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ThesisItem Open Access Genetic studies in red gram (eafanui caiaixL)(Department of Agricultural Botany, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1988) Radhakrishnan, V V; KAU; Narayanan Namboodiri, K NThesisItem Open Access Genetic variability, path analysis and stability parameters in sesame(Department of Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1985) Sverup, John; KAU; Gopinathan Nair, VBiometric analysis in a varietal collection of sesame was undertaken to study the genetic variability, correlations, path analysis and stability parameters. One hundred sesame types were evaluated in replicated trials at Vellayani in uplands during rabi and at Kayamkulam in rice fallows during summer. Genetic variability and correlations were estimated and path analysis worked out independently as both the locations. Location trials for estimating stability parameters were conducted at three places viz. in uplands during rabi at Pattambi and Vellayani and in rice fallows during summer at Kayamkulam. Large values for genotypic coefficients of variation were obtained for characters such as number of capsules on branches, number of capsules perplant, number of capsules on main stem and number of branches during rabi as well as summer. The lowest genotypic coefficient of variation was obtained for number of days to maturity during both rabi and summer. High values of heritability were recorded by seed protein content , seed oil content, height upto first capsule and weight of 1000 seeds under both conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Deterioration of oil cake by fungi(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1989) Naseema, A; KAU; Wilson, K IFungi causing deterioration of coconut, groundnut and sesamum oil cakes were studied. ficremonium implicatum, Asperdllus aculeatus, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. nlaer, A. terreus, A. versicolor, Bipolaris hawaiiensis, Curvularia clavata, Monascus ruber, Penicillium aurantioqriseum, P. Pinophilum, Pestalotiopsis palmarum, Rhizomucor £usillus and Ehizopus stolonifer were obtained from coconut oil cake. Aspergillus flavus, A. niaer, A. terreus, A. versicolor, Gliocladium sp. Penicillium pinophilum, RhizoEUS or^zae and Rhizopus stolonifer were noticed in groundnut and Aspergillus candidus, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. nlaer, A. tamarii, A. terreus, Curvularia clavata, Eurotium. chevalieri, F"sarium pallidoroseum, Monascus ruber, Fenicilliuiu pinophilum, Pestalotiopsls palmarum and Rhizopus or^zae in sesamum oil cake. Of these, Acremonium implicatum, Aspergillus aculeatus, A. caeslellus, A. .f"-igatus, Bipolaris hawaiiensis, Curvularia clavata, Monascus ru^, Penicillium anrantlogriseum, P. pinophilum, Pestalotiopsls palmarum and Rhizomucor pusillus from coconut oil cake, Aspergillus versicolor, Gliocladium sp., Penicillium pinophilum, Rhizopus oryzae and R. stolonifer from groundnut and Aspergillus candidus, A. fumigatus, A. tamarli, A. terreus, Curvularia clavata, Eurotium chevalieri, Fusarium pallidoroseum,Monascus ruber, Penicillium pinophilum, Pestalotiopsis palmarum and Rhizopus oryzae from sesamum oil cake have not been reported earlier. * Aspergillus flavus and A. niger were isolated from all the samples of groundnut and sesamum oil cakes. In coconut oil cake, these two fungi were present in 88.89 and 77.78 per cent of the samples. A. terreus was isolated from 66.67 per cent of groundnut and 55. 56 per cent of coconut and sesamum oil cake samples. Penicillium pinophilum was obtained from 66.67 per cent of groundnut, 44.44 per cent of sesamum and 27.78 per cent of coconut oil cake samples. Wide variation was noticed in the population of fungi present in the oil cakes collected from different regions during different periods of the year. Oil cakes collected during June-July had the highest population, of fungi. The central and the northern regions recorded higher population of fungi than the southern region. Positive and significant correlation could be obtained between weather parameters and population of fungi in different oil cakes. Maximum correlation was noticed in relation to total rainfall. Qood mycelial growth of fungi was obtained in all the oil cakes incubated at 27, 29 and 32°C. Maximum mycelial growth was noticed at 100 per cent relative humidity. This was followed by 96.1 per cent and 92.9 per cent in the descending order. The oil content of the oil cakes was considerably reduced due to the growth of all the fungi tested individually and in combination. Maximum reduction v/as noticed due to the growth of Pestalotiopsis palmarum in coconut oil cake, Rhizopus stolonifer in groundnut and Fusarium pallidorosem in sesamum oil cake. In the case of combinations, Aspergillus flavus, A. niger and Penicillium pinophilum together caused maximum reduction in oil content of coconut oil cake. In groundnut, combined growth of A. flavus, A. niger and A. terreus caused maximum reduction in oil whereas, A. niger and P. pinophilum together effected maximum reduction of oil in sesamum oil cake. Oil cakes inoculated with different fungi showed considerable reduction in total carbohydrates, crude protein, free amino nitrogen, crude fibre and ash to the extent of 6.11 to 76.95 , 4 . 