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Open Access
Effect of processing and freezing procedures on the acrosome morphology of buck spermatozoa
(Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Ranjini, A; KAU; Prabhakaran Nair, K
Six pooled semen samples (two ejaculates) of good quality from five Malabari crossbred bucks were processed and frozen in two different protocols to evaluate the effect of processing and freezing procedures on the acrosome morphology of buck spermatozoa. In protocol I, the samples were diluted 10 fold in Tris buffer before centrifuging twice and the final pellet was re-suspended in the non glycerolated fraction of Tris yolk diluent. The sample was glycerolated (six per cent), equilibrated (four hours), frozen (eight minutes), and thawed (250 C for 30 seconds). In protocol 11, centrifugation was done only once, after 15 fold dilution in Tris buffer. The re suspended pellet was glycerolated (seven per cent), equilibrated (three hours), frozen (10 minutes) and thawed (60° C for 10 seconds). The semen characters such as motility, live sperm, sperm abnormalities and acrosome abnormalities were evaluated at the end of washing and initial extension (stage I), cooling to 5° C (stage II), glycerolisation and equilibration (stage Ill) and freezing and thawing (stage IV). The results were compiled to evaluate the effect of different processing and freezing procedures on the semen characters in general and acrosome morphology in particular. The semen sample used for split sample dilution had a mean volume of 1.3282± 0.067 ml, creamy in colour, DDDD density, ++++ mass activity, pH of 7.275 2± 0.040 and a concentration of 2972 2± 293 millions per ml. No significant difference in the above semen characters were found between bucks. The initial sperm motility of 82.000 2± 0.606 was found to drop significantly during processing and freezing and the final post thaw motility obtained was 44.000 2± 0.790 in protocol I. Similarly in protocol II the initial motility dropped from 81.375 2± 1.089 to 44.750 2± 1.075 at the end of stage IV. Even though there was significant drop in motility between stages in both the protocols, there was no significant difference in the corresponding stages of the two protocols. It could be inferred that good post thaw motility was obtained in both the protocols. The fact that a single washing and centrifugation was only adopted in protocol II makes it a more acceptable procedure for buck semen freezing. The mean live sperm percentage of fresh semen was evaluated using both NE and NEG staining technique. The percentage of live sperms of 90.050 2± 0.801 was found to decrease to 54.250 2± 0.593 after freezing and thawing in protocol by NE staining. Similarly in protocol 11, the mean percentage of live sperms was found to reduce to 53.125 2± 0.793 with the same staining. Even though there was significant difference in the live sperm percentage between stages within protocol I and II no significant difference in the live sperm percentage between the corresponding stages of protocol I and I I . With NEG staining the initial live sperm percentage of 80.850 ± 1.494 was found to drop to 54.875 ± 0.677 in protocol I as against 53.400 ± 0.730 in protocol II. While there was significant difference in the live sperm percentage between stages within protocol I and II there was no variation between corresponding stages of the two protocols. A significantly lower percentage of live sperms was recorded with NEG staining when compared with NE staining probably on account of the fact that the differentiation of live and dead sperm was difficult in the former staining method as live sperms were stained light blue instead of colourless. The mean percentage of abnormal sperms of 3.050 ± 0.245 in fresh semen did not register any significant increase during processing. However, there was significant increase in the percentage of sperm abnormalities during freezing and thawing with the final abnormality percentage of 7.125± 0.706 in protocol I and 6.300± 0.36 in protocol II. The initial acrosomal abnormality of 8.825 in the fresh semen steadily rose to 23.375 in protocol I as against 19.825 in protocol II at the end of stage IV. There was no significant difference in the percentage of various acrosomal abnormalities between corresponding stages of the two protocols. However, there was significant increase in the acrosomal abnormalities during glycerolisation, equilibration, freezing and thawing under both the protocols. It was concluded that the processing and freezing under two different protocols did not significantly alter the post thaw motility, percentage abnormal and dead sperms and acrosomal abnormalities. A good post thaw motility and low acrosomal abnormality was obtained with a single washing of buck semen with 15 fold Tris buffer which was comparable with double washing with 10 fold Tris buffer.
