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ThesisItem Open Access Comparison of polymerase chain recation with conventional methods for the diagnosis of leptospirosis(Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 2003) Elaiyaraja, M; KAU; Jayaprakasan, VA study was undertaken to standardize the peR technique for the diagnosis of leptospirosis and to compare the efficacy of peR with DFM and culture in the diagnosis of leptospirosis. Two sets of primers, namely, primers A and B derived from Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola rrs (16S) gene and G I and G2 derived from genomic library of L. interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae, were evaluated to amplify 12 reference strains of leptospires representing the serovars viz., australis, rachmati.; canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, hebdomadis, icterohaemorrhagiae, pomona, poi, pyrogenes, tarassovi and patoc. The primers A and B specifically amplified all the serovars tested, while the primers Gland G2 failed to amplify the serovar patoc. The primers A and B which amplified a 331 base pair fragment of leptospiral DNA were used for the routine detection of leptospires in clinical samples. Restriction enzyme digestion of the primer A and B amplified product with the enzymes Dde I and MnI I and direct sequencing established the identity of the amplified product. A total of 192 samples were collected from different sources like human, dogs and bovines with suspected history of leptospirosis and from rodents. All were tested by peR and the positivity ranged from 33.3 to 54.2 per cent. Of the samples collected 125 samples were tested by all the three techniques viz., peR, DFM and culture and the results were compared. The peR technique was found to be more sensitive, specific and rapid, over conventional methods as it detected 41.6 per cent, compared to 25.6 per cent by DFM and 2.4 per cent by culture, of the samples tested.ThesisItem Open Access Synergistic effect of alfatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A in chick embryos(Centre for Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 2001) Rony Ray John, KAU; Lalithakunjmma, C RThe present study was taken up to investigate the synergistic effects of the mycotoxins AFBl and OA on chick embryos, the variations in the susceptibility to the toxins both individually and in combination. Embryomortality, teratogenicity and reduced embryonic weight were some of the deleterious effects observed in the inoculated chick embryos. The abnormalities seen were more in the combined toxin treated group and they included stunted embryos,' evisceration, herniation of yolk sac, beak abnormalities, cranioschisis and oedema of head and neck. Both the liver and kidney were equally damaged and extensi ve haemorrhage into the parenchyma of all the organs was the main histological lesion observed in addition to degenerative and necrotic changes. This study showed that mycotoxins deleteriously affect a number of parameters associated with embryonic growth.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Lice Infesting Domestic Animals And Birds(Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 1979) Mohan, M C; KAU; Sathianesan, VIn a study on the lice of animals and birds in and around Trichur and their control, cattle was found to be infested with Haematopinus, quadripertuous and linognathu vituli. Buffaloes with haematopinus tuberoulatus, goats with linognathus africanus and damalinia cappre dogs with heterodoxus longitatsus. Elephatnts with haematomyzus elephantis and poultry with Menacanthus stramineus menopon gallinae, Goniodes gigas and Lipeurus caponis. Their incidence and intensity were maximum in winter and minimum in summer. Their morphology has been described in detail. For their control, Nuven, Malathion and sevin were tried and Nuven (0.05 percent) was found to be superior to the other two insecticides, with 100 percent efficacy.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on growth response, feed efficiency and carcas characteristics of pigs reared up to different market weight on two dietary treatments(Department of Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 1977) Ramachandran, P; KAU; Sivaraman, EA detailed investigation was carried out to study the growth rate, feed efficiency, carcass quality and economics of production of fattening pigs maintained on two dietary treatments differing in protein levels and reared upto three different body weights. Thirtysix weaner pigs of Large White Yorkshire breed belonging to the University Pig Breeding Farm, Mannuthy were distributed under two dietary treatments and divided into three groups 1, 11 and 111 of six animals each, the animals in the three groups being slaughtered at body weights of 55, 70 and 85 kg.respectively. Higher dietary protein level of 18 per cent