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ThesisItem Open Access Processed collagen graft for the treatment of corneal lesions in dogs(Department Veterinary surgery and Radio, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 2006) Raji, T A; KAU; Sarada Amma, TThe efficacy of processed collagen diskette on corneal healing was evaluated by using the same in nine cases of corneal lesions presented to the Veterinary Hospitals of College of veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy. All the animals selected for the study were subjected to detailed clinical, haematological, wet film and blood smear examination and culture and sensitivity test of corneal swab before surgery. Exfoliative cytology and fluorescein test was conducted to evaluate healing process before and after surgery during the postoperative period. The incidence of corneal lesions was found to be the highest among pugs especially among juveniles of seven to eight months of age. Fresh wounds were sutured using braided silk 8/0 and superficial lesions including ulcers were scarified. Corneal perforations with staphyloma were sutured after reducing the protruded portion of iris. Collagen diskettes prepared from bovine Achilles tendon soaked in antibiotics were used for the present study. Antibiotic (selected according to the culture and sensitivity results) and anti-inflammatory eye drops were prescribed for topical use in all cases and oral antibiotics in selected cases after surgery. The collagen diskettes could be applied very easily and were retained in position by tarsorrhaphy. The collagen applied was completely disappeared on the third day and the lesions were found healing from third day onwards. Healing of corneal injury/ ulceration/ perforation and staphyloma formation were found satisfactory and clarity of the cornea were observed from 28th day onwards and the cornea became more or less clear by about 60th day. Vascularization of cornea developed in all the cases, except three, during the first week after surgery and then gradually decreased. Exfoliative cytology revealed presence of nucleated epithelial cells, anuclear keratinized cells and varying number of polymorphonuclear cells in these cases. Complications encountered during the study included, mutilation of sutures in two and corneal pigmentation in three. Collagen diskettes used were found effective in promoting healing of corneal defects. Lesions were found to heal without much delay and the clarity of the cornea achieved was more or less complete except for a small scar at the site. All the animals tolerated the collagen diskette applied. Adverse reaction to the material was absent in any of the animals.ThesisItem Open Access External skeletel fixation in combination with intramedullary pinning for management of long bone fractures in dogs(Department of Veterinery surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 2006) Venkateswaralu, B; KAU; Syam K, VenugopalLong bone fractures especially femur undergo rotational instability when treated with intramedullary pin alone and hence, managed with the combination technique including external skeletal fixation with intramedullary pin in eight dogs presented to the Surgery Units of Veterinary Hospitals, at Mannuthy and Kokkalai, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, during the period from April 2005 to June 2006. All the animals were subjected to clinical, radiological, haematological and serum biochemical evaluation, both preoperatively and postoperatively and observations were recorded fortnightly, upto eight weeks. The selected patients were subjected to treatment with external skeletal fixation with intramedullary pin and acrylic connecting bar was used in animals which were below 15 kg body weight and stainless steel connecting bars in those animals which were above 15 kg body weight. Steinmann pin of suitable size that occupied 70% of the medullary cavity at the isthmus was selected and was found satisfactory in all animals except in one animal where mild angulation between the fracture fragments was observed in immediate postoperative radiograph. However, when the fracture gap got filled with sufficient callus, the straightness of the bone was restored to normal. There was satisfactory use of two pins or only one pin in a fragment, use of smooth pins, drilling all pins at almost parallel to each other, drilling pins through fracture line and fixing the connecting bar close to the skin leaving only one centimetre between skin . But one animal showed no evidence callus formation even by eighth postoperative week and resulted in nonunion due to old age. External fixator was stable in all animals except in two animals, where there was implant instability due to self mutilation. Satisfactory alignment and apposition between the fracture fragments were observed in most of the cases except one animal where the Cerclage wire was loosened and the tip of the intramedullary pin was found away from the medullary canal. Mild angulation between the fracture fragments noticed in one animal but appeared insignificant clinically and the straightness of the bone was restored to normal when the fracture gap got filled with sufficient callus. When compared to stainless steel connecting bar, acrylic connecting bar also provided adequate stability in femoral fracture repair of animals less than 15 kg body weight and provided cheaper alternative to the former as it does not require the expensive components. But, due to the innate nature of a animal in one animal, the acrylic connecting column was broken by self mutilation and after the reapplication of the acrylic connecting column, the fracture stability attained was satisfactory and showed progressive improvement in limb usage from sixth postoperative. All the animals except in four animals had functional limb usage on the third postoperative day following combination technique of external skeletal fixation with intramedullary pin. Young growing animals under the study showed rapid callus formation and good radiographic union when compared to old animals. One animal showed no evidence of callus formation even by eighth week which resulted in nonunion. Complications commonly observed in the combination technique of external skeletal fixation with intramedullary pinning were quadriceps muscle contracture and stifle stiffness. This was obviously observed in young growing animals below one years of age. The combination technique of external skeletal fixation with intramedullary pinning in the animals studied was effective