Open Access
Study of the Traditional Belief System in Dairy Husbandry among Tribals of Attappady
(Department of Extension, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 1998) Sunil, G; KAU; AdvisorRajkamal, P J
The imperative of traditional beliefs or indigenous knowledge and its documentation and validation has been a major theme for research quite recently. Tribal societies have nurtured, over centuries, many a beliefs in the field of dairy farming. A study was conducted among the tribal dairy fanners of Attappady block in Palakkad district with the objectives of inventorying the beliefs, determining the strength and rationality of beliefs, knowing the extent of adoption of beliefs etc. Rationality of beliefs was judged by experts identified for the 2ur2ose. A total of seventy three beliefs were studied after categorising them under fourteen domains. Most of the farmers studied were of middle age group, illi terates and by occupation agriculture and other labourers. Majority had a low profile of communication characteristics since mass media exposure, extension agency contact and personal lDcalite exposure were less. There were a little more of weak believers than strong believers of traditional beliefs among them. Further, majority of the respondents had only middle level awareness about trad.it.i.onal beliefs. Among"the highly aware group there were more of strong believers than weak believers. Out of the socio-personal variables studied, age and experience in dairying were positively and significantly correlated with degree of belief and extent of adoption. Out of the psychological variables, man-nature orientation, innovativeness and scientific orientation were negatively and significantly correlated with degree of belief and extent of adoption. Among the communication variables mass media exposure was negatively and highly significantly correlated with degree of belief. All the beliefs studied were found to be strongly held beliefs and one-fourth of all beliefs were irrational. Extent of adoption of all beliefs were measured and it ranged from eighty eight adopters for a belief to twelve for another. The fact that almost one-fourth of all beliefs were irrational is a matter of concern. As practicing of these irrational beliefs could result in non-adoption of modern scientific practices, thereby blocking technology diffusion.
Open Access
Anti-ulcer activity of Ocimum sanctum (Thuiasi ) Musa (AAb Group,Nendran) and Withania somnifera(Amukkiram) in rats
(Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,mannuthy, 1998) Sanjay, D; KAU; Venugopalan, K
The study was~conducted in adult albino rats of either sex to assess the comparative anti-ulcer effect of powder and alcoholic extract of Ocimum sanctum (leaves), Musa (AAB group, "Nendran", mature, unripe fruit) and Withania somnifera (root) with Famotidine, at different dose levels given orally for 10 days and, 20 days after induction of gastric ulcers with aspririn at the dose rate of 200 mg/kg body weight for 7 days orally. The doses of different plant preparation were fixed arbitarily (Table 1) . Table 1. Doses of oc imum sanct um leaves, Musa (AAB group •. Nendran" ) mature and unripe fruit, withania somnifera root and Famotidine (in mg/kg orally) were fixed as below Plants Alcoholic extracts 10 dayo treatment 20 days treatment Powder 10 days treatment . 20 days treatment Ocimum sanctum G( 1) G(2) G(3) G(4 ) G(5) G(6) G(7) G(8) 250 500 250 500 500 1000 500 1000 Nusa (MS group G(9) 0(10) G( 11) (3(12) G( 13) G( 14) G(15) G( 16) Nendran) 500 1000 500 1000 1000 2000 1000 2000 Withania G(l7 ) G(18) G( 19) G(20) G(21) G(22) G(23) G(24 ) somnifera 250 500 250 500 500 1000 500 1000 Famotidine 10 days treatment F(10) 20 days treatment F(20) 40 mg/kg p.o 40 mg/kg p.o Control group A (CG(A) I - Aspirin treated controls (200 mg/kg b.wt) Control group B (CG(B) I - Natural healing for 10 days Control group C (CG(C) I - Natural healing for 20 days Control group A [CG(A)] was given aspirin at the dose rate of 200 mg/kg body weight for 7 days and on the 8th day, the rats were sacrificed and number of ulcers and severity (ulcer score) were determined with the help of magnifying lens. 11 The ulcer index and healing index were calculated based on the formulae: Ulcer index = Number of ulcers + Ulcer + score % incidence Number of animal Ulcer index (control) CG(A) Healing index Ulcer index (control) CG(A) Ulcer index (drug) x 100 The control group B [CG(B)] and control group C [CG(C)] were administered aspirin orally for 7 days and they were maintained by normal feeding and watering without any treatment