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Open Access
Radiographic evaluation and management of lower urinary tract disorders in dogs
(Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2008) Sheeja, V M; KAU; Sarada Amma, T
The study was conducted in 15 cases of lower urinary tract disorders in 13 dogs of different breeds, age and either sex presented at the Veterinary College Hospital, Mannuthy and University Veterinary Hospital, Kokkalai.The incidence, clinical signs, radiographic and ultrasonographic observations, haematological and biochemical changes, treatment adopted, and post operative management in surgical treatment were studied. Urolithiasis was the most common disease (53%) among the 15 cases of diseases of the lower urinary tract studied followed by cystitis (33 %), urinary bladder neoplasia (6%) and prostate disease (6%). Dachshund was the most common breed affected with both urolithiasis and cystitis. Middle aged dogs were mostly affected with urolithiasis and cystitis The general conditions of all dogs with urolithiasis were dull and lethargic. Congesion of mucous membrane, Vomiting,haematuria, reduced food intake, dribbling of urine and abdominal distension were the common symptoms exhibited. The cause of urethral obstruction was mostly urolithiasis and the common site of obstruction was the ventral groove of os penis. Survey radiography was highly successful (75%) in detection of most of the calculi. Contrast radiography was useful in the detection of radiolucent calculi, space occupying lesions like blood clot and bladder tumour. Ultrasonography was highly useful tool for confirmatory diagnosis of cystic calculi, cystitis, prostatic abscess and space occupying lesions. In dogs with calculi in bladder or in urethra, cystotomy or urethrotomy or both were conducted. For urethral calculi, prescrotal urethrotomy was performed in five cases. In a case with urethral and cystic calculi, both urethrotomy and cystotomy were performed. Recurrence of the condition was noticed in two dogs, one after 25 days due to the obstruction of urethra at the level of ischial arch and was then subjected to cystotomy after retrohydropropulsion into the bladder. In other dog, recurrence of the calculi was observed after three months and was subjected to urethrotomy then. As per culture and sensitivity test, the major microorganism associated with urolithiasis was Streptococci and with cystitis, it was E.coli. Most sensitive antibiotic was ciprofloxacin in cases of urolithiasis and cystitis. On analysis of uroliths, calcium oxalate was found to be major component followed by uric acid. Calculi contained calcium oxalate, calcium carbonate and uric acid were mostly associated with Streptococcal infection and with calcium phosphate and uric acid the organism isolated was Staphylococci.
Open Access
Midazolam in combination with glycopyrrolate and xylazine as a preanaesthetic for general anaesthesia in dogs
(Department of Veterinery Surgery and Radiology, college of Veterinery and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 2007) Narayanan, M K; KAU; Rajankutty, K
The anaesthetic study was conducted in 24 female dogs of different breeds subjected to elective surgical procedures (oopherectomies). They were randomly divided into four groups viz., I, II, III and IV, each consisting of six animals and were numbered serially from 1 to 6. Animals of all the groups were administered intramuscularly, glycopyrrolate (0.011mg/kg body weight) followed by xylazine (1.0 mg/kg body weight) at 15 minutes interval. In addition, animals of Group III and IV were also administered intravenously midazolam (0.3 mg/kg body weight) 10 minutes after the administration of xylazine. Fifteen minutes after premedication to all animals ketamine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg body weight) was administered intramuscularly to effect anaesthesia and to the animals of Group II and IV, isoflurane was also administered for the maintenance of anaesthesia. The common clinical signs manifested by the dogs after premedication with glycopyrrolate and xylazine were winking of eyes, yawning, inco-ordination of movement and assumption of sternal recumbency with head down posture. All the dogs were in lateral reccumbency following the administration of midazolam. The other symptoms noticed were vomiting, licking, urination and defecation. Salivation was scanty in all the dogs and the induction of anaesthesia was smooth in all the animals. Endotracheal intubation was easy in animals premedicated with midazolam. During recovery vocalization was not observed in those animals premedicated with midazolam. All the animals had an uneventful recovery, though the dogs showed varying degree of dullness, which lasted for two to six hours. All the dogs had normal food intake from the next day onwards. The induction time of anaesthesia in ketamine/ketamine-isoflurane combination was quicker in dogs premedicated with combination of glycopyrrolate-xylazine-midazolam than with glycopyrrolate-xylazine. The duration of anaesthesia was more or less similar, but prolonged with the supplementation of isoflurane. The muscle relaxation time was prolonged with isoflurane maintenance. The degree of muscle relaxation during anaesthesia was good