28 to 68.03, 14.91 to 92.52, 1.25 to 92.55 and 0.17 to 65.16 per cent respectively. In the case of mineral nutrients like phosphorus, potassium, magnesium. calcium, copper and iron reduction ranging from 15.07 to 75.54, 23.13 to 94.41, 10.89 to 63.37, 28.78 to 90.20, 52.52 to 97.12 and 0.32 to 60.77 per cent respectively was noticed. Fourteen out of 2 0 isolates of Aspergillus flavus produced aflatoxins B^, and G2 in culture medium with maximum quantities being 1210, 1040 and 151 ppb respectively by the isolates from coconut oil cake. Eight out of 19 isolates of A. niger elaborated upto 222 ppb by the isolate from sesamum oil cake. When grown on the respective host material, A. flavus isolates from coconut oil cake produced maximum quantity of B^^, B^ and being 1517, 1092 and 272 ppb respectively. A. niger isolate from coconut oil cake produced B^^ upto 419 ppb. oil cakes treated with calcium propionate (0.6 per cent, w/w) were free from fungus growth throughout the period (180 days) of observation and showed minimum number of fungal propagules whereas, those kept as control had higher population of fungi than the treated ones, at all period.of observation. Oil cakes stored in polythene lined gunny bags had the least population of fungi, whereas those stored in ordinary gunny bag had very high population of fungi. These results revealed that fungal deterioration and spoilage of oil cakes could be prevented or reduced to the minimum by treatment with 0.6 per cent calcium propionate- and by using polythene lined gunny bags for storage arid transport.ThesisItem Open Access Production potential of two fodder grasses under different management practices(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1986) Raghavan Pillai, G; KAU; Madhavan Nair, K PThesisItem Open Access Study of bacterial leaf spot of betel vine- biochemical changes and control(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1986) Koshi, Abraham; KAU; James, MathewThe bacterial leaf spot is one of the most serious diseases of betel vine in Kerala. The bacterium is one of the most serious disease of betal vine. Confidering the seriouness of the disease , studies were undertaken on the different aspects of the disease and to find out a suitable control /management practice.ThesisItem Open Access Homeostatic analysis of components of genetic variance and inheritance of fruit colour, fruit shape and bitterness in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.)(Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1989) Abdul Vahab, M; KAU; Gopalakrishnan, P KThesisItem Open Access In vitro studies on the propagation of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum maton)(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1989) Reghunath, B R; KAU; Gopalakrishnan, P KThesisItem Open Access Effect of NPK on seed progeny and air layers in cashew ( Anacardium occidentale L. )(Department of agronomy, College of Agriculture Vellayani , Trivandrum, 1985) Harishu Kumar, P; KAU; Sreedharan, CAn experiment was conducted to assess the "Ef f e c t of NPK fertilisers on seed orogeny and air layers in cashew at Cashew Seed Farm, Shanmtigodu under Central Plantation Crops Research Institute , Regional Station, f i t c a l 574 24 3, during 1982-84. fhe treatments consisted of test ing three le v e ls each of d,? and K on seed . rogen/ i.,d ai r layers Ln cashcv/. r ’ne study revc ile 1 t h . t d i f f e r en t grov.'th oar meter 7 i. e . , he L'jl'it, can>py rolLus, surf ice area, le a f area n ; : ; v/erc influenced by increasing le v e ls of I:PR. f ■ r t i I i. s e r s . [' r/ ii chlorophyl l , to I; il v.ug ir , le.it v; .ter f-,■ n* , in-: sp e c i f ic le if w ight v;ere influenced by » b ,n v/11 i I e n i t rci' p n 11 one i n c i i iset i , , ., ii c * * . I', i r 1 y i'ii s r: u I: i- c ’ i I i r r - • * * in f l o w e r i n g , numbt l r, f ft mi. t e, _ .m ,lg ,■ I ; -I -,l puilr-h t'< t-i.l il 'hoots WC IX ; i ? V i . r ‘ I i I -■ 1 nr r r 1.0,1 b y f.f r » i I i d L >n . t’rmt j;un ii r‘ rc rn> r ri o nl; inrl acc' u b i ^ ici-1 c o n t e n t , ] Lc if ion . /c r | , 7 0 1 1 0 ' J W l ! " l p l Mut v Jupic an 1 IglTt wctr drrrc ir.ecl due to d M M, ion w,lH. V ipol ic .Llon ( ivour* rl nut md P i p d i ' - 1 , 4-r d W- i n ( k c - T l u 1 n - Leaf N v;as increased by NPIC. Lear ? was increased by p and K appl icat ion v/hile i t was reduced by N appl icat ion. Leaf K was reduced by H appl icat ion while i t was increased by ? and K appl icat ion. N appl ication resul ted in an Increase in le a f C i, where as P and K reduced i t . M and K reduced le a f Mg while P had no e f f e c t . M increased lui f Zn while P reduced the same. K had no e f f e c t . Cr i t ical levels in Ic if for M and ? are f ixed at 2.09% and 0.14% respectively. hoot CSC was increased by UP.' f e r t i 1 is ition . .1 application reduc’d organic carbon and P ‘./hale- i t i.nere -Scd ^>oil M, h and oH. P appl ication increased o i l d, K and pH. ‘V. ipol icat ion incr*. ia«_ , roi l H, h and oH wher>- as i c r c r\ v c c r: o i l P • rj ind P f spons r, r*. curvul in«. ar while not as i u ■ esnonrs v m Jincir. rhc od.imuni of U and P r , pc-j/trr ,./y ai re no-. c t ivt 1 y . M ixvv.um income W L. 1. ' - * * r t ' l i - r r l In lie 1 IV- r r . rThesisItem Open Access Influence of applied nutrients and stage of harvest on the yield and physicochemical properties of essential oil