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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on epidural anaesthesia in goats(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1981) Sarada Amma, T; KAU; George, P BThe present study was under taken with the object of finding out the effects of epidural administration of varying doses of lidocaine hydrocaine hydrochloride two per cent solution with and without the addition of hyaluronidase in goates. Epidural injection was given at the lumbosacral site using the Brooks’ epidural needle directed perpendicularly downwards. Thirty – six apparently healthy Alpine – Malabari crossbred bucks aged six to fifteen months and weighing seven to twenty – two kilograms were used for the study. The animals were divided into two groups viz., Group 1 and Group 11, each consisting of 18 animals. In Group 1, lidocaine hydrochloride at the rate of 4 mg, 8 mg and 16 mg/kg body – weight was administered as two per cent solution in three Subgroups each consisting of six animals. Similarly in Group 11, lidocaine hydrochloride was administered as two per cent solution along with hyaluronidase (150 I.U./100 ml of lidocaine hydrochloride solution) in three Subgroup each consisting of six animals. Significant positive correlation was noticed between the depth of insertion of the epidural needle and body – weight of the animals. When the dose of lidocaine hydrochloride was increased, there was proportionate decrease in the time of onset and increase in the duration of anaesthesia. In the same dose level when hyaluronidase was added there was further reduction in the time of onset, but the duration of anaesthesia was decreased. On statistical analysis of the data, no significant difference could be seen between 1) the time of onset of flaccidity of tail and relaxation of anal sphincter 2) the duration of flaccidity of tail and relaxation of anal sphincter and 3) the time taken for assuming sternal recumbency and complete relaxation of the muscles of hind – limbs. At a dose of 4 mg/kg body – weight in both the groups, the extent of analgesia was found to be the same, irrespective of addition of hyaluronidase. At higher doses (8 mg and 16 mg/kg body – weight), the extent of analgesia was found to be more. But when hyaluronidase was added, the extent of analgesia was still further increased. ‘Dog sitting posture’ was observed during the onset of anaesthesia only at a dose of 4 mg/kg body – weight. The animals got up only when flaccidity of tail and relaxation of anal sphincter disappeared. At the dose of 4 mg and 8 mg/kg body – weight there were no untoward reactions. But at the dose of 16 mg/kg body – weight lacrimation, salivation, protrusion of tongue, locked jaw, stiffness of head and neck, pedalling movements with the fore – limbs, opisthotonos and dyspnoea were observed in some of the animals during the onset of anaesthesia. Recovery phase was uneventful in all the animals, at all the dose levels. Transient unilateral or bilateral hind – leg lameness, dullness and anorexia were noticed in some of the animals as a post – anaesthetic complication. Epidural injection of lidocaine hydrochloride, two per cent solution at the rate of 4 mg/kg body – weight is recommended for surgical operations of the hind – quarters and inguinal region, while 8 mg/kg body – weight is recommended for operations on the flank region. Hyaluronidase may be added for getting quicker onset and greater extent of analgesia.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of the efficacy of diaphragmatic and omental transplants at the gastroesophageal junction in dogs(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Sarada Amma, T; KAU; Muraleedharan Nayar, K NThe study was undertaken with the objectives of designing a surgical approach to the gastroesophageal region in dogs and to evaluate the efficacy of diaphragmatic and omental grafting at the gastroesophageal myotomy site. The study was conducted in 30 adult dogs of either sex divided into five groups of six animals each. The animals were premedicated with atropine sulphace (0.04 mg/kg body weight) and xylazine (0.5 mg/kg body weight) IM. Anaesthesia was induced and maintained with five per cent solution of thiopentone sodium to effect. Induction of anaesthesia and recovery was smooth and uneventful and the duration was satisfactory. Respiratory arrest observed in a few animals could be corrected except in one and respiration was maintained with respiration pump or Boyles' Tec anaesthetic apparatus. Gastroesophageal myotomy was performed through left side thoracotomy with resection of eighth rib in animals of Group I and by laparotomy, through the 12th intercostal space with resection of 12th rib in animals of Group 11, to study the suitability of surgical approaches. Abdominal approach adopted in Group II was found suitable for experimental approach and was adopted in animals of Groups III, IV and V. In the animals of Groups III, IV and V gastroesophageal myotomy was performed and the myotomy edges were sutured to the overlying portion of diaphragm in Group III, to a deflected portion of diaphragmatic pedicle graft in Group IV and to a deflected portion of omental pedicle graft in Group V. The animals were kept under observation for 21 days post operatively and observed for physiological changes, clinical signs, haematologic, radiographic and electrocardiogram changes. Physiological parameters showed a significant decrease in rectal temperature upto 90th min after surgery and significant increase in pulse and respiration rate upto 24 h. All the animals were alert and active throughout the period of observation. Feed intake and swallowing was normal. Skin wound had healed without complications in all the animals. Haemogram showed normal haemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and packed cell volume throughout the period of observation in all the animals. Erythrocyte count was within normal range in all the animals except for a transient decrease