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Open Access
Acrylic external skeletal fixator for the treatment of long bone fracture in dogs
(Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science,Mannuthy, 2005) Julie, B; KAU; Syam Venugopal, K
The efficacy of replacing stainless steel connecting bar in external skeletal fixator (ESF) with acrylic connecting bar was evaluated by using acrylic connecting bar in twelve clinical cases of complete fracture of long bones in dogs presented to the Surgery Units of Veterinary Hospitals of Mannuthy and Kokkalai, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, during the period of December 2003 to May 2005. All the animals were subjected to detailed clinical, radiological, haematological and serum biochemical evaluations before application of acrylic fixator and also postoperatively at two weeks interval upto sixth week or until the removal of the implant. Type IA or type II acrylic fixators were applied by closed or open approach under general anaesthesia depending on the type of fracture. Transfixation pins were drilled and the acrylic connecting bar was connected directly or following the application of a temporary stainless steel connecting bar, which was removed later. Fixator with acrylic connecting bar on one side and stainless steel connecting bar on the other side was used in three animals. Acrylic external fixator proved to be an economical, technically feasible, clinically successful and reliable alternative for stainless steel external fixators for the immobilization of fractures of radius and ulna and tibia and fibula in animals of less than 15 kg body weight. In heavier animals, usage of acrylic bar on one side of the type II fixator gave adequate stability in case of radial fractures but not for tibial fractures. Early return of sound functional limb usage following fixation with acrylic ESF was remarkable. All the animals, except three, could make slight ground contact with the fractured leg by the third post operative day and had apparently normal gait by the fourth week of observation with full weight bearing on the limb. Loosening of the proximal most pin occurred in Case Nos. 2, 3 and 4, by fourth week of observation, where type I acrylic fixator was used, but none of them affected the fracture healing significantly. Breakage of acrylic bar occurred in Case Nos. 7 and 9. In Case No. 7, the acrylic bar failed to tolerate the strong muscle pull on the fractured femoral fragments and in Case No. 9 severe mutilation by the animal resulted in breakage of the bar. Four animals exhibited mutilation on the implant, but only one on them showed severe mutilation. Mild pin tract drainage occurred in four animals and pin tract sepsis resulted in one animal. The heat generated during exothermic phase of acrylic hardening produced no apparent thermal necrosis of bone or soft tissue. Mild to moderate degrees of malalignment occurred following application of acrylic fixator in Case Nos. 3, 5, 6 and 11, which got nullified with progressive callus formation and resulted in restoration of normal straight line alignment of the bone. Marked angulation of the bone fragments occurred in Case Nos. 2 and 9. The fracture gap in all the cases was found to be progressively getting filled up with callus. Rate of callus formation varied with age of the animal, type of fracture and stability of the apparatus. In 50% of the cases, the fracture healed with endosteal callus only, while it healed with endosteal and periosteal callus in rest of the animals. Periosteal reaction of varying degree occurred in most of the cases but did not affect fracture healing or functional limb usage. Osteolysis was noticed around proximal pin tract in four animals, which could be due to loosening of pins. However, no significant alteration in fracture healing was produced. Acrylic column of one centimetre diameter was found sufficient for use as connecting bar of ESF for immobilization of fractures of radius and ulna and tibia and fibula in animals of less than 15 kg body weight.