for 10 days and 20 days respectively to assess natural healing. Famotidine was taken as standard drug and given orally at the dose rate of 40 mg/kg body weight for 10 days and 20 days respectively. The anti-ulcer activity of plants under study was compared with Famotidine . . Haematological parameters such a erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, differential count and haemoglobin count were decermined to assess any changes in the haemogram. Histopathological study was also conducted to evaluate the severity of ulceration and healing process. The result of the present study with O. sanctum leaf powder and alcoholic extract showed that none of the experimental groups produced statistically significant healing effects comparable to Famotidine groups. Observation with Musa (AAB group, "Nendran") unripe fruit powder and alcoholic extract have indicated that all experimental group under study with the plant have better healing effect than control group for 10 days. The alcoholic extract of Musa (AAB group, "Nendran") at the dose rate of 1000 mg/kg body weight for 10 days, 500 mg/kg body weight for 20 days and 1000 mg/kg body weight for 20 days produced healing comparable to Famotidine at the dose rate of 40 mg/kg body weight for 10 days and 20 days respectively. The result of healing obtained with W. somnifera root indicate that alcoholic extracts at the dose rate of 250 mg/kg body weight for 20 days and 500 mg/kg body weight for 20 days and powder at the dose rate of 1000 mg/kg body weight for 20 days are comparable with Famotidine groups administered for 10 days and 20 days respectively. All other experimental group under study with this plant produced healing comparable to Famotidine administered for 10 days. Haematological study revealed no significant change and all values fall within the normal range of blood value for the species under study. Histopathological study revealed various ulcer lesions and healing process.
Open Access
Growth and reproductive performance of crossbred heifers in selected areas
(Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Rajeev, R; KAU; Aravinda Ghosh, K N
Growth and reproductive status of crossbred heifers under field condition were assessed and the role of calcium, phosphorus, copper, zinc and manganese with reproductive performance was evaluated with the aim of evolving suitable corrective measures in cases of those with impaired reproductive performance due to subnormal serum mineral status. One hundred and twelve heifers were subjected to repeated gynaecoclinical examination. It was observed that there were 36.6 per cent true anoestrum, 19.6 per cent under developed genitalia, 29.5 per cent normally cycling, 9.8 per cent repeat breeders, 3.6 per cent suboestrum and 0.9 per cent bilateral ovarian hypoplasia. From the above heifers 89 were randomly selected and classified based on the breeding history and repeated gynaecological examination as 15 normally cycling (control), 41 true anoestrous heifers, 22 under developedgenitalia and 11 repeat breeders. The daily weight gain obtained was 55.05 ± 4.2 g, 32.26 ± 2.49 g, 27.33 ± 3.4 g and 24.1 ± 4.8 g. The above result gave significant difference in weight gain between control animals and other groups. The growth rate of heifers might have influenced the normal reproductive performance. Serum samples drawn from 89 heifers were analysed for calcium, inorganic phosphorus and trace elements namely copper, zinc and manganese. Serum calcium and phosphorus were estimated by employing spectronic-20, i&hile trace elements were estimated through atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The serum calcium level obtained was 11.1 ± 0.31 mg%, 10.74 ± 0.13 mg%, 10.8 ± 0.2 mg% and 10.8 ± 0.42 mg% in normally cycling, true anoestrous, under developed genitalia and repeat * breeding heifers respectively. The serum levels of all the four groups were well within the normal range and no significant variation among the groups. Hence the influence of calcium on reproduction could not be established. The serum inorganic phosphorus was 4.87 ± 0.13 mg% in normally cycling heifers (control) as against 3.83 ± 0.09 mg% for true anoestrous heifers, 3.52 ± 0.1 mg% for underdeveloped genitalia and 4.7 ± 0.15 mg% for repeat breeders. The level was significantly lower (<0.05) in true anoestrous and underdeveloped genitalia compared to control group. It can be summarised that hypophosphataemia might be one of the cause for true anoestrum and under developed genitalia. Among the trace elements estimated the serum level of copper only was found to be significantly varying among normally cycling, true anoestrous and heifers with under developed genitalia. The serum copper in control group heifers registered a value of 1,26 ± 0.07 ppm which was significantly higher (P<0.01) than those recorded for true anoestrous heifers (O’. 