in Group I and leucocyte count showed an increase in Group V. An increase in neutrophil count was observed on the 7th and 14th day in Groups III and V with a corresponding decrease in lymphocyte count. Monocyte count was normal in all the animals and oesinophil count showed a decrease in Group I. The values returned to normal range by 21st day in all the animals. The electrocardiogram changes observed during surgery and in post operative period were spontaneously corrected. Contrast radiography of the oesophagus and stomach revealed normal emptying and absence of leakage. Narrowing' of the caudal end of thoracic oesophagus along with dilatation of the stomach was observed in one animal and dilatation of stomach alone was observed in two animals. Contrast radiography of the autopsy specimen of oesophagus and stomach of one animal each from Group I and 11 revealed increased width of gastroesophageal region and an outpouching of the stomach at the greater curvature. Gross morphological examination on autopsy in Group I revealed adhesion of lung with thoracic wall, diaphragm and oesophagus, congestion and consolidation of lung, collapse of the lung lobes and mediastinial pleuritis in a few animals. Fibrous tissue covering over the caudal end of thoracic oesophagus was also seen in two animals. Adhesion of omentum with abdominal wall and diaphragm was the autopsy changes noticed in Group 11. Oesophagus was normal in size in all the animals except in one animal where slight narrowing at the caudal end was observed. Increased width at the gastroesophageal region was evident in all the animals. An outpouching at the greater curvature of the stomach was seen in all animals except three where slight dilation and flaccidity of the stomach was noticed. The myotomy site was thin in Groups I, II and V. In Groups III, the portion of diaphragm sutured to the myotomy wound was firmly adherent with it and in Group IV, the diaphragm pedicle graft sutured to the myotomy wound has healed and was firmly adherent to the myotomy site. In Group V, the omental pedicle graft sutured to the myotomy site has healed completely and was indistinguishable. On histological examination no sign of inflammation was noticed in the mucosa and submucosa. . At the myotomy site fibrovascular connective tissue proliferation was observed in all the groups. In Groups III and IV peripheral to the fibrovascular connective tissue,the fascicles of diaphragmatic muscle fibrils were observed. In Group V beneath the thin fibrovascular layer infiltration of plasma cells, lymphocytes, macrophages and a few neutrophils were observed extending into the stroma and lamina propria. A layer of fibrous connective tissue was observed as the outermost layer over the thin fibrovascular layer and contained a few fat cells in one animal.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on vesico-colostomy and vesico-rectostomy in dogs(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1975) Sarada Amma, T; KAU; Venugopal, AVesico-colostomy and vesico –rectostomy as methods of urinary diversion in dogs and cats had been reported. The following experiments were undertaken to assess the relative efficacy of either of these techniques. Surgery was performed in two groups of dogs. Under genral anaesthesia, after laparotomy, in the vesico-colostomy group, the fundus of the bladder was anastomosed to the terminal part of descending colon; and in vesico-rectostomy group, the neck of the bladder was anastomosed to the anterior part of rectum. In addition to general observations, the postoperative changes in haemoglobin content, leucocyte count, and blood urea nitrogen level were also recorded and are compared to the preoperative levels. Their clinical significance was also assessed. The experimental dogs acquired physiological control over micturition through the anus within three to four days and there was no soiling of the perineum, though no indwelling catcheter was used. The animals were kept under observation for a period up to four weeks and were later sacrificed. Two of the four dogs in vesico-colostomy group was in apparent good health after surgery. Of the other two, one animal died on the 17th day and autopsy revealed nephritis of the left kidney. The other died on the 22nd day and in it the ostium was seen to be closed completely by scar tissue. In the vesico- rectostomy group, three of the four dogs were in apparent good health. One dog in the group showed symptoms of uraemia and died on the 11th day but no abnormally at the level of anastomosis could be detected at autopsy. Haematological studies, in animals of both the groups did not reveal any significant changes except in one dog which had uraemia. Intravenous pyelography after one month, in 2 dogs of vesico-rectostomy group, revealed normal kidney function and emptying of the bladder. At autopsy the areas of anastomoses were studied (grossly and histopathologically) and urine samples were cultured to check up infection. E.coli, streptococci, staphylococci and certain gram negative organisms were isolated from the urine samples collected at autopsy in all animals. In the vesico- rectostomy group the ostium was well established and patent in all animals. In the vesico – colostomy group, there was constriction of ostium in one and in another the ostium was completely closed by scar tissue formation; but the remaining cases were apparently normal. Histopathological examination of bladder, colon and rectum revealed complete healing of the corresponding layers of tissues at the site of anastomosis in the successful cases of either group. Mild cystitis was observed at postmortem in three animals, one in Group I and two animals in Group II. There was faecal regurgitation into the bladder in three cases one from Group I and two from Group II. It is concluded that either vesico-colostomy or vesico-rectostomy could be adopted as urinary diversion technique in dogs; but vesico – rectostomy appeared to be more desirable than vesico – colostomy.