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ThesisItem Open Access Processed aortic allografts for oesophagoplasty in dogs(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Balagopalan, T P; KAU; Muraleedharan Nayar, K NThe study was conducted with the objectives of a. Preparation, preservation and evaluation of chrome/ glutaraldehyde cross linked aortic tissue of dogs and to compare the relative acceptability and efficacy of them for cervical oesophagoplasty in dogs, and b. Evaluation of modified pharyngostomy feeding method and its effect on healing at cervical oesophagoplasty site in dogs. The experiment was conducted in thirty, apparently healthy, adult, nondescript dogs of either sex weighing 9-13 kg. The animals were randomly divided into three groups viz.,, group I, II and III. Group II and III were subdivided into two subgroups each, namely IIA, IIB and iilA, IIIB. Group I and the subgroups consisted of six animals each. Animals of group I were subjected to sham operation. Cervical oesophagoplasty using chrome processed aortic allograft and glutaraldehyde processed aortic allograft were performed in animals of group II and III respectively. Pharyngostomy tube feeding was instituted in three animals of group I and all animals of subgroups IIB and IIIB. Tissue samples of thoracic aorta harvested from dogs, processed and crosslinked with chromic sulfate and glutaraldehyde were used as graft materials. Chrome processed aorta showed better biomechanical qualities except for tensile strength than glutaraldehyde processed aorta. The grafts had fairly good handling qualities and shelf life. All the animals were premedicated with triflupromazine hydrochloride and anaesthetized using thiopentone sodium to effect. Wound, oval in shape measuring 3-4 cm long and l/3rd of the circumference of the oesophagus was created in all experimental animals. Oesophagoplasty was performed by fixing the graft material over the defect using 5-0 braided silk thread and continuous lock stitch sutures. Left side' pharyngostomy was performed in 15 dogs. Suitably designed siliconised catheter made up of modified polyvinyl chloride with an attached X-ray opaque line was used as pharyngostomy tube. The tube was kept in situ for a period of 15 days postoperatively for administration of fluid diet. The animals were kept under observation for varying periods of 15, 30 and 60 days postoperatively. The animals of subgroups IIB and IIIB became alert and active earlier than that of IIA and IIIA. At the cervical region, the operated site showed mild inflammatory reaction by 1-2 days postoperatively in all animals. The sutures were removed after normal healing by 7-8th day in all animals except one each in subgroup IIA and IIIB, where it was removed on the 10th day. Mild bleeding while performing pharyngostomy (one dog) and moderate pain and slight swelling around the pharyngostomy tube entrance site (3 dogs) were observed in subgroup IIB. One animal in subgroup IIIB showed severe inflammatory oedema around the tube entrance site. Tolerance of pharyngostomy tube was excellent in 13 dogs. The pharyngostomy wound healed completely by 14-15th day after removal of the tube in all the dogs. All the animals started feeding on liquid food by seventh day postoperatively in subgroups IIA and IIIA following hyperalimentation via intravenous route and by 15th day in subgroups IIB and IIIB following hyperalimentation via pharyngostomy tube. They maintained normal apetite and feeding habits thereafter during the period of observation. Mild swelling at the operated site while swallowing (3 dogs) and vomiting (one dog) were noticed among the animals of subgroup IIA and IIIA. Initial tube obstruction during first feeding (6 dogs), vomiting after first feeding (2 dogs) and mild diarrhoea (one dog) were observed among animals of subgroup IIB and IIIB.ThesisItem Open Access Surgical management of experimentally induced coxo-femoral luxation in calves(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Dinesh, P T; KAU; Sarada Amma, TThe present study was conducted to evolve a suitable technique which can be adopted under field conditions for the management of coxofemoral luxation in calves and to compare the efficacy of open and closed reduction in the treatment. The study was conducted in 12 male crossbred cal~es in which coxofemorpl luxation was induced under anaesthesia. Two methods of treatment were adopted in two groups of six animals each. In one group open reduction was performed under anaesthesia and the femoral head was fixed in position by the application of an extra articular sling using cortical screws and orthopaedic wires. In the second group, after closed reduction under anaesthesia, immobilisation was effected by the fixation of two Steinmann pins at the greater trochanter through the wing of ilium and tuber ischii an~ connecting the exposed portions of the pins by an external connecting assembly. All the animals were able to get up and lie down without assistance after correction and partially bear weight on the operated limb from the day of surgery itself. Complete weight bearing while standing