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ThesisItem Open Access Midazolam in combination with glycopyrrolate and xylazine as a preanaesthetic for general anaesthesia in dogs(Department of Veterinery Surgery and Radiology, college of Veterinery and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 2007) Narayanan, M K; KAU; Rajankutty, KThe anaesthetic study was conducted in 24 female dogs of different breeds subjected to elective surgical procedures (oopherectomies). They were randomly divided into four groups viz., I, II, III and IV, each consisting of six animals and were numbered serially from 1 to 6. Animals of all the groups were administered intramuscularly, glycopyrrolate (0.011mg/kg body weight) followed by xylazine (1.0 mg/kg body weight) at 15 minutes interval. In addition, animals of Group III and IV were also administered intravenously midazolam (0.3 mg/kg body weight) 10 minutes after the administration of xylazine. Fifteen minutes after premedication to all animals ketamine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg body weight) was administered intramuscularly to effect anaesthesia and to the animals of Group II and IV, isoflurane was also administered for the maintenance of anaesthesia. The common clinical signs manifested by the dogs after premedication with glycopyrrolate and xylazine were winking of eyes, yawning, inco-ordination of movement and assumption of sternal recumbency with head down posture. All the dogs were in lateral reccumbency following the administration of midazolam. The other symptoms noticed were vomiting, licking, urination and defecation. Salivation was scanty in all the dogs and the induction of anaesthesia was smooth in all the animals. Endotracheal intubation was easy in animals premedicated with midazolam. During recovery vocalization was not observed in those animals premedicated with midazolam. All the animals had an uneventful recovery, though the dogs showed varying degree of dullness, which lasted for two to six hours. All the dogs had normal food intake from the next day onwards. The induction time of anaesthesia in ketamine/ketamine-isoflurane combination was quicker in dogs premedicated with combination of glycopyrrolate-xylazine-midazolam than with glycopyrrolate-xylazine. The duration of anaesthesia was more or less similar, but prolonged with the supplementation of isoflurane. The muscle relaxation time was prolonged with isoflurane maintenance. The degree of muscle relaxation during anaesthesia was good in animals premedicated with midazolam and excellent with isoflurane supplementation. The depth of anaesthesia achieved with a combination of xylazine-ketamine at the dose rate of 1 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg respectively was found not satisfactory for major surgical procedures like laparotomy. But it was satisfactory with midazolam premedication and good with the supplementation of isoflurane. The recovery time was prolonged in dogs in which midazolam was included for premedication. A marginal decrease in rectal temperature, pulse rate and respiration rate was noticed after premedication and during anaesthesia in all the groups. The colour of mucous membrane was pale roseate throughout the observation. In both ketamine and ketamine –isoflurane anaesthesia, oxygen saturation level and blood coagulation time were increased. Significant increase in systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressures was noticed in all the groups. Electrocardiogram revealed mild to moderate tachycardia following the administration of glycopyrrolate and sinoatrial block, sinoatrial arrest, ST segment depression/elevation, ST coving, increased R amplitude, peaked T wave and ventricular tachycardia following the administration of xylazine. All the abnormalities were observed for a short period of ketamine/ketamine-isoflurane anaesthesia and disappeared during recovery. Significant decrease in haemoglobin concentration, volume of packed red cells and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and marginal variations in total leukocytes and differential leukocyte counts were noticed after premedication, during anaesthesia and recovery in all the groups. The variations in total protein, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, aspartate amino transferase, alamine amino transferase, sodium, potassium and chloride parameters were within the normal physiological limits, but the increase in glucose concentration was significant. Arterial blood gas analysis revealed decreased pH with increased partial pressure of oxygen, partial pressure of carbon dioxide and marginal variations in bicarbonate level were observed during anaesthesia. All the dogs had the normal food intake from the next day onwards.ThesisItem Open Access Radiographic evaluation of pyometra and its surgical management in dogs(Department of veterinary surgery and radiology, College of veterinery and animal science, Mannuthy, 2007) John Martin, K D; KAU; Sarada Amma, TRadiographic techniques for diagnosis and comparative efficacy of transcervical drainage with or without prostaglandin F2 therapy and ovariohysterectomy for the management of pyometra were studied in 18 dogs. All the dogs were subjected to detailed clinical, physiological, haematological, biochemical and hormonal and detailed radiographic evaluation before and after the treatment. The dogs were divided into three groups, viz., Group I, II and III, of six each and were subjected to different surgical management viz., transcervical drainage, transcervical drainage with PGF2 and ovariohysterectomy respectively. The dogs selected for the study belonged to various breeds with a high proportion of Spitz (37%) and German Shepherd Dog (19%). The age ranged from four to 15 years (9.7 ± 3.5 years) and body weight from six to 37 kg. Of these dogs, 62% were nulliparous and 38 % uniparous. Symptoms of pyometra were noticed on an average of 63.4 days after the onset of previous oestrus. Commonly observed symptoms were vomiting and polydipsia (56%), polydipsia alone (33%) and vomiting alone (11%) with purulent or sanguineopurulent discharge was present (83%). All the dogs had slight to severe abdominal distension and oedema of vulval lips, which reduced postoperatively in recovered cases. Vulval discharge reduced by 14th day, and absent by 28th day in Group I and II and by seventh day in Group III. In recovered dogs of Group I and II polydipsia and vomiting disappeared by 14th day and in Group III by seventh day. Physiological parameters like respiratory and pulse rate were normal throughout the period of observation. Rectal temperature had shown an initial elevation and returned to normal by seventh day postoperatively. Colour of mucous membrane, which was congested or pale in a few, resumed to pale roseate at the end of observation period in recovered dogs. Extreme leucocytosis and neutrophilia with shift to left, decreased haemoglobin concentration and volume of packed red cells, and severely elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate were noticed in all the dogs. These values had shown an earlier tendency to return to normal ranges in Group III than Group I and II. Extreme elevations of blood urea nitrogen and moderate elevation of creatinine and alanine aminotransferase were noticed preoperatively. These were reduced subsequent to the treatments in all the groups. In dogs subjected to ovariohysterectomy an early recovery was noticed. Serum potassium levels remained within normal range throughout the observation period. Formol gel test that was positive 88.8% of the dogs initially became negative by14th postoperative day. Plasma oestradiol and progesterone concentrations had shown a vide variation between and within the groups, but shown a gradual decreasing tendency towards the end of observation in Group I and II. But the decrease was sharp following ovariohysterectomy in Group III. Survey radiography was found satisfactory in diagnosis of pyometra. For hysterography transcervical cannulation was attempted in all dogs before the treatment using techniques viz., I, II and III. Technique II using Scandinavian AI catheter was found feasible, despite the penetration at vaginal fornix in one case. Technique III employing an illuminated proctoscope as vaginal speculum was found more practicable than Technique I. In seven dogs out of 18, only in which hysterography was successful, uterine lumen could not be completely outlined. Transcervical drainage of uterus through the catheters was successful in two cases each from Group I and II. Concurrent administration of PGF2 did not produce any appreciable difference in uterine drainage, while the dogs received it had shown various degrees of side effects. All the dogs except one subjected to ovariohysterectomy recovered uneventfully. Three dogs died during the period of observation had exceptionally high haematological and biochemical values. One dog each among the recovered in Group I and II had shown oestrus symptoms subsequently and that belonged to Group I developed pyometra after eight months.