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Subject: Veterinary Surgery and Radiology × End date: 2008 × Start date: 2008 × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Radiographic evaluation and management of lower urinary tract disorders in dogs
    (Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2008) Sheeja, V M; KAU; Sarada Amma, T
    The study was conducted in 15 cases of lower urinary tract disorders in 13 dogs of different breeds, age and either sex presented at the Veterinary College Hospital, Mannuthy and University Veterinary Hospital, Kokkalai.The incidence, clinical signs, radiographic and ultrasonographic observations, haematological and biochemical changes, treatment adopted, and post operative management in surgical treatment were studied. Urolithiasis was the most common disease (53%) among the 15 cases of diseases of the lower urinary tract studied followed by cystitis (33 %), urinary bladder neoplasia (6%) and prostate disease (6%). Dachshund was the most common breed affected with both urolithiasis and cystitis. Middle aged dogs were mostly affected with urolithiasis and cystitis The general conditions of all dogs with urolithiasis were dull and lethargic. Congesion of mucous membrane, Vomiting,haematuria, reduced food intake, dribbling of urine and abdominal distension were the common symptoms exhibited. The cause of urethral obstruction was mostly urolithiasis and the common site of obstruction was the ventral groove of os penis. Survey radiography was highly successful (75%) in detection of most of the calculi. Contrast radiography was useful in the detection of radiolucent calculi, space occupying lesions like blood clot and bladder tumour. Ultrasonography was highly useful tool for confirmatory diagnosis of cystic calculi, cystitis, prostatic abscess and space occupying lesions. In dogs with calculi in bladder or in urethra, cystotomy or urethrotomy or both were conducted. For urethral calculi, prescrotal urethrotomy was performed in five cases. In a case with urethral and cystic calculi, both urethrotomy and cystotomy were performed. Recurrence of the condition was noticed in two dogs, one after 25 days due to the obstruction of urethra at the level of ischial arch and was then subjected to cystotomy after retrohydropropulsion into the bladder. In other dog, recurrence of the calculi was observed after three months and was subjected to urethrotomy then. As per culture and sensitivity test, the major microorganism associated with urolithiasis was Streptococci and with cystitis, it was E.coli. Most sensitive antibiotic was ciprofloxacin in cases of urolithiasis and cystitis. On analysis of uroliths, calcium oxalate was found to be major component followed by uric acid. Calculi contained calcium oxalate, calcium carbonate and uric acid were mostly associated with Streptococcal infection and with calcium phosphate and uric acid the organism isolated was Staphylococci.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Management of fracture of extremities of long bones in dogs
    (Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2008) Remya, V; KAU; Syam K, Venugopal
    The feasibility of various management techniques for fracture of extremity of long bones was evaluated in fourteen clinical cases of dogs with fifteen fractures, presented to Surgery units of Veterinary Hospitals, Mannuthy and Kokkalai, College of Veterinary and Animal sciences, Mannuthy during the period from January 2007 to April 2008. All the animals were subjected to detailed clinical, radiological, haematological and serum biochemical evaluation preoperatively and postoperatively at two weeks interval up to sixth week. The fractures included in study were capital physeal, basicapital, subtrochanteric, supracondylar and distal Salter Harris II fractures of femur; avulsion of tibial tuberosity with separation of epiphysis and proximal metaphyseal fracture of tibia ; supracondylar fracture of humerus and distal metaphyseal fractures of radius and ulna. Reduction was achieved by open and closed approach and fixation was done using intra medullary pins acting as intra medullary pins, cross pins or as transfixation pins of external fixator. Femoral head and neck fracture was fixed by K wire inserted normograde from fovea capitis or from subtrochanteric area. Subtrochanteric fracture of femur, distal femoral fractures and distal humeral fractures were repaired by intramedullary pinning done normograde or retrograde, either alone (in stable fractures) or with auxillary fixations like cross pins. Avulsion of tibial tuberosity was repaired by tension band wiring and proximal metaphyseal tibial fracture was repaired by a derotational K wire inserted in closed method. Distal metaphyseal fracture of radius and ulna was immobilized with type IA external fixator after closed reduction. Fracture reduction was satisfactory in 93 per cent of cases. All animals except two dogs with multiple fracture of femur, showed full weight bearing on the limb in two weeks. Long term functional outcome was excellent in 78 per cent dogs. Development of pseudoarthrosis was observed in three dogs with femoral head/neck fracture and resulted in change in gait in two cases. All fractures in young dogs healed in six weeks and among others, those without fixation failure showed appropriate progression towards healing. Avascular necrosis of femoral head with femoral head/ neck fracture and premature closure of physis were the biological complications noticed. Premature closure of physis caused deformity only in one case. An increase in level of alkaline phosphatase and a decrease in serum calcium level were observed in earlier phases of fracture healing. Intramedullary pin and cross pin in distal femoral and humeral fractures, tension band wiring in avulsion of tibial tuberosity, and type IA external fixator in distal radius and ulna fracture were found excellent. Success of using pins in proximal femoral fractures in large dogs need further study.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Intra-articular antimicrobial therapy and lavage for the management of arthritis in claves