9 ± 0.04 ppm) and heifers with under developed genitalia (0.71 ± 0.05), ajhile no statistical significant variation obtained between serum value of repeat breeders (1.27 ± 0.08 ppm) and the control group. It is therefore reasonable to assume that hypocupraemia as evidenced by lower serum value might have contributed to true anoestrum and under developed genitalia condition and not with that of repeat breeding condition. The serum zinc and manganese levels of control group were 1.71 ± 0.05 ppm and 0.04 ± 0.002 ppm respectively. The corresponding values for the true anoestrum heifers were 1.61 ± 0.03 ppm and 0.04 ± 0.002 ppm and for heifers with under developed genitalia group were 1.6 ± 0.05 ppm and 0.04 ± 0.002 ppm respectively. These values did not vary significantly from those of control group. The corresponding values for repeat breeders were recorded to be 1.73 ± 0.06 ppm and 0.04 ± 0.002 ppm which did not differ: significantly from the values obtained for control group. The result of supplementation with dicalcium phosphate and copper sulphate to the respective mineral deficient heifers with true anoestrum and under developed genitalia showed that the mineral supplementation could induce oestrum. The serum mineral status comparison at different level of feeding showed significant difference (P<0.05) in the serum phosphorus level as well as copper level of moderate plane group with that of low and poor plane groups. Hence the effect of plane of nutrition on serum mineral status could be established in case of serum phosphorus and copper. The soil level of calcium, phosphorus, copper, zinc and manganese found to be well within the normal range. The level of exchangeable calcium and available phosphorus were ranged 0.11-0.12 per cent and 0.05-0.06 per cent respectively. The available copper, zinc and manganese levels obtained were ranged 4.43-4.5 ppm, 5.3-5.44 ppm and 96.34-99.7 ppm respectively. The result showed that the soil mineral content did not influence: the serum mineral status
Open Access
Production performance of Austra-white and Rhode-white layers on litter floor
(Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Sridharan, E; KAU; Peethambaran, P A
An experiment was conducted at Kerala Agricultural University Poultry Farm, Mannuthy in order to evaluate the production performance of Austra -white and Rhode -white hens on litter floor. The Australorp and Rhode Island Red formed the male lines and the 'F' strain of White Leghom formed the female line for the production of A W and RW progenies. One hundred and twenty (120) pullets each of Austra -white (A W) and Rhode -white (RW) at the age of 18 weeks were housed in identical pens in eight replicates each at the rate of 15 birds per replicate at random. Layer mash with BIS specifications was fed throughout the experimental period. Standard routine managemental practices were followed in the study. The production performance on deep litter for six periods of 28 days each were recorded during the period from December' 97 to June' 98. The objective of the study was to evaluate and compare the production performance of Austra-white and Rhode - white hens from 21 to 44 weeks of age under deep litter system of rearing. Body weight at 20 and 44 weeks of age in Austra-white and Rhode-white were recorded individually and the respective mean values were found to be 1181.50 and 1178.75 g at 20 weeks and 1477.45 and 1539.79 g at 44 weeks of age. The average age at first egg was 161.63 days in Austra-white and 159.75 days in Rhode-white hens. The mean ages at 10 and 50 per cent production were 166.25 and 179.13 days in Austra-white and 163 and 176.75 days in Rhode-white respectively. The mean egg production recorded was 82.98 with 49.39 per cent in Austra-white and 98.80 eggs with 58.81 per cent in Rhode-white on hen-housed basis and on hen-day basis 85.72 eggs with 51.02 per cent in Austra-white and 101.21 eggs with 60.24 per cent in Rhode-white. The highest production was obtained at 32 weeks in Austra-white and 31 weeks of age in Rhode-white birds on hen-housed and hen-day basis. The mean daily feed consumption was worked out to 113.22 g in AW and 113.66 gin RW. Feed efficiency on the basis of dozen eggs for Austra-white was 2.60 and 2.05 in Rhode-white hens. Egg weight at last three days in each period were individually recorded and