Open Access
Cryosurgical treatment for experimentally induced cataract in dogs 260 ## - PUBLICATION, DISTRIBUTION, ETC. (IMPRINT)
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 2000) Neelakanta Praveen, Pillai; KAU; Ravindran Nair, S
This study was conducted with the objective of comparing the efficacy of cryo-coagulation and intra-capsular cryo-extraction of experimentally induced cataract in dogs. Twelve nondescript dogs aged approximately one year were used for the study in two groups, A and B, each consisting of six animals. Two clinical cases of cataract were included under the study as Group C. In all the animals of Group A and B, cataract was experimentally induced by injection of 0.5 ml of a 25% solution of calcium borogluconate into the anterior chamber of the eye, in strict aseptic conditionsand under general anaesthesia. In group A. cataract was treated by cryo-coagulation and in Groups Band C intra-capsular cryo-extraction of the cataractous lens was performed after pre-medicating and anaesthetising the animals. Surgery for cryo-coagulation (Group A) or intra-capsular cryo-extraction (Groups B and C) was performed under general anaesthesia with thiopentone sodium after premedication with xylazinc hydrochloride. The anaesthesia was found to be satisfactory at the time of induction and during cataract surgery. Extensive lateral canthotomy was found to be necessary in all the animals at surgery in order to ensure adequate exposure of the globe. Rectal temperature and respiration rate dropped slightly post-operatively, but returned to normal values by the second day after surgery. Pulse rate dropped markedly following surgery, but returned to normal by the sixth day after surgery. Total leukocyte count increased slightly 24 hours after surgery. but then decreased and remained within normal ranges thereafter. There was increase in neutrophil. eosinophil and monocyte count had increased upto 24 hours after surgery. but was normal thereafter. Lymphocyte eount decreased upto 24 hours post-operatively. All the animals .remained in good condition throughout the observation period, except for one animal. Conjunctivitis persisted only in one upto the 11 th day. Corneal oedema persisted throughout the period of observation in four animals. One animal had complete corneal clarity by day seven. In the other animal the cornea cleared on day 23. Uveitis persisted for varymg periods in the animals Photophobia and blepharospasm resolved by day six in all animals. One animal had no posterior or anterior synechiae following surgery and its vitreous body was clear, allowing easy exam ination of the retina. Aqueous flare, indicative of increased protein in the aqueous humour, could not be determined in any animal. Functional vision was not returned in any animal except A4. In Group B, vitreous prolapse occurred during surgical removal of the lens by intra-capsular cryo-extraction. This prolapsed vitreous was excised and did not cause complications. Rectal temperature increased slightly 24 hours after surgery, but had returned to normal values by the 15th post-operative day. Pulse rate decreased slightly 24 hours after surgery, but attained normal values by the second post-operative day and stayed so thereafter. Respiration rate decreased markedly for 24 hours following surgery, but reached normal values two days post-operatively. There was no change in the colour of the mucous membrane of the contralateral eye (used as control) at any time during the period of : observation. The total leukocyte count increased slightly following surgery and continued to be so till 24 hours after surgery and thereafter it decreased and was within normal limits thereafter. The neutrophil count increased till 24 hours post-operatively and returned to normal range thereafter. Lymphocyte count decreased slightly 24 hours after surgery, but returned to normal range by the i s" post-operative day. Eosinophil count increased 24 hours after surgery, but had reached normal values by the i s" post-operative day. Monocyte count became zero after surgery, but then increased slightly and continued so thereafter. All the animals remained in good general condition until the end of the observation period, with no evidence of infection in the operated eye. Intra-ocular pressure decreased slightly following surgery, but had returned to normal ranges by the end of the observation period. Animals B 1, B2 and B4 had persistent conjunctivitis and corneal oedema throughout the period of observation and were unable to negotiate an obstacle course or locate and track mobile or stationary objects even in conditions ofbright ambient light. All other animals in this group were able to perform satisfactorily in the tests of visual function by the end of the observation period. In Group C, treatment of cataract was by intra-capsular cryo- extraction, as in Group B. The results obtained were similar to those for Group B. Animal C2, however. took 52 hours to recover from anaesthesia and died on the sixth day following surgery. The death could not be attributed to complications of cataract surgery. Rectal temperature decreased slightly following surgery, and then increased slightly but returned to normal values at the end of the observation period. Pulse rate decreased immediately after surgery and then returned to normal ranges by the eighth day after surgery. Respiration rate decreased markedly immediately after surgery. but returned to the normal range within 24 hours after surgery. Colour of mucous membrane of the contralateral eye did not show any change at any time during the period of observation. Total leukocytc count increased slightly upto 24 hours after surgery but returned to normal ranges thereafter. The neutrophil and eosinophil and monocyte counts increased after surgery but returned to normal ranges thereafter. The lymphocyte count was markedly decreased at 24 hours after surgery, but then returned to normal ranges thereafter. The surviving animal in Group C showed low grade corneal oedema until day 31 following surgery, but it had blink reflexes and the iris was visible. Conjunctivitis had cleared by day six following surgery. The animals were monitored for visual capability following surgery. The tests were conducted by evaluating the animals' ability to negotiate an obstacle course under photopic and scotopic light conditions, after blind folding the left eye with an eye shield. The animals were also tested for their ability to locate a stationary object and to track a moving object under varying conditions of ambient lighting. Tests of ocular functional integrity were conducted by evaluating menace and photomotor pupillary reflexes. Animal Cl was able to locate or track stationary objects In dim light. It could track moving ohjects in all light conditions. From the results obtained in thc present study. it was found that only one out of the six animals showed restoration of functional vision following treatment of cataract by cryo-coagulation of the lens. In the case of the treatment by intra-capsular cryo-extraction. four out of eight animals showed restoration of functional vision thus showing a success rate of 50% for intra-capsular cryo-extraction of cataract. From the results it can be concluded that: 2. Cataract could be effectively induced using 0.5 ml of calcium borogluconate solution (25%) injected into the anterior chamber of the eye. 3. Pre-medication USing xylazine hydrochloride followed by general anaesthesia USing thiopentone sodium IV was satisfactory for the induction of cataract and the treatment of the cataractous lens. 4. Intra-capsular cryo-extraction IS a better method In treating cataractous lenses in dogs.
