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20103
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Subject: Veterinary Surgery and Radiology × End date: 2012 × Start date: 2010 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Efficacy of sevoflurane for maintenance of propofol anaesthesia in dogs
    (Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology,College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2010) Raghavan, K S; KAU; Narayanan, M K
    The present study was aimed to determine the efficacy of sevoflurane for maintaining propofol anaesthesia in dogs. The study was conducted in 12 dogs of either sex, different age groups, breed and body weight brought for various surgical procedures at Veterinary hospitals Mannuthy and Kokkalai, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy. Six healthy animals for surgical procedures with American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) status level I and II for anaesthesia were included in Group I and those six animals for surgical procedures in compromised condition with ASA status level III and IV were included in Group II. Glycopyrrolate at the rate of 0.011 mg/kg body weight, followed by xylazine at the rate of 1 mg/kg body weight at 15 minutes interval were administered intramuscularly for premedication in both the groups. Fifteen minutes later, propofol at the rate of 4 mg per kg body weight was administered by intravenous bolus injection for induction of anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane (2.5 to 6.0 %) in pure oxygen by Bain’s circuit system utilising sevoflurane vaporiser. The salient clinical signs observed following premedication in both the groups were winking of eyes, lowering of head, scanty salivation, incoordination of gait, ataxia and sitting on haunches followed by sternal recumbency with head down posture. The time for induction of anaesthesia was 1.17 ± 0.17 and 0.92 ± 0.05 minutes in Group I and in Group II animals respectively. Endotracheal intubation was possible in all the dogs. The maintenance quality was good to excellent in animals of both the groups. All surgical procedures were performed in medium plane of surgical anaesthesia. Sevoflurane maintenance provided a good controllable depth of anaesthesia with good to excellent degree of muscle relaxation. The duration of anaesthesia was 56.67 ± 4.09 and 72.50 ± 4.47 minutes in Group I and II animals respectively. The depth of anaesthesia was satisfactory in all the dogs. The recovery time was 18.50 ± 3.19 minutes in Group I and 29.00 ± 1.75 minutes in Group II animals Recovery quality was excellent in all the dogs of both the groups. Vocalisation, regurgitation and sneezing were the undesirable side effects observed during post anaesthetic period. The rectal temperature and respiratory rate recorded a decrease while pulse rate and peripheral haemoglobin oxygen saturation level recorded an increase with sevoflurane maintained anaesthesia in both the groups.The electrocardiographic changes were only transient and got corrected spontaneously during recovery period in both the groups.The colour of mucous membrane was pale roseate in all animals of Group I. The two animals of Group II had pale and four had congested mucus membranes. In general other than an increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate, capillary refill time and clotting time all haematological parameters like volume of packed red cells and total leukocyte count observed a decrease during sevoflurane maintained anaesthesia. There had non significant fluctuations with in the physiological limits in the lymphocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte counts and serum total protein levels on account of anaesthesia, except in Group II animals. There were only non significant fluctuations from the preanaesthetic values in the blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels in both the groups. All the animals had smooth and uneventful recovery from anaesthesia and surgery.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Efficacy of collagen sheet for the management of corneal ulcers in dogs
    (College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2010) Chinchu, Jose; KAU; Anoop, S
    The efficacy of collagen sheet of bovine intestinal origin in the healing of corneal ulcers were studied in six dogs and were compared with the healing without the use of it in another six dogs. Dogs presented with corneal ulcers and/or with staphylomas were clinically examined and selected for the study. Surgical manipulations were performed under general anaesthesia. In Group I, collagen sheet was placed after scarification and/or superficial keratectomy and in Group II, scarification and keratectomy was performed. Temporary tarsorrhaphy was done in all dogs. Oral administration of cephalexin was maintained in all the cases. Ocular instillation of ciprofloxacin as primary antibiotic or based on the culture sensitivity test and flurbiprofen were administered till the complete healing. Elevated intraocular pressure was controlled by acetazolamide orally and by timolol maleate or dorzolamide topically.Collagen sheets of intestinal origin were completely dissolved by 3rd day and no remnants were seen. It was well tolerated by the dogs and no immune reactions were noticed. Since the collagen sheet was very pliable after soaking with gentamicin eye drops, it could be applied over the cornea very easily without any air spaces and retained in position by temporary tarsorrhaphy. Fluorescein dye test became negative by 7th day in most dogs treated with collagen sheet and complete epithelization of the corneal defects was occurred by the time. Whereas the fluorescein dye retention was positive till 14th day in most dogs in Group II. Corneal vascularization developed in all the cases were resolved by the end of the observation period. Complete reconstruction of the cornea was seen early in staphyloma cases under the collagen sheet treatment in Group I. But the clarity of the cornea was unable to regain within the observation period of the study in most cases. In stromal ulcers, the clarity was achieved by 60th day. The presence of anterior synechia was responsible for the delayed corneal clearing most of the staphyloma cases. Corneal pigmentation was the major complication encountered in either modality of treatment under this study.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Endoscopic evaluation of otitis and its management in dogs
    (College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2010) Reshmi, P; KAU; Devanand, C.B
    The study was carried out in twelve clinical cases of dogs of either sex with history of affection of ear canal of different breeds and age groups presented to the Veterinary Hospitals of College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy and Kokkalai to evaluate the endoscopic changes of the ear canal associated with otitis and its management. The animals were subjected to detailed clinical examination to study the type and extent of lesions present. Microbial culture and antibiotic sensitivity of the otic discharge was done in all cases and animals were subjected to endoscopic evaluation of the ear canal to assess the extent of affection after administering atropine sulphate and xylazine hydrochloride for premedication followed by ketamine hydrochloride to effect anaesthesia. The study revealed a higher incidence of otitis in German Shepherd Dogs. The incidence was more in male dogs than females with a mean age of 4.56 years. The symptoms observed included discharge from the affected ears, pawing and rubbing of the affected ear, shaking of the head, painful responses evinced while palpating the base of the ear, tilting of the head to the side of affection and drooping of the affected ear. Physiological parameters of all the animals were within the normal range on the day of otoscopic examination. There were statistically significant variation in the mean temperature recorded on the day of endoscopic examination and the fourteenth day. Heamatological parameters recorded were within the normal range and there was no statistical variation between these parameters recorded on the day of endoscopic examination and on the fourteenth day. Gram negative coccobacilli, Gram positive cocci, Gram negative short rods, Pseudomonas sp., and mixed culture of Gram negative short rods, Gram negative coccobacilli and fungal spores were isolated from the otic discharge. Majority of the isolates were Gram negative coccobacilli sensitive to gentamicin. Endoscopic evaluation revealed inflammation of the ear canal with ulceration, stenosis and erythema of the lining of the canal. A nodular growth in the ear canal was observed in one case and presence of ear mite Otodectus cynotis were identified in another dog. The status of the tympanic membrane was assessed in cases were the tympanic membrane was visible otoscopically. Radiographic changes noted in plain radiographs in dorso- ventral, lateral- oblique and rostro-caudal open mouth view include ossification of the external ear canal and thickening or lysis of the tympanic bulla. Medical management of otitis was carried out with topical otic preparation containing ofloxacin, beclomethasone dipropionate, clotrimazole and lignocaine and oral antibiotics (cephalexin in nine dogs and one dog each with enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin) and the response to the treatment was assessed endoscopically after fourteen days of treatment.