    (Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2008) Ganesh, G; KAU; Rajankutty, K
    The present study was carried out in twelve calves affected with arthritis under six months of age belonging to either sex, presented to the College Veterinary Hospitals at Mannuthy and Kokkalai. Based on the nature of synovia, whether it was non-purulent or purulent, the calves were divided into two groups viz. Group I and II, each consisting of six calves and were serially numbered from 1 to 6. Animals in Group I were treated by intra-articular antimicrobial therapy and in Group II by lavaging the affected joint with ten per cent DMSO using ‘through-and-through’ needle technique with supplementation of parentral antibiotic therapy to the animals of both the groups. Both male and female, Holstein-Friesian cross and Jersey cross bred calves with age group ranging from five days to two months were presented. In all the calves, the knee joint was affected, either unilaterally or bilaterally. Out of the 12 calves, four had the history of umbilical infection and in which the umbilical cords were torn naturally at the time of birth and the stumps were left untreated. The duration of illness ranged from two days to one week. The affected joints were swollen, warm to touch and evidenced pain on palpation with difficulty in flexing the joint. In a few calves purulent exudation was coming out. In Group I, all the calves recovered within five days of treatment except one which also got recovered, but only after two months. In Group II, promising recovery was observed in two calves within fifteen days of observation and in one recovery with persistent ankylosis, while two calves succumbed during the observation period. The mean rectal temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, haemoglobin concentration and VPRC were found within normal range in both the groups, throughout the period of study. The mean total leukocyte count was higher before treatment in both the groups and it was within the normal range from the fifth and fifteenth day of observation in Group I and II respectively. The neutrophil count was higher and the lymphocyte count was lower before treatment and almost reached towards normal range by the fifteenth day of observation in both the groups. The serum glucose and alkaline phosphatase levels were within the normal range throughout the period of observation in both the groups. In Group I, the synovia was yellowish, odourless and with normal to fair mucin clot quality and prolonged clotting time. In Group II, it was turbid yellow with flocculent materials and pungent odour (in two cases) with fair to very poor mucin clot quality and quickened clotting time. The mean glucose levels were within the normal range in Group I and lower in Group II. But the mean alkaline phosphatase level was observed to be higher than the levels obtained in serum in both the groups. Escherichia coli was the major organism isolated from two samples of synovial fluid among the twelve samples collected and gentamicin was sensitive in one isolate, while Sulphadiazine in the other one. In Group I, the affected joints were without any characteristic radiographic abnormalities except for the increase in soft tissue density due to soft tissue swelling. Whereas in Group II lesions identified were widened joint space, intra-articular gas shadow, subchondral osteolysis and blurring of normal bone outline. There were not many variations in the fifteenth day post-treatment radiographs. Histopathology of affected joint was performed in two calves which succumbed during the observation period. Macroscopic examination revealed considerable swelling of joint with pus and degeneration of articular cartilage. Microscopic examination revealed thick hyalinised fibrocollagenous tissue, areas of haemorrhage with many congested blood vessels. Some areas appeared like abscess wall of which was formed by inflammatory granulation tissue. One section showed bony tissue with degenerating bony trabeculae. Periosteum and adjacent tissues showed extensive necrosis and abscess formation.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Epidural steroid therapy and ultrasound massage for the management of paraplegia in dogs
    (Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology,College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2008) Seena, K M; KAU; Sarada Amma, T
    The study was conducted in fourteen clinical cases of paraplegic dogs with an objective to evaluate the effectiveness of epidural steroid therapy with and without ultrasound massage for the management of paraplegia in dogs. The dogs were randomly divided into two groups of seven animals each, Group I and II. Preliminary clinical, neurological and radiological examinations were conducted in all dogs. The dogs of Group I were subjected to epidural administration of methyl prednisolone acetate (2mg/kg body weight) initially and oral administration of prednisolone acetate in a tapering dosage for 15 days and that of Group II were subjected to ultrasound massage of the dorsal spinal region in addition to the steroid administration as in Group I. The incidence was more in Dachshunds. No sex predilection was observed. The maximum number of dogs was within the age range of four to six years. The etiology was unknown for most of the cases studied. The physiological parameters were within the normal range. Total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count indicated stress leukogram during the initial stage of the study period. Hb, PCV, serum calcium and phosphorous values were within the normal range. Alkaline phosphatase values showed an increase