in animals premedicated with midazolam and excellent with isoflurane supplementation. The depth of anaesthesia achieved with a combination of xylazine-ketamine at the dose rate of 1 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg respectively was found not satisfactory for major surgical procedures like laparotomy. But it was satisfactory with midazolam premedication and good with the supplementation of isoflurane. The recovery time was prolonged in dogs in which midazolam was included for premedication. A marginal decrease in rectal temperature, pulse rate and respiration rate was noticed after premedication and during anaesthesia in all the groups. The colour of mucous membrane was pale roseate throughout the observation. In both ketamine and ketamine –isoflurane anaesthesia, oxygen saturation level and blood coagulation time were increased. Significant increase in systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressures was noticed in all the groups. Electrocardiogram revealed mild to moderate tachycardia following the administration of glycopyrrolate and sinoatrial block, sinoatrial arrest, ST segment depression/elevation, ST coving, increased R amplitude, peaked T wave and ventricular tachycardia following the administration of xylazine. All the abnormalities were observed for a short period of ketamine/ketamine-isoflurane anaesthesia and disappeared during recovery. Significant decrease in haemoglobin concentration, volume of packed red cells and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and marginal variations in total leukocytes and differential leukocyte counts were noticed after premedication, during anaesthesia and recovery in all the groups. The variations in total protein, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, aspartate amino transferase, alamine amino transferase, sodium, potassium and chloride parameters were within the normal physiological limits, but the increase in glucose concentration was significant. Arterial blood gas analysis revealed decreased pH with increased partial pressure of oxygen, partial pressure of carbon dioxide and marginal variations in bicarbonate level were observed during anaesthesia. All the dogs had the normal food intake from the next day onwards.
Open Access
Evaluation of plate osteosynthesis for the management of long bone fractures in dogs
(Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2009) Unnikrishnan, K; KAU; Sarada Amma, T
Effectiveness of bone plating in the treatment of long bone fractures in dogs confirmed by radiography was evaluated clinically and radiographically in eight dogs. Dogs with fractures of diaphysis of long bones confirmed by radiography were selected and subjected to bone plating. Selected dogs were subjected to preoperative evaluation and all of them were subjected to detailed clinical, radiological, haematological and serum biochemical evaluation preoperatively and postoperatively on the immediate postoperative day, 15th, 30th and 60th post operative days. The fractures selected were four tibial, two radio-ulnar, one humerus and one femoral fracture. Anatomically two tibial fractures were short oblique; one was transverse and the other one multiple. One of the short oblique fractures had a butterfly fragment also. The fracture of humerus and femur were transverse which involved the midshaft. One of the radial fractures was 1½ month old with nonunion involving the distal third. Open reduction and plate fixation was done in all cases following standard AO/ASIF principles. Dynamic compression plates (DCP) were used in six dogs and reconstruction plates in two dogs. The DCP was applied in compression mode in five dogs and neutralization mode in one dog. Both the reconstruction plates were applied in neutralization mode. The fracture reduction and plate fixation were done following standard principles. Osteosynthesis was evaluated clinically and radiographically during the observation period. Clinical evaluation was mainly based on observation for symptoms, pain and functional limb usage evaluation. Radiographs were evaluated for apposition, alignment, angulation, apparatus, activity and architecture of the fractured bone. The fracture reduction and plate fixation was satisfactory in all cases except one. Early functional limb usage with partial weight bearing was observed in four dogs. Primary healing with filling of the fracture gap with radio opaque bone was observed in dogs where the implant maintained absolute stability. Healing with callus proliferation was observed in neutralization plating. Mixed healing was observed in cases where the implant lost some rigidity due to loosening of a screw, provided axial alignment was maintained. True implant failure was observed only in one case. An increase in alkaline phosphatase level was observed in all dogs during the immediate post operative day and remained so up to the 30th day. Plate osteosynthesis was found effective in providing pain free early ambulation. Craniomedial plate fixation was more advantageous in distal radius and ulna fractures. Reconstruction plates were found suitable for the fixation of fractures of long bones in animals with low body weight and in cases where contouring of DCP was found difficult due to complex bone contour.