was noticed in all the animals in two to four days t i.me • Dragging of toe was observed upt o fourth day in animals in which open reduction was performed whereas in other group it was observed upto 23 days. The difficulty encountered in closed reducti9n group was the inability to identify the status of reduction for which radiograph was taken. Open reduction with inunobilisation using screws and wires produced firm seating of femoral head in the acetabulum. The respiration rate, pulse rate and rectal temperature showed an increase within the normal range in all the animals. variations in haematological values were indicative of stress and inflammation subsequent to surgery. Radiographic studies during the period of observation confirmed the position of femoral head in the acetabulum and the absence of recurrence. Gross morphological examination of the hip joint revealed satisfactory healing and absence of local complications. The technique of closed reduction along with external fixation was satisfactory for reduction and immobilization in coxofemoral luxation in calves.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of the efficacy of diaphragmatic and omental transplants at the gastroesophageal junction in dogs(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Sarada Amma, T; KAU; Muraleedharan Nayar, K NThe study was undertaken with the objectives of designing a surgical approach to the gastroesophageal region in dogs and to evaluate the efficacy of diaphragmatic and omental grafting at the gastroesophageal myotomy site. The study was conducted in 30 adult dogs of either sex divided into five groups of six animals each. The animals were premedicated with atropine sulphace (0.04 mg/kg body weight) and xylazine (0.5 mg/kg body weight) IM. Anaesthesia was induced and maintained with five per cent solution of thiopentone sodium to effect. Induction of anaesthesia and recovery was smooth and uneventful and the duration was satisfactory. Respiratory arrest observed in a few animals could be corrected except in one and respiration was maintained with respiration pump or Boyles' Tec anaesthetic apparatus. Gastroesophageal myotomy was performed through left side thoracotomy with resection of eighth rib in animals of Group I and by laparotomy, through the 12th intercostal space with resection of 12th rib in animals of Group 11, to study the suitability of surgical approaches. Abdominal approach adopted in Group II was found suitable for experimental approach and was adopted in animals of Groups III, IV and V. In the animals of Groups III, IV and V gastroesophageal myotomy was performed and the myotomy edges were sutured to the overlying portion of diaphragm in Group III, to a deflected portion of diaphragmatic pedicle graft in Group IV and to a deflected portion of omental pedicle graft in Group V. The animals were kept under observation for 21 days post operatively and observed for physiological changes, clinical signs, haematologic, radiographic and electrocardiogram changes. Physiological parameters showed a significant decrease in rectal temperature upto 90th min after surgery and significant increase in pulse and respiration rate upto 24 h. All the animals were alert and active throughout the period of observation. Feed intake and swallowing was normal. Skin wound had healed without complications in all the animals. Haemogram showed normal haemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and packed cell volume throughout the period of observation in all the animals. Erythrocyte count was within normal range in all the animals except for a transient decrease in Group I and leucocyte count showed an increase in Group V. An increase in neutrophil count was observed on the 7th and 14th day in Groups III and V with a corresponding decrease in lymphocyte count. Monocyte count was normal in all the animals and oesinophil count showed a decrease in Group I. The values returned to normal range by 21st day in all the animals. The electrocardiogram changes observed during surgery and in post operative period were spontaneously corrected. Contrast radiography of the oesophagus and stomach revealed normal emptying and absence of leakage. Narrowing' of the caudal end of thoracic oesophagus along with dilatation of the stomach was observed in one animal and dilatation of stomach alone was observed in two animals. Contrast radiography of the autopsy specimen of oesophagus and stomach of one animal each from Group I and 11 revealed increased width of gastroesophageal region and an outpouching of the stomach at the greater curvature. Gross morphological examination on autopsy in Group I revealed adhesion of lung with thoracic wall, diaphragm and oesophagus, congestion and consolidation of lung, collapse of the lung lobes and mediastinial pleuritis in a few animals. Fibrous tissue covering over the caudal end of thoracic oesophagus was also seen in two animals. Adhesion of omentum with abdominal wall and diaphragm was the autopsy changes noticed in Group 11. Oesophagus was normal in size in all the animals except in one animal where slight narrowing at the caudal end was