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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on in vitro maturation of porcine follicular oocytes(Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2007) Deepa, S; KAU; Vijayakumaran, VA study was designed and carried out to evaluate the effect of different retrieval methods like aspiration, slicing, puncturing and post aspiration slicing on yield of different grades of oocytes and their in vitro maturation potential. The effect of cumulus oocyte complex morphology and culture duration on in vitro maturation of porcine oocyte was also studied. a total of 40 follicular and 36 luteal stage ovaries obtained from Large White Yorkshire, Landrace and Duroc pigs were used for the study. Each quality grade of oocyte obtained through four retrieval methods was subjected to maturation for 42 h in TCM-199 medium supplemented with LH, FSH, estradiol, pyruvate and foetal calf serum. Culture environment was set as 38.5°C temperature, 5 per cent CO2 and maximum humidity in standard water-jacketed CO2 incubator. Maturation changes were assessed by observing the degree of cumulus expansion at 24h, 36h and 42h of incubation. There was no significant difference in oocyte yield from follicular and luteal stage ovaries even though the surface follicle distribution was different significantly. Slicing, puncturing and post aspiration slicing did not differ significantly in the yield of total number of oocytes per ovary. But the yield from aspiration was significantly lower compared to other methods (7.64 vs.33.83, 33.43, 25.42). The percentage yield of good quality (A and B) oocytes was more from aspiration than slicing, puncturing or post aspiration slicing. The percentage yield of D grade oocyte was more from post aspiration slicing method. The percentage of maturation for aspiration, puncturing, slicing and post aspiration slicing were 68.07, 64.63, 64.17 and 45.56 per cent respectively. It was found that the maturation rate for post aspiration slicing was significantly lower than other methods. The maturation rate for A grade, B grade and C grade oocytes were found to be 66.67, 65.29 and 54.84 per cent respectively. A and B grade oocytes were not significantly different in the maturation rate. At zero hour culture all the oocytes were devoid of any detectable response of maturation. At 24h, 81.33 per cent oocytes showed minimum observable response. At 36 h, 72 per cent oocytes showed expansion limited to the outer layer of cumulus cells. At 42h, about 62.28 per cent COCs showed maximum degree of cumulus expansion. The over all cumulus expansion rates was found to be 64 per cent and nuclear maturation rate was 62 per cent. Slicing and puncturing were found to be good methods for the collection of oocytes from porcine ovaries. These two methods yielded higher number good quality oocytes with satisfactory level of maturation rate. Among A, B and C grade oocytes A and B grade oocytes showed a higher maturation rate indicating that the oocytes with more than three layer of cumulus cells are better for in vitro maturation. For the completion maturation process in porcine oocytes a minimum period of 42h was found essential.ThesisItem Open Access Field evaluation of commercial organic manures and growth promoters in bush type vegetable cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis)(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2005) Deepa, S; KAU; Sukumari, PIn a field study conducted in the college of Agriculture, Vellayani, three commercial organic manures viz. Haritha Super (4.0: 4.4 : 2.0 NPK), Poabs Green (2.7 : 1.2 : 2.0 NPK) and Bharath Meal (1.5 : 2.2 : 2.5 NPK) were compared with FYM (1.0 : 0.4 : 0.5 NPK) and Enriched Vermicompost (2.0 : 1.25 : 1.0 NPK) as the organic component of integrated nutrient management in bush type vegetable cowpea in combination with and without two growth promoters viz. Panchagavyam and Vermiwash. Feasibility of using the commercial organic manures as an alternative for FYM was also looked into. All the organic manures tested in the field experiment (FYM, Haritha super, Poabs Green, Bharath Meal and Enriched Vermicompost) were applied on Nitrogen equivalent basis in accordance with Package of Practices (POP) recommendation of Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). The POP recommendation for bush type vegetable cowpea is 20 t FYM + 20 : 30 : 10 kg NPK ha-1. When FYM was substituted with other organic manures on nitrogen equivalent basis P and K supplied by these organic manures were accounted for while calculating the quantity of inorganic phosphatic and potassium fertilizers to be applied in each treatment. Germination percentage in the various treatments ranged between 97.66 to 99 per cent and it did not vary significantly. All the significantly influenced growth characters such as height of plant, number of primary branches per plant, LAI and dry matter production recorded maximum values in Enriched Vermicompost applied crop and least values in Haritha Super applied crop. Yield attributing characters in vegetable cowpea significantly influenced by organic manures include number of flowers and number of pods per plant, fresh weight of pod and length of pod. All the significantly influenced yield attributing characters recorded superior value for Enriched Vermicompost. Enriched Vermicompost was found to be significantly superior with respect to total and marketable crop yield. Among the quality parameters crude protein content of pod was significantly superior for Enriched Vermicompost. Haritha Super produced pods of lowest protein content. Shelf life of pods in Enriched Vermicompost and Bharat Meal were the same and was 14 per cent higher than that in FYM. N and P uptake were superior for Enriched Vermicompost where as K uptake in Enriched Vermicompost and Bharat Meal were on par and superior to other organic manure treatments. Post harvest available N and P2O5 content of soil was highest in Haritha Super treated plots which was significantly higher than all other organic manures. Post harvest available K2O status was the highest in Poabs Green compared to all other organic manures. Among the growth promoters, Panchagavyam was significantly superior to Vermiwash with respect to characters such as days to 50 per cent flowering, marketable yield, percentage pest incidence, post harvest N and organic carbon content of soil. Panchagavayam and Vermiwash were on par with respect to number of flowers per plant at 30 and 60 DAS, protein content of pods, crop uptake of N and K. Both the growth promoters were significantly superior to water spray in their influence on days to 50 per cent flowering, number of flowers per plant at 30 and 60 DAS, percentage pest incidence, protein content of pods, N and K uptake and post harvest soil organic carbon content. Significant interaction effects were obtained in the case of number of flowers per plant at 60 DAS, marketable yield, percentage pest incidence and organic carbon content of soil after the experiment All the organic manures, growth promoters and their interactions had significant influence on Benefit Cost Ratio (B: C). Among the organic manures B: C in Enriched Vermicompost was the maximum. Among the growth promoters B: C in Panchagavyam (1.04) was the maximum. Maximum B:C was recorded in the treatment combination M5G2 (Enriched Vermicompost + Panchagavyam) (1.68) which was on par with M5G3 (Enriched Vermicompost + Vermiwash) (1.48 ), M1G2 (FYM + Panchagavyam) ( 1.56) and M1G3 (FYM + Vermiwash) ( 1.51). The treatment combination M2G1 (Haritha Super + Water Spray) recorded the least B:C ( 0.39 ) From the growth and yield point, FYM can be substituted with the commercial manures such as Haritha Super, Poabs Green and Bharath Meal. But FYM is more desirable from the economic point. Among the five organic sources tested Enriched Vermicompost is the best organic component of integrated nutrient management both in terms of yield and economics of production. Panchagavyam is a better growth promoter than Vermiwash in regulating marketable yield of vegetable cowpea.