant maintained absolute stability. Healing with callus proliferation was observed in neutralization plating. Mixed healing was observed in cases where the implant lost some rigidity due to loosening of a screw, provided axial alignment was maintained. True implant failure was observed only in one case. An increase in alkaline phosphatase level was observed in all dogs during the immediate post operative day and remained so up to the 30th day. Plate osteosynthesis was found effective in providing pain free early ambulation. Craniomedial plate fixation was more advantageous in distal radius and ulna fractures. Reconstruction plates were found suitable for the fixation of fractures of long bones in animals with low body weight and in cases where contouring of DCP was found difficult due to complex bone contour.
Open Access
Effect of a composite mixture of Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula and Terminalia bellirica on aflatoxicosis in rabbits
(Centre for Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2009) Indu, K; KAU; Lalithakunjamma, C R
Among the various mycotoxins, aflatoxins have been the subject of most intensive research because of the extremely potent cytotoxic and carcinogenic effects. Mycotoxicosis and its counteraction have received greater attention by researchers in the last few decades. In this context an evaluation study on the protective effect of a herbal composite mixture triphala (containing Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula and Terminalia bellirica) on aflatoxicosis in rabbits was carried out. The study was conducted for a period of two months with twenty four rabbits divided into three groups of eight each. Rice culture containing 27 ppm of aflatoxin was added appropriately to the ration to get a final concentration of 0.5 ppm. Group I was given 0.5 ppm aflatoxin contaminated feed and group II was given combination of triphala (four per cent) and aflatoxin (0.5 ppm ) contaminated diet. Group III was provided with control diet. There were reduction in body weight gain, Hb, PCV, TLC, lymphocyte count while heterophil count, AST, ALT and ALP levels showed an increase in the toxin fed animals. Addition of triphala at four percent level in the aflatoxin contaminated feed effectively counteracted these changes. The gross and histopathological changes due to aflatoxin were reduced in triphala group. There was widespread vascular changes, extensive necrotic changes, bile duct proliferation, biliary hyperplasia and cholangiocellular carcinoma in the liver and necrotic changes in the kidney of toxin group. These changes were reduced in intensity in triphala group and there was no development of tumors in liver. Regenerative process were well pronounced in the liver and kidney of triphala group. Hence the present study revealed that supplementation of composite mixture of Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula and Terminalia bellirica at four per cent level could counteract the toxic effects of aflatoxicosis in rabbits.
Open Access
Early pregnancy diagnosis using ultrasonography in goats
(Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2009) Sreejith, J R; KAU; Athman, K V
The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of B-mode ultrasonography in early pregnancy diagnosis in goats and to identify the optimum stage of gestation for early pregnancy diagnosis using of transrectal and transabdominal ultrasonography. Thirty apparently healthy does with the history of breeding were selected for the study and these goats were randomly divided into three groups consisting of ten animals each. Group I consisted of ten goats which were scanned between third and fourth week (15- 28 days) post-breeding. Ten goats scanned between fifth and sixth week (29- 42 days) post-breeding, were included in group II and group III consisted of ten goats which were scanned between seventh and eighth week (43- 56 days) post-breeding. These animals were subjected to B-mode real-time ultrasound scanning transrectally (7.5 MHz probe)) and transabdominally (3.5 MHz probe). The accuracy of transrectal scanning in group I, II and III was 90, 100 and 100 per cent respectively and the accuracy for corresponding weeks was 50, 100 and 100 per cent respectively for transabdominal scanning. The embryonic vesicle was detected earliest on day 19 of gestation by transrectal scanning and on day 26 by transabdominal scanning. The embryo was first observed on day 22 and day 28 by transrectal and transabdominal scanning respectively. The foetal heartbeat which was an indication of foetal viability was detected earliest by transrectal scanning on day 24 of gestation. But by transabdominal ultrasonography, it could be detected only on day 34 of gestation. Placentomes and foetal skeleton were observed on day 42 and 54 of gestation respectively using both methods of scanning. The mean diameter of gestational sac recorded was 5.1 mm on day 19 and 27 mm on day 36 of gestation by transrectal scanning. The mean diameter of gestational sac recorded was 15.7 mm on day 26 and 34.4 mm on day 36 of gestation by transabdominal scanning. The mean crown-rump length ranged from 7.2 mm on day 22 to 34.4 mm on day 43 of gestation using transrectal scanning. By transabdominal scanning, the mean crown-rump length recorded was 16.7 mm on day 28 and 32.7 mm on day 43 of gestation. The diameter of the placentomes recorded by transrectal and transabdominal scanning on day 42 of gestation was 8.4 mm and 8.5 mm respectively. All the foetal measures by transrectal and transabdominal scanning were highly correlated (r > 0.9) with gestational age. The overall accuracy for the prediction of foetal numbers by transrectal and transabdominal scanning was 80 and 50 per cent respectively. The accuracy for prediction of foetal number using transrectal scanning in pregnant animals of group I and III was 71.43 per cent. The accuracy for the prediction was 100 per cent in pregnant animals of group II. By transrectal scanning, the accuracy for the prediction of singletons, twins and triplets by transrectal scanning was 100, 83.33 and 50 per cent respectively. By transabdominal ultrasonography, it was not possible to predict foetal number accurately in pregnant animals group I. The accuracy for the prediction of foetal number in group II by transabdominal scanning was 66.66 per cent while it was 85.71 per cent in group III. . The accuracy for the prediction of singletons, twins and triplets by ultrasonography was 50, 58.33 and 25 per cent respectively. In conclusion, transrectal scanning was accurate for pregnancy diagnosis from fourth week of gestation and transabdominal from fifth week of gestation and that real-time ultrasound scanning by both transrectal and transabdominal approaches was found to be reliable, safe and accurate for the diagnosis of pregnancy in goats from fifth week of gestation.

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