promoted better weight gains in pigs during the initial period of their growth. Lowering of protein level in the finishing ration reduced the weight gain and feed efficiency of the animals. A dietary protein level of 16 per cent throughout the feeding period brought about linear increase in overall average daily gain at all body weights studied. Though the protein level does not seem to influence any of the carcass characteristics studied, the dressing percentage, carcass length, backfat thickness and eyemuscle area are positively correlated with body weights under both the dietary treatments. Fat constants are not affected either by protein levels or by live weights. The overall results obtained during the course of the present investigation indicate that the unit cost of production of fattening pigs is least at 55 kg live weight on the dietary treatment A having 18 – 16 – 14 per cent protein and at 85 kg live weight on the dietary treatment B having 16 per cent protein level throughout.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the bacterial species associated with pneumonia in goats(Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,mannuthy, 1977) Madhusoodanan Pillai, R; KAU; Abdulla, P KA total of 214 specimens which inoculated 80 lung tissues, 55 nasal swabs, 43 tracheal swabs and 36 bronchial lymph nodes from goats with signs of pneumonia were examined during the course of this study. Out of these, 139 revealed the presence of different species of bacterial organisms. One – hundred and fifty six strains of various bacterial species were isolated and identified. The important species being Pasteurella multocida, Streptococcus pneumonia, Streptococcus Pyogenes, Corynebacterium pyogenes, Staphylococcs aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli. On experimental transmission study it was observed that P. multocida and Str. Pneumononiae were found to be lethal to mice and rabbits whereas C. pyogenes could produce only suppurative changes in omentum and liver. Intra tracheal inoculation of the cultures of P. multocida, Str.pneumoniae and C. pyogenes in goats have revealed the reproduction of mild pneumonic changes, but did not produce death due to pneumonia. As time advanced these earlier changes showed a tendency towards healing. Compared to P. multocida and Str. Pneumonia it could be said that C. pyogenes had produced more intense tissue reaction in the lung under identical conditions. In vitro antibiotic sensitivity studies of P. multocida, Str. Pneumonia and C. pyogenes to 11 chemotherapeutic agents were carried out. The agents included were ampicillin, bacitracin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamycin, kanamycin, nitrofurans, penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline and triple sulfa. In the light of the results obtained it could be stated that the drugs of choice for P. multocida are nitrofurans, chloramphenicol and tetracycline. In the case of Str. Pneumonia, penicillin, chloramphenicol and bacitracin were found to be more effective and for C. pyogenes, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and penicillin showed cent percent sensitivity.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the preservation of boar semen in various extenders(Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 1977) Vijaya Kumaran, KAU; Neelakanta, Iyer C PWith the ultimate object of evolving a suitable extender for boar semen 72 ejaculates from six boars selected at random from University Pig Breeding Farm, Mannuthy were used for the preservation studies. Six diluents viz., Egg yolk – glucose – citrate, 111ini variable temperature diluent, Coconut milk extender, Kiew – 1, Kiew – 11 and Glucose – glycine – EDTA – bicarbonate – citrate diluent were used to study the keeping quality of boar semen at two temperatures of storage ( 150 and 50C). The highest percentage of progressively motile sperms was observed in glucose – clycine – EDTA – bicarbonate – citrate, Kiew – 11 and Kiew – 1 extenders. At 150 C semen could be stored in these extenders upto 60 hours with good motility. Coconut milk extender proved to be least suitable for the preservation of boar semen both at 150 and 50 C of storage. Progressive motility in all the diluents was higher at 150 C than at 50 C.