Open Access
Radiographic evaluation of pyometra and its surgical management in dogs
(Department of veterinary surgery and radiology, College of veterinery and animal science, Mannuthy, 2007) John Martin, K D; KAU; Sarada Amma, T
Radiographic techniques for diagnosis and comparative efficacy of transcervical drainage with or without prostaglandin F2 therapy and ovariohysterectomy for the management of pyometra were studied in 18 dogs. All the dogs were subjected to detailed clinical, physiological, haematological, biochemical and hormonal and detailed radiographic evaluation before and after the treatment. The dogs were divided into three groups, viz., Group I, II and III, of six each and were subjected to different surgical management viz., transcervical drainage, transcervical drainage with PGF2 and ovariohysterectomy respectively. The dogs selected for the study belonged to various breeds with a high proportion of Spitz (37%) and German Shepherd Dog (19%). The age ranged from four to 15 years (9.7 ± 3.5 years) and body weight from six to 37 kg. Of these dogs, 62% were nulliparous and 38 % uniparous. Symptoms of pyometra were noticed on an average of 63.4 days after the onset of previous oestrus. Commonly observed symptoms were vomiting and polydipsia (56%), polydipsia alone (33%) and vomiting alone (11%) with purulent or sanguineopurulent discharge was present (83%). All the dogs had slight to severe abdominal distension and oedema of vulval lips, which reduced postoperatively in recovered cases. Vulval discharge reduced by 14th day, and absent by 28th day in Group I and II and by seventh day in Group III. In recovered dogs of Group I and II polydipsia and vomiting disappeared by 14th day and in Group III by seventh day. Physiological parameters like respiratory and pulse rate were normal throughout the period of observation. Rectal temperature had shown an initial elevation and returned to normal by seventh day postoperatively. Colour of mucous membrane, which was congested or pale in a few, resumed to pale roseate at the end of observation period in recovered dogs. Extreme leucocytosis and neutrophilia with shift to left, decreased haemoglobin concentration and volume of packed red cells, and severely elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate were noticed in all the dogs. These values had shown an earlier tendency to return to normal ranges in Group III than Group I and II. Extreme elevations of blood urea nitrogen and moderate elevation of creatinine and alanine aminotransferase were noticed preoperatively. These were reduced subsequent to the treatments in all the groups. In dogs subjected to ovariohysterectomy an early recovery was noticed. Serum potassium levels remained within normal range throughout the observation period. Formol gel test that was positive 88.8% of the dogs initially became negative by14th postoperative day. Plasma oestradiol and progesterone concentrations had shown a vide variation between and within the groups, but shown a gradual decreasing tendency towards the end of observation in Group I and II. But the decrease was sharp following ovariohysterectomy in Group III. Survey radiography was found satisfactory in diagnosis of pyometra. For hysterography transcervical cannulation was attempted in all dogs before the treatment using techniques viz., I, II and III. Technique II using Scandinavian AI catheter was found feasible, despite the penetration at vaginal fornix in one case. Technique III employing an illuminated proctoscope as vaginal speculum was found more practicable than Technique I. In seven dogs out of 18, only in which hysterography was successful, uterine lumen could not be completely outlined. Transcervical drainage of uterus through the catheters was successful in two cases each from Group I and II. Concurrent administration of PGF2 did not produce any appreciable difference in uterine drainage, while the dogs received it had shown various degrees of side effects. All the dogs except one subjected to ovariohysterectomy recovered uneventfully. Three dogs died during the period of observation had exceptionally high haematological and biochemical values. One dog each among the recovered in Group I and II had shown oestrus symptoms subsequently and that belonged to Group I developed pyometra after eight months.
