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1994 - 199912000 - 20071
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Author: John Martin, K D × Author: KAU × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Radiographic evaluation of pyometra and its surgical management in dogs
    (Department of veterinary surgery and radiology, College of veterinery and animal science, Mannuthy, 2007) John Martin, K D; KAU; Sarada Amma, T
    Radiographic techniques for diagnosis and comparative efficacy of transcervical drainage with or without prostaglandin F2 therapy and ovariohysterectomy for the management of pyometra were studied in 18 dogs. All the dogs were subjected to detailed clinical, physiological, haematological, biochemical and hormonal and detailed radiographic evaluation before and after the treatment. The dogs were divided into three groups, viz., Group I, II and III, of six each and were subjected to different surgical management viz., transcervical drainage, transcervical drainage with PGF2 and ovariohysterectomy respectively. The dogs selected for the study belonged to various breeds with a high proportion of Spitz (37%) and German Shepherd Dog (19%). The age ranged from four to 15 years (9.7 ± 3.5 years) and body weight from six to 37 kg. Of these dogs, 62% were nulliparous and 38 % uniparous. Symptoms of pyometra were noticed on an average of 63.4 days after the onset of previous oestrus. Commonly observed symptoms were vomiting and polydipsia (56%), polydipsia alone (33%) and vomiting alone (11%) with purulent or sanguineopurulent discharge was present (83%). All the dogs had slight to severe abdominal distension and oedema of vulval lips, which reduced postoperatively in recovered cases. Vulval discharge reduced by 14th day, and absent by 28th day in Group I and II and by seventh day in Group III. In recovered dogs of Group I and II polydipsia and vomiting disappeared by 14th day and in Group III by seventh day. Physiological parameters like respiratory and pulse rate were normal throughout the period of observation. Rectal temperature had shown an initial elevation and returned to normal by seventh day postoperatively. Colour of mucous membrane, which was congested or pale in a few, resumed to pale roseate at the end of observation period in recovered dogs. Extreme leucocytosis and neutrophilia with shift to left, decreased haemoglobin concentration and volume of packed red cells, and severely elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate were noticed in all the dogs. These values had shown an earlier tendency to return to normal ranges in Group III than Group I and II. Extreme elevations of blood urea nitrogen and moderate elevation of creatinine and alanine aminotransferase were noticed preoperatively. These were reduced subsequent to the treatments in all the groups. In dogs subjected to ovariohysterectomy an early recovery was noticed. Serum potassium levels remained within normal range throughout the observation period. Formol gel test that was positive 88.8% of the dogs initially became negative by14th postoperative day. Plasma oestradiol and progesterone concentrations had shown a vide variation between and within the groups, but shown a gradual decreasing tendency towards the end of observation in Group I and II. But the decrease was sharp following ovariohysterectomy in Group III. Survey radiography was found satisfactory in diagnosis of pyometra. For hysterography transcervical cannulation was attempted in all dogs before the treatment using techniques viz., I, II and III. Technique II using Scandinavian AI catheter was found feasible, despite the penetration at vaginal fornix in one case. Technique III employing an illuminated proctoscope as vaginal speculum was found more practicable than Technique I. In seven dogs out of 18, only in which hysterography was successful, uterine lumen could not be completely outlined. Transcervical drainage of uterus through the catheters was successful in two cases each from Group I and II. Concurrent administration of PGF2 did not produce any appreciable difference in uterine drainage, while the dogs received it had shown various degrees of side effects. All the dogs except one subjected to ovariohysterectomy recovered uneventfully. Three dogs died during the period of observation had exceptionally high haematological and biochemical values. One dog each among the recovered in Group I and II had shown oestrus symptoms subsequently and that belonged to Group I developed pyometra after eight months.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Paravertebral anaesthesia in goats using bupivacaine hydrochloride
    (Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1994) John Martin, K D; KAU; Sarada Amma, T