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of choline deficiency on the chemical composition of the skeletal muscles of chicks(Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,mannuthy, 1976) Philomina, P T; KAU; Venugopal, GThe results and conclusions drawn from a study carried out to determine the effects of choline deficiency on the chemical composition of the skeletal muscles of chicks are presented. The levels of choline viz., 1500 mg. 75 mg and 100 mg per kg were added to a choline extracted but an otherwise normal ration and were fed to three groups. Twentyfour, one – day old chicks were allotted to each treatment. Data on growth rate, weight gains, and feed efficiency were significantly lower for choline deficient chicks, indicating the importance of choline in poultry. All the chicks on deficient diets exhibited typical symptoms of perosis, either unilateral or bilateral from 24 days of age. Creatine phosphate, phospholipids and cholesterol levels of gastronomius muscles of chicks affected by perosis were lowered either due to interference or impairment in their formation. Reduced SDH activity, observed might be due to the impared oxidative metabolism. Slight increase in lipid content might be due to the lowered SDH level. The reduced activity of GOT and GPT and total protein content probably attributed to the lowered growth rate in choline deficient chicks. ALP and ACF values were lowered which can be attributed to the interference in the synthesis of their prosthetic groups. Poor muscular efficiency was revealed by the affected muscles.ThesisItem Open Access Knowledge of foot and mouth disease among dairy farmers in thrissur district and the constraints in adopting control measures(Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2009) Subin K, Mohan; KAU; Rajkamal, P JDairy farmers generally had an ambivalent or neutral attitude towards FMD vaccination. Between FMD experienced and inexperienced there wasn’t a significant difference in the attitude. Attending seminars, group discussions and lecture classes on FMD was positively and significantly correlated with attitude. Awareness of symptoms and transmission, first aid and disease management and prevention and control measures were generally found to be either medium or low. However, FMD inexperienced had comparatively lower awareness. Media exposure, exposure to inter personal channels of communication, seminars and workshops attended were found significant in explaining variations in the general awareness of FMD. Regarding constraints faced by farmers in adopting control measures, the foremost one was farm families hiding or not reporting that their cattle was FMD affected. In the case of disease management, the foremost constraint reported was the much time consuming nursing process of affected animals. The most relevant constraints reported by the implementing officers of FMD vaccination programme were unwillingness of dairy farmers to vaccinate their animals due to reduction in milk yield, the laborious nature of door step vaccination and the possible chances of vaccination after effects like abscess formation, abortion and lameness.ThesisItem Open Access Adoption of indigenous and modern animal husbandry practices among the tribes of Attappaddy in Palakkad district(College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2010) Bimal P, Basheer; KAU; Rajkamal, P JDegree of belief and extent of adoption of selected indigenous and modern animal husbandry practices and the determinants of adoption were studied among the tribes of Attappady. Age and years of experience in animal husbandry were positively and significantly correlated with degree of belief in indigenous animal husbandry practices whereas, negatively and significantly correlated with degree of belief in modern animal husbandry practices. The psychological, communication and extent support variables studied were negatively and significantly correlated with degree of belief and extent of adoption of indigenous animal husbandry practices whereas, positively and significantly correlated with extent of adoption of modern animal husbandry practices. Significant differences between the deep and peripheral areas were observed in the case of both degree of belief and extent of adoption. A total of fifty three indigenous animal husbandry practices, under the domains viz:- selection, feeding, breeding, housing, management practices, diseases and treatment and other customary practices were studied. Their strength and rationality were also determined. Similarly a total of fifty one modern animal husbandry practices, under the domains viz:- selection, feeding, breeding, housing, management practices and disease and treatment were studied. Strength of these practices were also determined. Further, level of adoption of rational and irrational indigenous animal husbandry practices besides that of modern animal husbandry practices were determined. Highly adopted irrational indigenous animal husbandry practices and lowly adopted modern animal husbandry practices were identified. Similarly the extent of adoption of rational and irrational indigenous animal husbandry practices besides that of modern animal husbandry practices were studied. It was noticeable that, in the case of both rational and irrational indigenous animal husbandry practices the extent of adoption was medium to high. In the case of modern animal husbandry practices the extent of adoption was medium to low.