observed. Increased width at the gastroesophageal region was evident in all the animals. An outpouching at the greater curvature of the stomach was seen in all animals except three where slight dilation and flaccidity of the stomach was noticed. The myotomy site was thin in Groups I, II and V. In Groups III, the portion of diaphragm sutured to the myotomy wound was firmly adherent with it and in Group IV, the diaphragm pedicle graft sutured to the myotomy wound has healed and was firmly adherent to the myotomy site. In Group V, the omental pedicle graft sutured to the myotomy site has healed completely and was indistinguishable. On histological examination no sign of inflammation was noticed in the mucosa and submucosa. . At the myotomy site fibrovascular connective tissue proliferation was observed in all the groups. In Groups III and IV peripheral to the fibrovascular connective tissue,the fascicles of diaphragmatic muscle fibrils were observed. In Group V beneath the thin fibrovascular layer infiltration of plasma cells, lymphocytes, macrophages and a few neutrophils were observed extending into the stroma and lamina propria. A layer of fibrous connective tissue was observed as the outermost layer over the thin fibrovascular layer and contained a few fat cells in one animal.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of metacarpal osteotomy and traction for lengthening of the forelimb in calves(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Kumaresan, A; KAU; Rajan Kutty, KThe study was undertaken with the objectives of evaluating the effect of osteotomy and distraction osteogenesis for lengthening of the limb and to evolve treatment measures that can be adopted for the correction of shortened limb in calves. The experimental study was conducted in 12 crossbred bull calves aged six to twelve months and weighing 60 to 120 kg, randomly divided into two groups of six animals each. Under xylazine (@ 0.2 mg/kg) sedation and brachial plexus block (two per cent lignocaine solution 10-15 ml) transverse osteotomy was performed at the mid-shaft region of the metacarpal bone. In group I the limb was immobilized using a locally fabricated full pin transverse fixation device. From the sixth day onwards, the bone fragments were retracted in opposite directions at the rate 1 mm gap/day for 10 days. In group II partial tenotomy of the flexor tendons was performed on the sixth day and immobilization and retraction procedures was adopted as in group I. Sedation with xylazine followed by brachial plexus block was found satisfactory for the surgical manipulations. Increase in rectal temperature, pulse rate and respiration rate was noticed following surgery but the increase was within normal range in both the groups. The total erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, and packed cell volume increased whereas the haemoglobin concentration was seen reduced in both the groups following surgery but the changes were within normal limits. Initially there was increase in neutrophil count with relative reduction in lymphocyte count. There was decrease in eosinophil count, but was within normal range. The variations in monocyte and basophil counts were only marginal in both the groups. All the animals were able to get up unassisted and were able to walk with limping within 24 h after surgery. They were able to bear weight on the limb within 24 h to three days, though there was favouring of the limb with too pointing. Oedema was observed in all the animals and was more evident in those animals where there was infection. In a few animals the complications such as angulation of the limb due to displacement of bone fragments, infection at the fracture site and pin tracts and loosening of pins were noticed. The functional status of the limb was not altered in those animals where complications were not noticed. Radiographically radiodense zone on the cut edges of the fractured fragments was noticed by 15th postoperative day, evidence of osseous callus by 30th postoperative day and visible callus with a gap at the centre by 45th postoperative day. The bone fragments were seen firmly fixed with a well developed callus and histological examination of the callus revealed the presence of fibrous tissue proliferation and osseous trabaculae indicating formation of a new bone. The length of the operated metacarpal bone was seen increased by 0.6 to 1.0 cm when compared to the opposite normal metacarpal bone. In the present study, the locally fabricated full pin transverse fixator used was found satisfactory for the lengthening procedures. It facilitated traction and provided rigid immobilization for the fragments. The calves tolerated the fixator well. There was no damage to the fixator during the period of observation.ThesisItem Open Access Superficial keratectomy for the management of corneal wounds in canines(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1996) David Suresh, J; KAU; Sarada Amma, TThe present study was undertaken to evaluate superficial keratectomy in the management of experimentally created corneal wounds in canines. The experiment was conducted on