Open Access
Processed aortic allografts for oesophagoplasty in dogs
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Balagopalan, T P; KAU; Muraleedharan Nayar, K N
The study was conducted with the objectives of a. Preparation, preservation and evaluation of chrome/ glutaraldehyde cross linked aortic tissue of dogs and to compare the relative acceptability and efficacy of them for cervical oesophagoplasty in dogs, and b. Evaluation of modified pharyngostomy feeding method and its effect on healing at cervical oesophagoplasty site in dogs. The experiment was conducted in thirty, apparently healthy, adult, nondescript dogs of either sex weighing 9-13 kg. The animals were randomly divided into three groups viz.,, group I, II and III. Group II and III were subdivided into two subgroups each, namely IIA, IIB and iilA, IIIB. Group I and the subgroups consisted of six animals each. Animals of group I were subjected to sham operation. Cervical oesophagoplasty using chrome processed aortic allograft and glutaraldehyde processed aortic allograft were performed in animals of group II and III respectively. Pharyngostomy tube feeding was instituted in three animals of group I and all animals of subgroups IIB and IIIB. Tissue samples of thoracic aorta harvested from dogs, processed and crosslinked with chromic sulfate and glutaraldehyde were used as graft materials. Chrome processed aorta showed better biomechanical qualities except for tensile strength than glutaraldehyde processed aorta. The grafts had fairly good handling qualities and shelf life. All the animals were premedicated with triflupromazine hydrochloride and anaesthetized using thiopentone sodium to effect. Wound, oval in shape measuring 3-4 cm long and l/3rd of the circumference of the oesophagus was created in all experimental animals. Oesophagoplasty was performed by fixing the graft material over the defect using 5-0 braided silk thread and continuous lock stitch sutures. Left side' pharyngostomy was performed in 15 dogs. Suitably designed siliconised catheter made up of modified polyvinyl chloride with an attached X-ray opaque line was used as pharyngostomy tube. The tube was kept in situ for a period of 15 days postoperatively for administration of fluid diet. The animals were kept under observation for varying periods of 15, 30 and 60 days postoperatively. The animals of subgroups IIB and IIIB became alert and active earlier than that of IIA and IIIA. At the cervical region, the operated site showed mild inflammatory reaction by 1-2 days postoperatively in all animals. The sutures were removed after normal healing by 7-8th day in all animals except one each in subgroup IIA and IIIB, where it was removed on the 10th day. Mild bleeding while performing pharyngostomy (one dog) and moderate pain and slight swelling around the pharyngostomy tube entrance site (3 dogs) were observed in subgroup IIB. One animal in subgroup IIIB showed severe inflammatory oedema around the tube entrance site. Tolerance of pharyngostomy tube was excellent in 13 dogs. The pharyngostomy wound healed completely by 14-15th day after removal of the tube in all the dogs. All the animals started feeding on liquid food by seventh day postoperatively in subgroups IIA and IIIA following hyperalimentation via intravenous route and by 15th day in subgroups IIB and IIIB following hyperalimentation via pharyngostomy tube. They maintained normal apetite and feeding habits thereafter during the period of observation. Mild swelling at the operated site while swallowing (3 dogs) and vomiting (one dog) were noticed among the animals of subgroup IIA and IIIA. Initial tube obstruction during first feeding (6 dogs), vomiting after first feeding (2 dogs) and mild diarrhoea (one dog) were observed among animals of subgroup IIB and IIIB.