the overall mean egg weight for 21 to 44 weeks of age was 48.02 g in Austra-white and 46.50 g in Rhode-white. The overall mean egg mass per day was 3.32 kg in A W and 3.56 kg in RW. The mean percentages of shell, albumen and yolk were 10.86,60.11 and 28.75 in Austra-white and 11.10, 59.39 and 29.47 in Rhode-white eggs respectively. The mean shell thickness were 0.42 mm in AW and 0.41 mm in RW eggs. The livability per cent from 21 to 44 weeks of age was 89.17 in Austra- white and 95.83 per cent in Rhode-white. The feed cost per egg was 15291 paise in AW and 130.95 paise in RW. Based on the above findings, it is evident that the body weight at 44 weeks of age, overall HHN, HDN and its percentages, per cent livability and per cent yolk in eggs were Significantly higher (P < 0.05) in Rhode -white birds. Whereas the overall mean egg weight and per cent albumen were significantly higher in Austra - white eggs. The differences in body weight at 20 weeks, age at sexual maturity, overall feed consumption, per cent shell, shell thickness and egg mass per day were non- significant between Austra - white and Rhode - white. Therefore it was concluded that Austra-white birds have an edge over Rhode-white birds in the overall mean egg weight and per cent albumen. Rhode-white birds are superior to Austra-White birds in body weight at 44 weeks, egg production, feed efficiency, livability and per cent yolk in eggs under deep litter system of rearing. Further studies using A W and RW birds are warranted under backyard conditions for exploiting the above traits advantageously.
Open Access
Preservation of dog semen in three extenders at refrigeration temperature
(Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Kadirvel, G; KAU; Sreekumaran, T
With the ultimate objective of evolving a suitable diluent for preservation of dog semen at 4°C, semen was collected from six mongrel dogs maintained in kennels at Veterinary college hospital, Mannuthy. A total of 36 ejaculates, six from each dog was collected by digital manipulation and physical and morphological characters were evaluated. Three extenders viz., Egg Yolk Tris (TYT), Egg Yolk citrate glycine glucose (EYCGG) and Goat milk (GM) were used for preservation of semen. Sperm motility, percentage of live sperm, abnormal spermatozoa and acrosomal integrity were evaluated at 24 hours interval for five days after preservation at 4°C in the above extenders. Six out of seven dogs showed good response to digital manipulation and ejaculated good quality semen without teaser bitch. The overall mean volume of first, second and third fraction of semen was 0.63 ± 0.07 ml, 1.29 ± 0.08 ml and 4.12 ± 0.23 ml respectively. The colour and consistency of the first and third fraction was clear, watery and second fraction was thickmilkly to thin milkly. The average mass activity of sperm rich fraction of semen was ++(+) and the density was DD. The mean initial sperm motility was 86.67 ± 1.07 per cent. The mean pH of first, second and third fraction of semen was 6.24 ± 0.01, 6.36 ± 0.01 and 6.65 ± 0.02 respectively. The overall mean spermatozoal concentration of second fraction was 416.28 ± 22.56 million per ml and that third fraction was 6.11 ± 1.66 million per ml. The average total sperm output per ejaculate was 527.50 ± 29.46 million. The overall mean live sperm and abnormal sperm was 89.44 ± 0.57 and 7.59 ± 0.45 per cent. The percentage of acrosomal abnormality was 6.63 ± 0.38. The average time taken for reduction of methylene blue by dog semen was 26.40 ± 0.86 minutes. The mean percentage of sperm motility at 0,10,20 and 30 minutes of incubation (46.5°C) was 86.38 ± 1.04, 88.33 ± 1.13, 70.55 ± 1.26 and 53.2 ± 2.17 respectively. There was significant (Pminutes of incubation and sperm motility upto 5 days of preservation under refrigeration temperature. The percentage of sperm motility upto day 5 was significantly higher in Egg Yolk Tris (49.86 per cent) and Egg Yolk citrate Glycine Glucose (48.33 per cent) than in Goat milk (0 per cent). There was significantly higher percentage of live sperms and lower percentage of abnormal sperms and acrosomal damage in EYT and EYCGG than in GM. Eventhough the values are not statistically significant among EYT and EYCGG, EYT was found to have higher percentage of sperm motility and live sperm, lower percentage of abnormal sperms and acrosomal damage when compared to EYCGG. Besides EYT was also found to have better clarity for microscopical examination. Hence it could be inferred that Egg yolk tris is superior to Egg yolk citrate glycine glucose and goat milk for preservation of dog semen at 4°C.