sixteen, apparently healthy adult mongrel dogs of either sex, randomly divided into two groups viz., Group I and II, each consisting of eight animals. Under topical anaesthesia using four per cent lignocaine solution, superficial injury on the ventral half of cornea of the left eye was created and after 24 hours, superficial keratectomy was performed on the ventral cornea under general anaesthesia. In Group I, the cornea was protected with the third eye lid flap and temporary tarsorrhaphy whereas in Group II, only tarsorrhaphy was performed to protect the cornea. The animals were premedicated with atropine sulphate (0.04 mg/kg bodyweight) S/C and after five minutes xylazine (0.5 mg/kg bodyweight) i/m. Anaesthesia was induced with five per cent solution of thiopentone sodium i/v. Induction of anaesthesia was complete by 3.34 + 0.28 minutes, duration of surgical anaesthesia was 40.25 + 2.63 minutes and the time taken for recovery was 121.88 + 7.34 minutes. The animals were kept under observation for 30 days. Clinical symptoms exhibited by the animals of both the groups in different postoperative periods were recorded. In Group I, swelling of eye lid, scratching and pawing were observed from the day of surgery upto the sixth postoperative day. Lacrimation was observed upto the ninth postoperative day. In Group II, swelling of eye lid, lacrimation, scratching and pawing were observed upto the sixth postoperative day. In Group I, corneal oedema was present in all the animals from the third postoperative day and in two animals it persisted upto the 12th day. In Group II, five animals had corneal oedema on the third day which persisted upto the sixth day in two animals and in one animal it was seen upto the ninth day. Vascularization in Group I was observed in all the animals on the sixth postoperative day and it persisted upto the 15th postoperative day in three animals. In Group II, vascularization was observed only in two animals between the third and sixth postoperative day. In Group I, third eye lid was found to cover 2/3rd the eyeball on the third day when the sutures were relieved for examination of the cornea and it was found to return to its normal position between ninth day to twelfth day. Congestion of the bulbar and palpebral conjunctivae and third eye lid were noticed between third day and sixth day in all the animals of both the groups. During the postoperative period, the rectal temperature (0 C), pulse rate and respiratory rate did not show any marked variation in both the groups. Lacrimal smear examination on different postoperative period revealed denuded epithelium and cellular debris. Fluorescein dye staining test during postoperative period in both the groups revealed signs of progressive healing of the keratectomy site in all the animals. The keratectomy site in Group I was bright green on the third postoperative day and became fluorescein negative on the ninth postoperative day except in one animal. In Group II, all the animals became fluorescein negative on the ninth postoperative day. The clarity of the cornea at the keratectomy site showed progressive clearing of the cornea during the postoperative period. In Group I, the keratectomy site became crystal clear on 27th day whereas in Group II it became crystal clear on 30th postoperative day. Haemogram during the postoperative period did not show significant variation in the haemoglobin content. The variation in the total leucocyte count and differential leucocyte count were within the normal range in both the groups. The eyeballs were enucleated from two animals each on the fifth, 10th, 15th and 30th day for gross and histopathological evalution. Gross examination of the enucleated eyeballs in Group 1 on the fifth day showed opacity, on the 10th day mild haziness and corneal oedema and on the 15th day, haziness at the keratectomy site. Vascularization of the cornea was noticed in both the specimens collected on the 10th day and in one specimen collected on the 15th day. The keratectomy site appeared crystal clear on the 30th postoperative day. In Group 11, the keratectomy site showed opacity on the fifth day, mild haziness on the 10th day and 15th day. Vascularization of the cornea was noted in both the specimen collected on the 10th day. The keratectomy site appeared crystal clear and lustrous on the 30th day. Microscopical examination of the corneal specimens in Group 1, revealed necrosis of epithelial cells and inflammatory oedema in the epithelium and stroma on the fifth day, epithelial facet formation and fibroplasia on the 10th day, presence of fibrovascular tissue in the stroma on the 15th day and active proliferation of epithelial cells, thickened epithelium and fibroplasia of the stroma on the 30th day. In Group 11, sliding of the wing cells into the wound from its margin were noticed with epithelial facet formation and fibroplasia of stroma on the fifth day, and increased fibroplasia on the 10th day. The corneal epithelium was completely replaced on the 15th day and thickened epithelium with active proliferation of epithelial cells and fibroplasia of stroma was observed on the 30th day specimens.