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ThesisItem Open Access Acrylic external skeletal fixator for the treatment of long bone fracture in dogs(Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science,Mannuthy, 2005) Julie, B; KAU; Syam Venugopal, KThe efficacy of replacing stainless steel connecting bar in external skeletal fixator (ESF) with acrylic connecting bar was evaluated by using acrylic connecting bar in twelve clinical cases of complete fracture of long bones in dogs presented to the Surgery Units of Veterinary Hospitals of Mannuthy and Kokkalai, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, during the period of December 2003 to May 2005. All the animals were subjected to detailed clinical, radiological, haematological and serum biochemical evaluations before application of acrylic fixator and also postoperatively at two weeks interval upto sixth week or until the removal of the implant. Type IA or type II acrylic fixators were applied by closed or open approach under general anaesthesia depending on the type of fracture. Transfixation pins were drilled and the acrylic connecting bar was connected directly or following the application of a temporary stainless steel connecting bar, which was removed later. Fixator with acrylic connecting bar on one side and stainless steel connecting bar on the other side was used in three animals. Acrylic external fixator proved to be an economical, technically feasible, clinically successful and reliable alternative for stainless steel external fixators for the immobilization of fractures of radius and ulna and tibia and fibula in animals of less than 15 kg body weight. In heavier animals, usage of acrylic bar on one side of the type II fixator gave adequate stability in case of radial fractures but not for tibial fractures. Early return of sound functional limb usage following fixation with acrylic ESF was remarkable. All the animals, except three, could make slight ground contact with the fractured leg by the third post operative day and had apparently normal gait by the fourth week of observation with full weight bearing on the limb. Loosening of the proximal most pin occurred in Case Nos. 2, 3 and 4, by fourth week of observation, where type I acrylic fixator was used, but none of them affected the fracture healing significantly. Breakage of acrylic bar occurred in Case Nos. 7 and 9. In Case No. 7, the acrylic bar failed to tolerate the strong muscle pull on the fractured femoral fragments and in Case No. 9 severe mutilation by the animal resulted in breakage of the bar. Four animals exhibited mutilation on the implant, but only one on them showed severe mutilation. Mild pin tract drainage occurred in four animals and pin tract sepsis resulted in one animal. The heat generated during exothermic phase of acrylic hardening produced no apparent thermal necrosis of bone or soft tissue. Mild to moderate degrees of malalignment occurred following application of acrylic fixator in Case Nos. 3, 5, 6 and 11, which got nullified with progressive callus formation and resulted in restoration of normal straight line alignment of the bone. Marked angulation of the bone fragments occurred in Case Nos. 2 and 9. The fracture gap in all the cases was found to be progressively getting filled up with callus. Rate of callus formation varied with age of the animal, type of fracture and stability of the apparatus. In 50% of the cases, the fracture healed with endosteal callus only, while it healed with endosteal and periosteal callus in rest of the animals. Periosteal reaction of varying degree occurred in most of the cases but did not affect fracture healing or functional limb usage. Osteolysis was noticed around proximal pin tract in four animals, which could be due to loosening of pins. However, no significant alteration in fracture healing was produced. Acrylic column of one centimetre diameter was found sufficient for use as connecting bar of ESF for immobilization of fractures of radius and ulna and tibia and fibula in animals of less than 15 kg body weight.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation and management of keratitis in dogs(Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2008) Resmi, T S; KAU; Jhon Martin, K DThe efficacy of various treatments for corneal ulcers and corneal perforation was studied in twelve dogs. Dogs presented with the history of corneal affections were clinically examined and the cases were selected for the study. Dogs with superficial corneal lesions without corneal perforations underwent medical treatment and those with deep lesions or corneal perforations or those refractory to medical treatment were subjected to surgical treatments. Medical treatment consisted of ocular instillation of antibiotic, flurbiprofen and tropicamide. The antibiotic ciprofloxacin was selected as the primary antibiotic. In surgically treated cases all dogs were put to medication with ciprofloxacin topically three days prior to surgery. The surgical techniques included debridement and suturing, superficial keratectomy, iridectomy and suturing, third eyelid flap and temporary tarsorrhaphy. All were performed under general anaesthesia. Postoperatively all the dogs were maintained on cephalexin orally and ciprofloxacin, flurbiprofen and tropicamide topically. The medically treated cases became fluorescein dye retention negative by seventh to 21 days period and corneal clarity was achieved in all cases by 60th day. In surgically treated cases most of the cases became fluorescein negative on seventh day except two and corneal clarity was achieved in four cases by 60th day. Vascularization of the cornea was completely resolved on 21st day of observation in medically treated cases and in surgically treated cases it had resolved on 35th day of observation. The complications encountered were phthisis bulbi and bulging of cornea in one case each.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation and management of dental affections in dogs(Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2009) Archana, A; KAU; John Martin, K DThe prevalence of various dental diseases among dogs and its relation with age, breed, sex and food habits were studied in dogs presented to the Veterinary College Hospitals during a period from April 2008 to December 2008 and found that 102 were affected with dental and periodontal diseases. Among of the 102 dogs affected, prevalence of dental affection noticed were dental tartar, epulis, oral ulcer and dental attrition in descending order. Incidence of dental affections was more in dogs in age group of five to eight years (45.09%), followed by one to four years (37.25%) and nine to twelve years (17.65%). The prevalence of dental disorders in different breeds were: German Shepherd Dog (26.47%), Spitz (20.59%), Dachshund(14.71%), Labrador Retriever (11.76%), Non-descript (8.82%), Doberman Pinscher (4.90%), Cocker Spaniel (3.92%), Rottweiler and Chinese Pug (1.96% each) and Boxer, Great Dane, Basset hound, Lhasa Apso and Miniature Pinscher (0.98% each). Females (51.96%) were found affected more than males (48.04%). Dental affections was found high in those dogs fed with soft diets like homemade food (71.1%), titbits (81.8%) and in those not fed bones (78.72%). Out of 102 dogs with dental affections, 24 cases were randomly selected for detailed study. The dogs were belonged to various breeds like Spitz, Cocker Spaniel, Labrador Retriever, German Shepherd Dog, Non - descript, Doberman Pinscher, Dachshund, Boxer and Miniature pinscher of either sex (16 females and 8 males), with an average age of 5.79 ± 0.66 years. The clinical condition included dental tartar (79.17%), epulis (12.5 %) and Oral ulcer (8.33%). The most predominant bacteria isolated by the culture of gingival sulcus swabs were Gram-negative cocco-bacillary organisms (71.43%) followed by Gram positive cocci (28.57%). The former were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, cefotaxime and the latter to amoxycillin, ampicillin and enrofloxacin. Successful medical treatment was given for two cases with gingivitis and ulceration of buccal mucosa using an antibiotic, orally and intra oral application of metronidazole gel. Two cases of gingival tumour were treated with vincristine, but no response was noticed. Surgical techniques included ultrasonic dental scaling, exodontia and surgical excision of tumour was performed under general anaesthesia. Dogs with severe gingivitis, halitosis and dental calculus were effectively treated with ultrasonic dental scaling followed by oral and local administration of antibiotics. Exodontia was performed in three cases in which the tooth was shaky and with furcation exposure. One case of gingival tumour case treated with surgical excision with cryodestruction, showed recurrence of tumor after three weeks.