Open Access
Nutritive evaluation of complete ration for growth in kids
(Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Deepa Ananth; KAU; James, C S
An attempt has been made to evaluate the effect of complete ration containing unconventional ingredients on growth and nutrient utilization in kids. Three complete pelleted rations were prepared consisting of a control ration (CR I) containing guinea grass and conventional ingredients, experimental rations eR II and CR III containing crop residues and agroindustrial byproducts such as tapioca leaves plus tea waste and gliricidia leaves plus tea waste respectively (75 :25) at 60 per cent level. Eighteen Malabari kids of 4 - 5 months of age with an average body weight of 9.27 Kg distributed into three groups of six animals each as uniformly as possible with regard to age, sex and weight and were fed individually with three complete rations over a period of 120 days. The results indicated that the incorporation of unconventional feed ingredients even to the extent of 60 per cent did not affect the growth performance of animals as the total weight gain and average daily gain recorded as 7.0~Kg and 62.6 g/day for the control and 6.65 Kg and 59.37 g/day for experimental ration CR Il and 5.96 Kg and 53.11 g/day for ration CR Ill. The efficiency of feed and protein utilization also exhibited the same trend. Cost efficiency for ration CR Il containing tapioca leaves plus tea waste as major part as well as for ration CR III containing ghricidia leaves plus tea waste as major part comes to around Rs.59.16 per Kg gain and Rs.60.43 per Kg gain respectively, as against Rs.69.54 per Kg gain for control ration CR l. The hematological studies revealed that TE.C., TL.C., Haemoglobin, Plasma protein, serum calcium, phosphorus and magnesium were within normal range prescribed for the species. The animals maintained on the three rations did not show any significant difference between groups for these parameters. Digestibility studies revealed a significant difference (P>O.Ol) in all the parameters between groups, while the kids maintained on control ration CR I recorded highest digestibility of drymatter, crude protein, ether extract and nitrogen free extract, the kids maintained on ration CR III recorded maximum fibre digestibility. On fibre fractions, ration Clc II recorded the lowest digestibility (P>O.Ol) in neutral detergent fibre and there was no difference in acid detergent fibre digestibilty. The results show that incorporation of agroindustrial byproducts in the complete ration for kids influencgfthe digestibility of nutrients. "- The results on balance experiment showed no significant difference (Pbetween the groups with regard to per cent retention of nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Overall assessment of the results showed that incorporation of agroindustrial byproducts even upto the extent of 60 per cent in the complete ration of goats did not have any significant effect on production parameters and animals maintained on ration CR II containing tapioca leaves plus tea waste as major part did show similar performance and efficiency compared to that of control ration and though not significant, slightly lower biological efficiency was exhibited by ration CR III .on performance of the animals.