on second week and lowered to normal at the end of the study period. The neurological examination was effective for the localization of lesion and assessing the neurological recovery of dogs. Absence of deep pain sensation indicated poor prognosis for recovery. Evaluation of bladder function was very useful for assessing the neurological status of the dogs. A positive correlation was obtained in 78.5 per cent of survey radiographic findings with neurological examination. The survey radiography had 57.14 per cent accuracy for identifying multiple lesions and 21.42 per cent accuracy for single compressive lesions. The myelography was sufficient for identifying the site of compression and iohexol at the dose rate of 0.3ml/kg body weight (90mgI / kg body weight) provided good contrast for demarcation of the spinal cord. Neurological grading system based on the motor activity of the hind limbs and urinary bladder function was useful for evaluating the progressive neurological improvement in dogs during the course of study. The outcome of treatment was good in both groups studied. Epidural administration of methyl prednisone acetate followed by oral administration of prednisolone acetate was effective for the treatment of paraplegia in dogs due to intervertebral disc disease. But it was not effective for traumatic paraplegia in dogs with instability of the vertebral column. The therapeutic ultrasound massage enhanced the neurological recovery in paraplegic dogs.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Clinical evaluation of Propofol - Isoflurane anaesthesia with Xylazine premedication in dogs
    (Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science , Mannuthy, 2008) Soumya, Ramankutty; KAU; Rajankutty, K
    The study was conducted in twelve dogs of different breeds of either sex presented to the Veterinary College Hospitals at Mannuthy and Kokkalai, for various surgical procedures. Healthy animals presented for elective surgeries were included in Group I and those compromised animals for emergency surgery, were included in Group II. To the animals of both the groups, glycopyrrolate at the rate of 0.01 mg per kg body weight, followed by xylazine at the rate of 1 mg/kg body weight, at 15 minutes interval, were administered intramuscularly for premedication. Fifteen minutes later, propofol 1% emulsion at the rate of 4 mg per kg body weight was administered by intravenous bolus injection for induction of anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane at three per cent level in pure oxygen at the rate of 10 ml/kg bodyweight by Bain’s circuit system utilizing isoflurane vapourizer. The common clinical signs exhibited by the animals following premedication with glycopyrrolate-xylazine were winking of the eye, licking, yawning, incoordination of movements and sitting on haunches followed by sternal recumbency with head down posture within 15 minutes. Among these two groups, five animals vomited and only one animal assumed the position of lateral recumbency. Salivation was scanty in all the animals. Time for induction of anaesthesia was 1.11 ± 0.25 and 0.83 ± 0.15 minutes following intravenous bolus injection of propofol in Group I and II respectively. Induction of anesthesia was smooth in all the animals and permitted easy endotracheal intubation. Apnoea persisting for a period of about one minute was noticed in a few animals. The duration of anaesthesia was 29.66 ± 6.05 and 35.85 ± 16.86 in Group I and II respectively.The depth of anaesthesia and the degree of muscle relaxation were satisfactory in all the animals. With this anaesthetic regimen the surgeries performed in Group I were oophorectomy (4), operation for aural haematoma (1) and resection of mammary tumour (1), and in Group II were eventration due to disruption of surgical wound (1), caesarean section (2), ovario-hysterectomy for pyometra (2) and resection of lipoma in a debilitated dog(1) in Group II. The recovery time was 27.50 ± 10.36 and 27.66 ± 11.79 in Group I and II respectively. All the animals had smooth and uneventful recovery from anaesthesia. Decrease in respiratory rate and rectal temperature was noticed after premedication, during anaesthesia and recovery in the animals of both the groups. But the pulse rate was seen increased. The colour of visible mucous membrane was pale roseate in all animals of both the groups throughout the period of study, except in one animal in which it was pale. There was increase in the capillary refill time in animals of both the groups. There was increase in the oxygen saturation level during anaesthesia and recovery in both the groups. Electrocardiographic changes noticed were tachycardia, first-degree heart block, second-degree heart block, sinus arrest, S-T segment depression, peaked T wave and ventricular premature contractions. All these changes were spontaneously corrected during the recovery period Increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate was noticed during anaesthesia and recovery, in animals of Group I, whereas there was decrease in Group II. Both haemoglobin concentration and volume of packed red cells were seen decreased. There was significant decrease in total leukocyte count after premedication, during anaesthesia and recovery in both the groups. The neutrophil and monocyte count were seen increased after premedication, during anaesthesia and recovery, but the lymphocyte count was decreased. The variations in eosinophil count were marginal. There was increase in serum glucose, blood urea nitrogen, aspartate amino transferase and alanine amino transferase levels, and potassium and chloride concentrations after premedication, during anaesthesia, at recovery and at 24 hours in animals of both the groups. The total protein content, creatinine level and sodium concentration were seen decreased. Post anaesthetic and postoperative complications were not observed in any of the animals.