in countering the rotational and bending forces acting on the long bones, especially the femur. This provided early return of functional limb usage with good radiographic and clinical union.ThesisItem Open Access Clinical evaluation of the comparative effect of xylazine and xylazine-ketamine premedication in thiopentone anaesthesia in dogs(Department of Veterinery Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2006) Philip, Varghese; KAU; Rajankutty, KThe study was carried out in 12 dogs of different breeds of either sex, presented to the College Hospitals at Mannuthy and Kokkalai for various elective surgical procedures. All dogs were clinically examined before the administration of the anaesthetics. These dogs were randomly divided into two groups, viz. Group I and Group II, each consisting of six dogs. They were numbered serially from 1 to 6. Atropine sulphate at the rate of 0.045 mg/kg body weight was administered intramuscularly, 15 minutes prior to the administration of xylazine/xylazine-ketamine combination. In Group I, xylazine at the rate of 1.0 mg/kg body weight was administered intramuscular for premedication. Fifteen minutes later, thiopentone sodium 2.5% solution was administered intravenously “to effect” general anaesthesia. In Group II, xylazine at the rate of 1.0 mg/kg body weight and ketamine at the rate of 2.5 mg/kg body weight was administered intramuscularly as a combined injection for premedication. Fifteen minutes later, thiopentone sodium 2.5% solution was administered intravenously “to effect” general anaesthesia. In both the groups, incremental doses of thiopentone were also administered for the maintenance of anaesthesia for completing the surgery. The dogs were subjected to various surgical operations. After premedication yawning, winking of eyes, incoordination of hindquarters were the more commonly observed symptoms in both the groups. Other symptoms noticed were vomiting (in two dogs), licking (in seven dogs) and urination (in three dogs). In both the groups, two dogs each assumed lateral recumbency and others were in sternal recumbency with head down posture. Salivation was scanty in both the groups. Side to side movement of head was noticed in most of the dogs which were premedicated with xylazine-ketamine combination and was absent in dogs which were premedicated with xylazine alone. The induction time was 6.83 ± 1.40 and 5.10 ± 1.29 minutes in Group I and Group II respectively. The duration of anaesthesia with first induction of thiopentone was 11.67 ± 3.90 and 12.50 ± 2.64 minutes in Group I and Group II respectively. The duration of anaesthesia was more in dogs premedicated with xylazine-ketamine combination than with xylazine alone. With repeated administration of thiopentone an average 13.63 ± 3.76 and 32.17 ± 5.39 minutes duration of anaesthesia was achieved with every incremental doses in Group I and Group II respectively. In xylazine-ketamine premedication the duration of anaesthesia was prolonged more than with xylazine premedication alone. It was also observed that the duration of anaesthesia in subsequent administration resulted for longer duration when ketamine was included for premedication. Recovery time was 124.00 ± 48.55 and 89.83 ± 43.12 minutes in Group I and Group II respectively. The recovery time was shorter in dogs premedicated with xylazine-ketamine combination in thiopentone anaesthesia. For the first induction of anaesthesia, the quantity of thiopentone required was 9.31 ± 1.87 and 9.72 ± 1.23 mg/kg body weight in Group I and Group II respectively. The requirement of thiopentone was reduced to a greater extent in both the groups, but was slightly higher with xylazine-ketamine premedication. The average incremental quantities of thiopentone administration was 3.83 ± 1.10 and 5.59 ± 1.43 mg/kg body weight for prolonging anaesthesia in Group I and Group II respectively. The incremental quantities of thiopentone required was more in dogs which were premedicated with xylazine-ketamine for prolonging the anaesthesia. The average muscle relaxation time was 50.67 ± 9.01 and 54.50 ± 7.32 minutes in Group I and Group II respectively. The muscle relaxation time was more prolonged when xylazine was combined with ketamine for premedication in thiopentone anaesthesia. The degree of muscle relaxation was moderate to excellent in both the groups. The surgical operations viz., oopherectomy, correction of rectovaginal fistula, enterotomy, Zepp’s operation, ovariohysterectomy, operation for aural haematoma were carried out satisfactorily. The duration of surgery varied from 20 to 58 and 20 to 61 minutes in Group I and Group II respectively. There was decrease in rectal temperature, pulse rate and respiration rate in both the groups. The decrease in rectal temperature and pulse rate was significant in dogs which were premedicated with xylazine-ketamine combination. There was significant increase in systolic and diastolic pressures in both the groups. There was elevation of heart rate after the administration of atropine sulphate in all the dogs and it was reduced after premedication with both xylazine and xylazine-ketamine combination in thiopentone anaesthesia. There was wandering pacemaker in one dog which got corrected after xylazine-ketamine premedication. Decrease in PR interval was observed after the administration of atropine but it was slightly increased after administration of xylazine and thiopentone. There was decrease in packed cell volume in both the groups and the decrease was significant in dogs which were premedicated with xylazine-ketamine combination. The variations in haemoglobin concentration were marginal in dogs which were premedicated with xylazine alone, but there was significant decrease in haemoglobin concentration in dogs which were premedicated in xylazine-ketamine combination. Decrease in total erythrocyte and total leukocyte counts was noticed in both the groups. Increase in neutrophil with decreased lymphocyte count was observed in dogs which were premedicated with xylazine but, in dogs which were premedicated with xylazine-ketamine combination there was decrease in neutrophil count with increase in lymphocyte count. The variations in monocyte and eosinophil counts were marginal in both the groups. There was increase in serum sodium and serum potassium concentrations, and serum total protein content in both the groups. The serum albumin/globulin ratio was decreased in both the groups. All the dogs had smooth uneventful recovery without any complications, though most of the dogs were drowsy till next day.