Open Access
Management of fracture of extremities of long bones in dogs
(Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2008) Remya, V; KAU; Syam K, Venugopal
The feasibility of various management techniques for fracture of extremity of long bones was evaluated in fourteen clinical cases of dogs with fifteen fractures, presented to Surgery units of Veterinary Hospitals, Mannuthy and Kokkalai, College of Veterinary and Animal sciences, Mannuthy during the period from January 2007 to April 2008. All the animals were subjected to detailed clinical, radiological, haematological and serum biochemical evaluation preoperatively and postoperatively at two weeks interval up to sixth week. The fractures included in study were capital physeal, basicapital, subtrochanteric, supracondylar and distal Salter Harris II fractures of femur; avulsion of tibial tuberosity with separation of epiphysis and proximal metaphyseal fracture of tibia ; supracondylar fracture of humerus and distal metaphyseal fractures of radius and ulna. Reduction was achieved by open and closed approach and fixation was done using intra medullary pins acting as intra medullary pins, cross pins or as transfixation pins of external fixator. Femoral head and neck fracture was fixed by K wire inserted normograde from fovea capitis or from subtrochanteric area. Subtrochanteric fracture of femur, distal femoral fractures and distal humeral fractures were repaired by intramedullary pinning done normograde or retrograde, either alone (in stable fractures) or with auxillary fixations like cross pins. Avulsion of tibial tuberosity was repaired by tension band wiring and proximal metaphyseal tibial fracture was repaired by a derotational K wire inserted in closed method. Distal metaphyseal fracture of radius and ulna was immobilized with type IA external fixator after closed reduction. Fracture reduction was satisfactory in 93 per cent of cases. All animals except two dogs with multiple fracture of femur, showed full weight bearing on the limb in two weeks. Long term functional outcome was excellent in 78 per cent dogs. Development of pseudoarthrosis was observed in three dogs with femoral head/neck fracture and resulted in change in gait in two cases. All fractures in young dogs healed in six weeks and among others, those without fixation failure showed appropriate progression towards healing. Avascular necrosis of femoral head with femoral head/ neck fracture and premature closure of physis were the biological complications noticed. Premature closure of physis caused deformity only in one case. An increase in level of alkaline phosphatase and a decrease in serum calcium level were observed in earlier phases of fracture healing. Intramedullary pin and cross pin in distal femoral and humeral fractures, tension band wiring in avulsion of tibial tuberosity, and type IA external fixator in distal radius and ulna fracture were found excellent. Success of using pins in proximal femoral fractures in large dogs need further study.
Open Access
Intra-articular antimicrobial therapy and lavage for the management of arthritis in claves
(Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2008) Ganesh, G; KAU; Rajankutty, K
The present study was carried out in twelve calves affected with arthritis under six months of age belonging to either sex, presented to the College Veterinary Hospitals at Mannuthy and Kokkalai. Based on the nature of synovia, whether it was non-purulent or purulent, the calves were divided into two groups viz. Group I and II, each consisting of six calves and were serially numbered from 1 to 6. Animals in Group I were treated by intra-articular antimicrobial therapy and in Group II by lavaging the affected joint with ten per cent DMSO using ‘through-and-through’ needle technique with supplementation of parentral antibiotic therapy to the animals of both the groups. Both male and female, Holstein-Friesian cross and Jersey cross bred calves with age group ranging from five days to two months were presented. In all the calves, the knee joint was affected, either unilaterally or bilaterally. Out of the 12 calves, four had the history of umbilical infection and in which the umbilical cords were torn naturally at the time of birth and the stumps were left untreated. The duration of illness ranged from two days to one week. The affected joints were swollen, warm to touch and evidenced pain on palpation with difficulty in flexing the joint. In a few calves purulent exudation was coming out. In Group I, all the calves recovered within five days of treatment except one which also got recovered, but only after two months. In Group II, promising recovery was observed in two calves within fifteen days of observation and in one recovery with persistent ankylosis, while two calves succumbed during the observation period. The mean rectal temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, haemoglobin concentration and VPRC were found within normal range in both the groups, throughout the period of study. The mean total leukocyte count was higher before treatment in both the groups