Open Access
Surgical management of experimentally induced coxo-femoral luxation in calves
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Dinesh, P T; KAU; Sarada Amma, T
The present study was conducted to evolve a suitable technique which can be adopted under field conditions for the management of coxofemoral luxation in calves and to compare the efficacy of open and closed reduction in the treatment. The study was conducted in 12 male crossbred cal~es in which coxofemorpl luxation was induced under anaesthesia. Two methods of treatment were adopted in two groups of six animals each. In one group open reduction was performed under anaesthesia and the femoral head was fixed in position by the application of an extra articular sling using cortical screws and orthopaedic wires. In the second group, after closed reduction under anaesthesia, immobilisation was effected by the fixation of two Steinmann pins at the greater trochanter through the wing of ilium and tuber ischii an~ connecting the exposed portions of the pins by an external connecting assembly. All the animals were able to get up and lie down without assistance after correction and partially bear weight on the operated limb from the day of surgery itself. Complete weight bearing while standing was noticed in all the animals in two to four days t i.me • Dragging of toe was observed upt o fourth day in animals in which open reduction was performed whereas in other group it was observed upto 23 days. The difficulty encountered in closed reducti9n group was the inability to identify the status of reduction for which radiograph was taken. Open reduction with inunobilisation using screws and wires produced firm seating of femoral head in the acetabulum. The respiration rate, pulse rate and rectal temperature showed an increase within the normal range in all the animals. variations in haematological values were indicative of stress and inflammation subsequent to surgery. Radiographic studies during the period of observation confirmed the position of femoral head in the acetabulum and the absence of recurrence. Gross morphological examination of the hip joint revealed satisfactory healing and absence of local complications. The technique of closed reduction along with external fixation was satisfactory for reduction and immobilization in coxofemoral luxation in calves.
Open Access
Effect of modified environment during summer on the performance of growing pigs
(Department of Livestock Production Management, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Subramanian, T; KAU; Sebastian, K S
An investigation was carried out to study the environment variables and the effect of modified housing conditions on the physiological norms and growth performance. during the dry season on the large white Yorkshire grower pigs. The modified housing include, Tl - without wallow and sprinkler, T2 - with wallow only, T3 - with sprinkler only and T4 - with wallow and sprinkler as the four treatment groups. The dry season (summer) characterised by higher ambient temperature (maximum temperature - 31.5° to 37°C, m: _ "_LllUm temperature 22.8 to 26.1 °C, mean temperature 27.4°C ._0 31.3°C), comparatively lower relative humidity (mean RH 63.15 to 75.68%) and wind speed (2.75 to 7.8 km/h). The b'~gher range of temperature was sufficient to cause stress OH the performance of the grower pigs as per the literatures. The treatment (T1) without wallow and sprinkler varies significantly (Prate, cardiac rate both in the forenoon and afternoon from the T2, T3 and T4 groups, i. e., Tl has shown more of phys Lo Lc g i.ca L stress reaction than other treatment groups. T4 was fo' n~ to be mo re : comfortable than T1• T2 and T3 were hav:'. 9 no significant difference except in afternoon body temper ture and respiration rate. There were no statistically significant (P<0.05) difference between treatment groups in the fortnightly body weight gain from the first fortnight to upto twelfth '"fortnight. The twelfth fortnight body weight of the treatments Tl, T2, T3 and T4 were 70.833 ± 2.114, 69.333 ± 5.816, 73.333 ± 5.681 and 71.667 ± 5.975. There were also no significant difference in the body length, chest girth and body height among the treatment groups in the fortnightly observations. Though Tl had shown significant (P<0.05) rise of physiological norms that had not reached upto the level of growth retardation. The overall fortnightly rate of gain (kg) and average daily gain (g) of the treatment groups of Tl, T2, T3 and T4 were 5.08 ± 0.60, 4.97 ± 0.54, 5.28 ± 0.56 and 5.17 ± 0.60 and 339 ± 39. 9 , 330 . 9 ± 36. I, 351 . 7 ± 37. 6 and 343. 9 ± 36. 0 . Under restricted feeding regime, T3 was having relatively better feed conversion efficiency and lower cost per kg of live weight pr'oduct.Lon than T4, Tl and T2• The convers on efficiency of Tl, T2, T3 and T4 were 4.05, 4.15, 3.91 and 3.99 and cost per kg of live weight production 36.16, 37.03, 35.05 and 35.81. Based on the observations and the results suitable method of environment modification during the dry season for grower pigs can be recommended.

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