    The study was conducted in 15 apparently healthy Alpine – Malabari crossbred male goats of 9 to 12 months of age. Three goats were embalmed and used for dissection studies and the remaining 12 goats were used for nerve blocking trials, repeatedly at 10 days interval. The study was conducted in three parts. Part 1: Distribution of thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves in the abdominal region The origin, course and distribution of the 10th thoracic to the third lumbar spinal nerves were studied on both flank. The spinal nerves emerged through the intervertebral foramina, and divided into dorsal and ventral primary branches. The dorsal primary branch released the dorsomedial branch and continued as the dorsolateral branch. The former ramified into the multifidus dorsi and longissimus dorsi muscles and the latter ramified into the cutaneous truncimuscle and skin of the upper third of the body wall. The dorsolateral branch of the 10th, 11th and 12th thoracic spinal nerves supplied the serratus dorsalis caudalis muscles and the thoracolumbar fascia in their course. The ventral primary branch of the 10th, 11th and 12th thoracic spinal nerves gave away a ventrolateral branch which supplied the intercostal muscles, the origin of obliguus abdominis externus muscle and provided cutaneous innervation to the middle third of chest wall. The ventromedial branch terminated as fine branches between the transverse abdominis and rectus abdominis muscles, penetrated through the rectus abdominis muscle and the aponeuroses and supplied the skin on the ventral third of the chest wall. The ventral primary branches of the 13th thoracic, first and second lumbar spinal nerves coursed below the intertransversalis muscles, released ventrolateral branch and continued as the ventromedial branch. The former supplied the oblique muscles of abdomen and ramified into the skin and cutaneous muscles in the middle third of the flank. The latter terminated as fine branches, penetrated through the rectus abdominis muscle and the aponeuroses and formed the cutaneous innervation to the ventral abdominal wall. The ventral primary branch of the first and second lumbar spinal nerves have communicating branch, which traversed below the second lumbar transverse process. The ventral primary branch of the second lumbar spinal nerve gave away a small branch which ran caudad, below the lumbar transverse processes. The ventral primary branch of the third lumbar spinal nerve coursed back, below the lumbar transverse processes, between the psoas muscles. The lateral thoracic nerve of the brachial plexus supplied muscles on the ventral part of chest and abdomen and the cranial preputial muscle. One site (proximal site) was found suitable for blocking the 10th, 11th and 12th thoracic spinal nerves, while, two sites, proximal and distal, were found suitable for 13th thoracic, first, second and third lumbar spinal nerves. Part 11: The area desensitized by blocking individual spinal nerves supplying the flank region The 10th thoracic to the third lumbar spinal nerves were blocked individually in three different animals using 0.5 per cent bupivacaine hydrochloride solution and the area of analgesia was mapped. The 10th, 11th and 12th thoracic spinal nerves were blocked at the proximal site. The area of analgesia was similar, with S – shape, commencing from the dorsal midline to a point between the costal arch and the ventral midline. The 13th thoracic, first second and third lumbar spinal nerves were blocked at two sites, viz., Proximal site : The area of analgesia for the 13th thoracic, first and second lumbar spinal nerves commenced from the dorsal midline, and terminated lateral to the ventral midline. The area of analgesia of the third lumbar spinal nerve extended over the caudodorsal part of the flank. Distal site: The results of the study for each of the spinal nerves were inconsistent. Based on this study, it was concluded that, for anaesthetizing the flank, the 13th thoracic, first and second lumbar spinal nerves are to be blocked simultaneously, at the proximal site. Part 111: Anaesthesia of the flank The 13th thoracic, first and second lumbar spinal nerves were blocked simultaneously at the proximal site, in two groups (A and B) of six goats each using 0.5 per cent and 0.25 per cent solutions of bupivacaine hydrochloride respectively. The time for onset of analgesia was 2.83 + 0.87 min. in subgroup A and 2.67 + 0.21 min. in subgroup B. The duration of analgesia was 215.83 + 14.97 min. and 105.67 + 31.13 min. in subgroups A and B respectively. The extent of analgesia obtained in all the trials in both of the subgroups were similar. It extended over the entire flank from dorsal midline to the ventral midline, except : (a) a triangular area at the anterodorsal angle of flank (b) the posteriodorsal corner of the flank, in front of the external angle of ilium and (C) the preputial orifice and the skin around it. The rectal temperature, heart rate, rate of respiration, and the rate of rumen motility did not show significant variation throughout the experiment in both the subgroups. Laparotomy was conducted in two animals from each subgroup. Analgesia was satisfactory over the skin, muscles and peritoneum and muscle relaxation was adequate. In addition, the following symptoms were observed a. Scoliosis at the lumbar region towards the side of nerve block b. bulging of the anaesthetized flank and c. difficulty in bearing weight on the hind limb on the side of nerve block, with knuckling on progression. One animal (No. A6) developed symptoms of toxicity viz., lateral recumbency, dialatation of pupil, champing of jaw, frothy salivation,severe clonic convulsions of neck and limb muscles and paddling movements. The animal had a spontaneous recovery.