and it was within the normal range from the fifth and fifteenth day of observation in Group I and II respectively. The neutrophil count was higher and the lymphocyte count was lower before treatment and almost reached towards normal range by the fifteenth day of observation in both the groups. The serum glucose and alkaline phosphatase levels were within the normal range throughout the period of observation in both the groups. In Group I, the synovia was yellowish, odourless and with normal to fair mucin clot quality and prolonged clotting time. In Group II, it was turbid yellow with flocculent materials and pungent odour (in two cases) with fair to very poor mucin clot quality and quickened clotting time. The mean glucose levels were within the normal range in Group I and lower in Group II. But the mean alkaline phosphatase level was observed to be higher than the levels obtained in serum in both the groups. Escherichia coli was the major organism isolated from two samples of synovial fluid among the twelve samples collected and gentamicin was sensitive in one isolate, while Sulphadiazine in the other one. In Group I, the affected joints were without any characteristic radiographic abnormalities except for the increase in soft tissue density due to soft tissue swelling. Whereas in Group II lesions identified were widened joint space, intra-articular gas shadow, subchondral osteolysis and blurring of normal bone outline. There were not many variations in the fifteenth day post-treatment radiographs. Histopathology of affected joint was performed in two calves which succumbed during the observation period. Macroscopic examination revealed considerable swelling of joint with pus and degeneration of articular cartilage. Microscopic examination revealed thick hyalinised fibrocollagenous tissue, areas of haemorrhage with many congested blood vessels. Some areas appeared like abscess wall of which was formed by inflammatory granulation tissue. One section showed bony tissue with degenerating bony trabeculae. Periosteum and adjacent tissues showed extensive necrosis and abscess formation.
Open Access
Epidural steroid therapy and ultrasound massage for the management of paraplegia in dogs
(Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology,College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2008) Seena, K M; KAU; Sarada Amma, T
The study was conducted in fourteen clinical cases of paraplegic dogs with an objective to evaluate the effectiveness of epidural steroid therapy with and without ultrasound massage for the management of paraplegia in dogs. The dogs were randomly divided into two groups of seven animals each, Group I and II. Preliminary clinical, neurological and radiological examinations were conducted in all dogs. The dogs of Group I were subjected to epidural administration of methyl prednisolone acetate (2mg/kg body weight) initially and oral administration of prednisolone acetate in a tapering dosage for 15 days and that of Group II were subjected to ultrasound massage of the dorsal spinal region in addition to the steroid administration as in Group I. The incidence was more in Dachshunds. No sex predilection was observed. The maximum number of dogs was within the age range of four to six years. The etiology was unknown for most of the cases studied. The physiological parameters were within the normal range. Total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count indicated stress leukogram during the initial stage of the study period. Hb, PCV, serum calcium and phosphorous values were within the normal range. Alkaline phosphatase values showed an increase on second week and lowered to normal at the end of the study period. The neurological examination was effective for the localization of lesion and assessing the neurological recovery of dogs. Absence of deep pain sensation indicated poor prognosis for recovery. Evaluation of bladder function was very useful for assessing the neurological status of the dogs. A positive correlation was obtained in 78.5 per cent of survey radiographic findings with neurological examination. The survey radiography had 57.14 per cent accuracy for identifying multiple lesions and 21.42 per cent accuracy for single compressive lesions. The myelography was sufficient for identifying the site of compression and iohexol at the dose rate of 0.3ml/kg body weight (90mgI / kg body weight) provided good contrast for demarcation of the spinal cord. Neurological grading system based on the motor activity of the hind limbs and urinary bladder function was useful for evaluating the progressive neurological improvement in dogs during the course of study. The outcome of treatment was good in both groups studied. Epidural administration of methyl prednisone acetate followed by oral administration of prednisolone acetate was effective for the treatment of paraplegia in dogs due to intervertebral disc disease. But it was not effective for traumatic paraplegia in dogs with instability of the vertebral column. The therapeutic ultrasound massage enhanced the neurological recovery in paraplegic dogs.