of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martini Stapf var. motia)(Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry , College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Trivandrum, 1985) Chinnamma, N P; KAU; Aiyer, R SPalmarosa, an essential oil crop introduced in Kerala, from Maharashtra, nearly two decades ago, is spreading steadily la the pialas and midland regions of North Kerala. Several agro-techniques have yet to he standardised for the commercial cultivation of this crop in the State. The present studies were undertaken at the Aromatic pnfl Medicinal Plante Research Station, Odakkaly during 1980-'8 4 to obtain information on the nutrition of palmarosa, optimum harvest intervals to ensure maximum herbage and oil yields and the factors influencing the quality of oil. The treatments in the major field experiment (1980-'82) consisted of three levels of N, and KgO, each at 25, 50 And 75 kg/ha along with six intervals of harvest at 40, 45, 50, 55, 60 and 65 days. The total number of treatment combinations wore 162 in a 3^ x 6 confounded asymmetrical factorial design. Tho main experiment was continued for another two yoaro limiting tho observations, to the yield of herbage and oil. This was then followed by an observation trial with intervals of harvest longer than tho maximum of 65 doye tried in the main experiment. In the main experiment the herbage yield vns significantly increased by application of P2°5 ^2°* Nitrogen did not have any eignifioant offeot on herbage yield poaeibly due to tha medium level etatua of soil N in the ABSTRACT ^erimental plots. The oil yield was Bignifioantly enhanced by P205 application at 50 kg/ha. Different levels and K showed no significant influence on the yield of oil. Harvest intervals showed significant influence on herbage yield, oil yield and oil content and the maximum value was recorded by the 65 day interval. A path analysis of the herbage yield with related cnaracters has shown that the height of the plant is the most important yield attribute influencing directly the yield of herbage. Path analysis of oil yield showed that oil yield is mainly dependent upon herbage yield. The direct effects on oil yield by yield attributes are found to be in the decreasing order of number of tillers with inflorescence, height of the plants and length of inflorescenoe. Maximum indirect affect via herbage yield is expressed by the height of the plant and length of inflorescence. All these directly and indirectly contributing factors arc soon to be markedly influenced by tho applioation of phosphorus and intervals of harvoat* Herbage yield and oil yield for various harvest lntorvalo obtained In the flrot two years wore fit tod In a Cobb-Dcughlua reoponoo function and tha expooted values «leulat«d were found to be very olooe to tho actual observed values• In thethird and fourth year of the experiment, the ghest herbage and oil yields were recorded by 60 day interval followed by the interval of 65 days, A quadratic Sanction for the data pooled over for four years was fitted to see if the data show a diminishing return with an increase in harvest interval and it was found that the optimum herbage yield and oil yield were obtained when the harvest was done at 62 and 63 days interval respectively. The final observational trial also indicated that the herbage and oil yields were maximum for a harvest interval of 65 days beyond which it decreases. Increase in the levels of both N and P tended to increase the content of geraniol and to decrease the content of geranyl acetate which are the price determining quality attributes of the essential oil. But the maximum interval of harvest viz., 65 days tried in the main experiment was not sufficient for moot of the physico-chemical properties of oil ouoh os specific gravity, refractive index, geraniol content, geranyl acotato content etc. to reach the minimum limit prescribed by 131. The observational trial showed that the oil obtained at intervale of 95 days and above satisfied the 131 specification with respect to all the phyalco-ohemioal properties of the oil. However, at thle herveat Interval the yield Itself wae considerably depressed compared to the yield at 65 day Interval. Th, eoonomloe worked out for different Intervale of harveab baaed on the ourrant market prloe of the oil paeein« as above the I SI limits as fe. 240/- per kg (oil from harvest intervals at and above 95 days) and those below them at Fs.220/- per kg (oil from harvest intervals of 55, 65, 75 and 85 days) it has been found that a wider cost benefit ratio and net return per rupee investment are obtainable for harvest intervals ranging from 65 to 85 days. However, 65 day interval has the advantage of early returns from the investment. Application of 50 kg PgO^/ha in view of its significant effect on herbage yield, oil yield and oil quality increase the net profit per rupee invested for the harvest interval of 65 days. The average removal o f II, P, K, Ca and Mg from the s o i l by palmarosa per h ecta re per year lias a lso been worked o u t . The optimum f e r t i l i s e r le v e l fo r palmarosa i s 25 kg II, 50 kg P?05 and 25 kg K20 per h ectare over an a p p lic a tio n o f spent g ra ss at 5 tonnes per h ectare per y e a r . The optimum h arvest in to r v a l i s 65 days. TIiIb would give maximum horbago y io ld , o i l y io ld ond ea rly return from in v e stm e n ts.
