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ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of potential botanical pesticides gainst tobacco cutworm(Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2002) Suresh, S; KAU; Jim Thomas (Guide), Thomas (Guide)Investigations were carried out on the "Evaluation of potential botanical pesticides against tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Fab.)" in the Department of Entomology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during 2000-2001. The objectives of this study were to screen the botanicals with biological resources such as ovipositional deterrency, ovicidal action, antifeedancy, morphogenic disruptions, insecticidal properties, etc. on the enigmatic and polyphagous caterpillar pests such as S. litura. Ovipositional deterrency test was conducted with aqueous plant extracts and essential oils. Azadirachta indica and Hyptis sauveolens aqueous extracts allowed lower rate of oviposition (as evidenced by their lower average score values of 3 to 6) on the treated surface at five and ten per cent strengths. Similarly, the essential oils viz., Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Cymbopogon martinii showed pronounced ovipositional deterrency even at 0.5 per cent level. Aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica gave higher ovicidal action as high as 61.43 and 88.39 per cent hatching inhibitions at five and ten per cent concentrations respectively. Among" the six tested essential oils, Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Cymbopogon martinii exhibited cent per cent egg mortality at 0.5 per cent strength each. Citronella winterianus oil, Kaempferia galanga oil and :4. indica aqueous extract exhibited higher leaf protection of 62 to 77 per cent at three per cent concentration each. Oils of Kaempferia galanga and Cymbopogon martinii and aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica induced larval starvation of 56 to 70 per cent at the same concentration of three per cent each. Among the solvent extracts of the botanicals tested, acetone extract of Andrographis paniculata exhibited larval starvation of 63 per cent at its two per" cent concentration, while, dichloromethane extract of the same produced 63 per cent leaf protection at the same strength. Vitex negundo extract in methanol afforded leaf protection to the level of 64.31 per cent and larval starvation of 55.99 per cent at its five per cent level. Chloroform extract of Azadirachta indica at four per cent level produced more than 70 per cent leaf protection as well as larval starvation. The Approximate Digestibility (AD) was lower in aqueous extracts of Andrographis panicufata, Thevetia nerifolia, Clerodendron infortunatum and Strychnos nux-vomica at one and three per cent strengths on the treated insects, highlighting their inhibitory action during digestion process, whereas, the essential oils viz., Citronella winterianus, Cymbopogon martinii and Kaempferia galanga treatments at three and five per cent inhibited the assimilation of ingested and digested food into body matter as indicated by their lower ECl and ECD values. The third instar larvae when fed on host leaves treated with oils of Cymbopogon flexuosus and Kaempferia galanga and aqueous extracts of Strychnos nux-vomica, Vitex negundo, Azadirachta indica and Andrographis paniculata (@ 1, 3 and 5% levels each) were found to be inducing pupal and adult malformations (7.53 to 16.67% total malformations). The chloroform extract of Azadirachta indica and acetone extract of Vitex negundo on exposure on host plants, induced higher rate of deformities at the time of pupation and eclosion to the extent of up to 30.8 per cent. Cymbopogon martinii oil had the lowest LCso value of 178 ppm as compared to other oils viz., Mentha piperita, Cymbopogon flexuosus and Citronella winterianus (with- their respective LCso values of 273, 311 and 370 pp m) indicating its significant insecticidal and insectistatic properties and offer their scope for lPM strategies.ThesisItem Open Access Molecular characterization of ivygourd [Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt](Department of Olericulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2004) Suresh, S; KAU; Abdul Vahab, MThe experiment entitled “Molecular characterization of ivygourd [Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt]” was conducted at the Departments of Olericulture and Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani. The objectives were to assess the genetic divergence of the germplasm both at morphological and molecular level using RAPD markers in 25 ivygourd genotypes. Analysis of variance of the observations showed significant difference among the accessions for all the characters. The yield obtained in the range of 1.3 kg (CG 2) to 18.41 kg (CG 19) per plant. High PCV and GCV were observed for primary branch length, fruit per plant, total number of harvest and yield per plant. High heritability along with high genetic gain was observed in all the characters. The range of heritability was 98.83 to 63.02. All characters except days to first flowering are positively correlated with yield both at phenotypic and genotypic level. Primary branch length, average fruit weight, seeds per fruit and fruits per plant had positive direct effect on yield. In D2 analysis all the accessions are grouped into six clusters. The cluster III had maximum number of genotypes. The character yield per plant had maximum contribution to cluster formation. In molecular characterization the yield of DNA ranged from 1.44 ng/l to 9.24 ng/l. The purity was 1.29 to 2.28. A total of 41 RAPDs were generated when PCR amplification was carried out using 28 decamer primers (Operon Inc., CA, USA) of Kit A and Kit B. Of these 39 bands were polymorphic. Four primers, OPA 18, OPB 11, OPB 10 and OPB 6 produced reproducible banding pattern on atleast two runs. These primers yielded 48 scorable bands with an average of 12 bands per primer. The similarity coefficient values ranged from 0.421 to 0.918. From the dendrogram the 25 ivygourd genotypes were clustered into 10 groups. The largest group consisted the genotypes CG 11, CG 10, CG 18, CG 17, CG 2, CG 13, CG 9, CG 22, CG 21 and CG 6. The genotypes CG 16, CG 19, CG 12, CG 7, CG 4 and CG 1 formed individual separate clusters. The result of both morphological and molecular level characterization revealed similarity in the case of genotype CG 19, the highest yield. Though the genotype CG 13 was second in yield with other special attributes, it fell into a cluster along with other moderate to poor yielders. This shows the impact of environment on the expression of the characters and necessity of molecular markers in the characterization of landraces in ivygourd.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic variability in fodder bajra(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1997) Suresh, S; KAU; Sumabai, D IA research programme was carried out at the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during May to August 1995, with the objective of assessing the genetic variability and the scope of selection for forage yield and quality in bajra. Twenty varieties were evaluated adopting a randomised block design with three replications. Data on twelve characters were collected and subjected to statistical analysis. Analysis of variance revealed significant difference among the varieties for all the characters studied. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were high for leaf weight per plant, green fodder yield, dry matter yield, leaf- stem ratio and crude protein content. High heritability coupled with relatively high genetic advance was recorded for leaf weight per plant and internodal length suggesting the reliability of these characters during selection programme. High positive genotypic correlation of dry matter yield, plant stand after germination, leaf number per plant, leaf weight per plant and leaf area index with green fodder yield had indicated that selection based on the above components results in the improvement of green fodder yield. Path analysis revealed that leaf number per plant and leaf area index were the most important characters influencing green fodder yield and dry matter yield. Selection index based on yield contributing characters had enabled to select four high yielding fodder bajra genotypes namely HTGPK – 1993, SSG – 59 - 3, IP – 5714 and LSGP – 1995.