Open Access
Scleral approach for extracapsular cataract extraction in dogs
(Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinery and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2007) Tessy Mathew; John Martin, K D
The effectiveness of scleral approach for extracapsular cataract extraction was studied in six dogs (seven cases). Dogs presented with the history of impaired vision were clinically examined and cases with cataract were selected for the study. All dogs were put on to medication with azathioprine orally and ciprofloxacin, flurbiprofen and tropicamide topically three days prior to surgery. General anaesthesia was induced with atropine - xylazine - ketamine given intramuscularly and maintained with xylazine - ketamine - diazepam combination given intravenously. A scleral incision, two millimeters away and parallel to the limbus on the dorsolateral aspect was used to access the anterior chamber. Anterior capsulotomy was performed and lens was extracted. Collapse of anterior chamber was prevented by infusing the visco-elastic material, hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose. Sterile isotonic balanced salt solution was used to irrigate the anterior chamber. Scleral incision was sutured with 8/0 silk in simple interrupted pattern. Postoperatively all the dogs were maintained on cephalexin, azathioprine orally and ciprofloxacin, flurbiprofen and tropicamide topically. Scleral wounds were healed uneventfully and sutures were removed on 10th postoperative day. Major intraoperative complications encountered during the study were haemorrhage from the conjunctival incision, prolapse of iris, miosis and remnants of lens material in the anterior chamber. Out of the seven cases, four achieved functional vision by one month and corneal clarity except at the dorsolateral aspect near the suture line and in the remaining three, cornea remained opaque. Postoperative complications encountered were persistent corneal oedema in three cases, mild increase in intraocular pressure in two and vitreous prolapse in one.
Open Access
Evaluation and management of gastrointestinal outflow disorders in dogs
(Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 2007) Jinesh kumar, N S; KAU; Sarada Amma
The study was conducted in twelve animals of different breed, age and either sex suspected for gastrointestinal outflow disorders. The incidence, clinical signs, radiographic and ultrasonographic observations, haematological and serum biochemical changes, efficacy of treatment adopted, and postoperative management were studied. The incidence was more in Labrador breed of dogs. No sex predilection was observed. The age of affected animals ranged from 30 days to four years. Of foreign body obstructions, five were less than 1.5 years and was found more in females. Intussusception was observed in two male pups of less than two months of age. The most consistent clinical signs observed were vomiting and difficulty in defaecation. The affected animals were dull, weak and lethargic and two were recumbent. Two animals showed chronic intermittent vomiting. Diarrhoea was reported in cases of intussusception. Four animals had scanty black tarry faeces. Pain on palpating the abdomen was noticed in nine animals while palpable mass could be felt in three animals. Dilated intestinal loops with distension of the abdomen were the common observations. The temperature, pulse rate and capillary refill time were within normal range while respiration rate was higher. Radiography and ultrasonography was found adequate for confirmatory diagnosis in most of the cases. The different conditions included foreign body obstruction (6), gastric ulcer (1), intussusception (2), dilated colon (1), and stenosis of ileocolic sphincter (2) and were treated by enterotomy, gastrotomy, resection of ulcer, enterectomy and enteroanastamosis, colotomy and dilation of sphincter. All the animals were rehydrated before surgery and appropriate surgical treatment was carried out under general anaesthesia. Post operatively, fluid was given up to 48 hours. Liquid food followed by solid food was offered. Antibiotics and supportive medicines were continued up to seven days. The sutures were removed on eighth post operative day. Leucocytosis with neutrophilia, reduction in haemoglobin, packed cell volume, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypochloremia and hyperlipasemia was the major haemato biochemical changes observed. Of the twelve cases studied, nine cases recovered successfully and three animals died which included a case of gastric ulcer and two cases of intussusception.

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