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Subject: Veterinary Surgery and Radiology × Author: KAU × End date: 2009 × Start date: 2009 × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Evaluation of plate osteosynthesis for the management of long bone fractures in dogs
    (Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2009) Unnikrishnan, K; KAU; Sarada Amma, T
    Effectiveness of bone plating in the treatment of long bone fractures in dogs confirmed by radiography was evaluated clinically and radiographically in eight dogs. Dogs with fractures of diaphysis of long bones confirmed by radiography were selected and subjected to bone plating. Selected dogs were subjected to preoperative evaluation and all of them were subjected to detailed clinical, radiological, haematological and serum biochemical evaluation preoperatively and postoperatively on the immediate postoperative day, 15th, 30th and 60th post operative days. The fractures selected were four tibial, two radio-ulnar, one humerus and one femoral fracture. Anatomically two tibial fractures were short oblique; one was transverse and the other one multiple. One of the short oblique fractures had a butterfly fragment also. The fracture of humerus and femur were transverse which involved the midshaft. One of the radial fractures was 1½ month old with nonunion involving the distal third. Open reduction and plate fixation was done in all cases following standard AO/ASIF principles. Dynamic compression plates (DCP) were used in six dogs and reconstruction plates in two dogs. The DCP was applied in compression mode in five dogs and neutralization mode in one dog. Both the reconstruction plates were applied in neutralization mode. The fracture reduction and plate fixation were done following standard principles. Osteosynthesis was evaluated clinically and radiographically during the observation period. Clinical evaluation was mainly based on observation for symptoms, pain and functional limb usage evaluation. Radiographs were evaluated for apposition, alignment, angulation, apparatus, activity and architecture of the fractured bone. The fracture reduction and plate fixation was satisfactory in all cases except one. Early functional limb usage with partial weight bearing was observed in four dogs. Primary healing with filling of the fracture gap with radio opaque bone was observed in dogs where the implant maintained absolute stability. Healing with callus proliferation was observed in neutralization plating. Mixed healing was observed in cases where the implant lost some rigidity due to loosening of a screw, provided axial alignment was maintained. True implant failure was observed only in one case. An increase in alkaline phosphatase level was observed in all dogs during the immediate post operative day and remained so up to the 30th day. Plate osteosynthesis was found effective in providing pain free early ambulation. Craniomedial plate fixation was more advantageous in distal radius and ulna fractures. Reconstruction plates were found suitable for the fixation of fractures of long bones in animals with low body weight and in cases where contouring of DCP was found difficult due to complex bone contour.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Endoscopic evaluation of oesophageal and gastric disorders and its management in dogs
    (Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2009) Lekshmi, V; KAU; Devanand, C B
    Endoscopic evaluation of oesophagus and stomach was conducted in seven dogs of either sex, belonging to different breeds and age groups presented to the Veterinary Hospitals of the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy and Kokkali, with the history of reduction in food intake, regurgitation or chronic vomiting. The incidence, clinical signs, haematological and serum biochemical changes, radiographic and endoscopic observations, efficacy of treatment adopted and postoperative management were studied. The incidence of gastro-oesophageal disorders was more in Labrador Retriever and non descript dogs. The age of the dogs ranged from six months to nine years with a mean age of 3.57 + 1.21 years. Gastric foreign body was found in dogs with age six months and two and half years and both of them were female. Megaoesophagus condition was noticed only in male dogs. The body weight of dogs ranged from 12 kg to 38 kg with a mean of 23.14 + 3.34 kg. The prominent clinical signs observed were chronic vomiting, regurgitation or anorexia. Vomitus contained undigested food materials and vomiting was noticed immediately or 10 to 30 minutes after food intake in those dogs suffering from megaoesophagus. Among the dogs examined, four were dull and emaciated. The dogs with gastric foreign body obstruction were active and in good body condition. Pain on palpation of abdomen was observed in the dog with pyloric ulcer and hypertrophy. Palpable mass could be detected in the upper half of the left anterior abdominal region in one dog with gastric foreign body obstruction. The physiological, haematological and serum biochemical parameters were within normal range in all the animals prior to endoscopic evaluation and on eighth day of initiation of treatment. Serum T4 estimation revealed hypothyroidism in two cases of megaoesophagus. The different conditions included gastric foreign body obstruction (2), pyloric ulcer along with hypertrophy (1) and megaoesophagus (4) and were diagnosed by radiographic (plain and contrast) and endoscopic examination. Foreign bodies were retrieved by endoscopy, pyloric ulcer and megaoesophagus were treated medically. In a non-responsive condition of megaoesophagus due to stricture of cardia, cardiomyotomy was performed as surgical treatment. Postoperatively the animal was managed by fluid therapy for three days and antibiotic for seven days. The skin sutures were removed on 10th postoperative day. On 15th day, endoscopic evaluation revealed ulcerations on the distal third of oesophageal mucosa due to gastro-oesophageal reflux. Administration of aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and oxethazine preparation orally for a week could give favourable result. The appropriate treatment measures adopted viz. endoscopic, medical and surgical were satisfactory to obtain substantial cure from the conditions in all the dogs and the results of treatments were evaluated endoscopically.