Open Access
Ascending coccygeal venography in evaluation of paraplega in dogs
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2002) Joshi George; KAU; Sarada Amma, T
The study was undertaken with an objective of evaluating the comparative efficacy of ascending coccygeal venography and epidurography in locating the site and type oflesion in dogs suffering from paraplegia. The study was conducted in 12 clinical cases presented at the Surgery unit of Veterinary College Hospital, Mannuthy and were designated into two groups (Group A and B) of 6 animals each. Survey radiographs were taken in all the animals prior to the contrast radiographic procedures. Iohexol (300 mgIfrnl) was used as the contrast medium at a dose rate of 80 mgIlkg body weight for epidurography and 100 mgIlkg body weight for ascending coccygeal venography. In Group A, epidurography was conducted by introducing the contrast medium through the lumbosacral junction into the epidural space. The contrast medium was given as slow infusion and the zero minute radiograph was taken, as the last milliliter of the contrast medium remained to be injected. Subsequent radiographs were taken at the 3rd and the 5th minute. In Group B, ascending coccygeal venography was conducted by introducing the contrast medium intravenously as slow infusion into the superficial lateral coccygeal vein of anyone side near the base of the tail, after sufficient abdominal compression. Lateral/ventrodorsal radiographs were taken, as the last milliliter of the contrast remained to be injected. Subsequent radiographs were taken at the 3rd and the Sth minute. All the animals were subjected to a thorough clinical and neurological examination prior to radiography. Physiological and haematological parameters were evaluatedjust before and 24 hours after radiography. All the animals were observed for one week for the presence of any side effects/complications. The physiological and haematological parameters were within the normal range in all the animals both before and 24 hours after radiography. Iohexol was found safe for neuroradiological studies as none of the animals exhibited any side effects/complications during the period of observation for one week. In Group A, epidurography produced good quality radiographs and was consistent in all the six cases. Abnormalities/lesions could be located in four cases. The remaining two cases showed normal epidurographic pattern and could not be correlated with the neurological examination. In Group B, successful venograms were obtained in three cases in which lesions were located and correlated with the neurological examination. In the remaining three cases, the venous sinuses could not be opacified and hence failed in identification oflesion. The changes identifiable as lesions in Group A were attenuation of the contrast col W11l1 , considerable narrowing and elevation of the column, and failure of the opacification ofa specific region of the column. The changes identifiable with a lesion in venography were abrupt attenuation of the venous sinuses, considerable elevation of the venous sinuses and progressive thinning and attenuation of the veins. Thus epidurography showed consistency III all the SIX cases and diagnosis could be made in four out of six cases whereas diagnostic venograms were obtained only in three out of six cases. Thus ascending coccygeal venography was found inconsistent and required further studies before recommending this as a routine practice. Though epidurography possessed a distinct advan tage over ascending coccygeal venography in consistency and technical and diagnostic feasibility, epidurography couldnot be advocated as a sole diagnostic procedure and should be used as an adjunct with other .diagnostic aids after proper clinical and neurological examination.
Open Access
Processed oesophageal allografts for hernioplasty in pigs
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2000) Senthil Kumar, S; KAU; Muraleedharan, K N
The present study was conducted with the objectives of: 1. Evaluating the suitability of processed collagen based oesophageal allografts as a biological tissue substitute for hernioplasty in pigs and ii. Comparing the healing in herniorrhaphy and hernioplasty, in pigs. Twelve clinical cases of umbilical hernia in pigs of either sex, aged two to three months were used in the study. The animals were divided into two groups (Group I and Group Il) of six animals each based on the size of hernial ring. Group I animals were subjected to herniorrhaphy and Group Il animals were subjected to hernioplasty. Fresh pieces of oesophagus collected from slaughtered pigs were processed and cross-linked with gl u taraldehyde to prepare the graft. Triflupromazine hydrochloride was administered at the rate of 1.5 mgjkg body weight IjM to all the animals and local infiltration anaesthesia using lignocaine ii hydrochloride at the site was employed for the surgical procedures. In five animals of Group I where the hernial contents were reducible, simple reduction and overlapping mattress sutures with silk were employed for closing the hernial ring. In one animal where it was irreducible, enterotomy was performed to remove the intestinal contents before reduction and herniorrhaphy. In all the six animals of Group II, the hernial ring was large, and the contents were reducible. After reduction, the edges of hernial ring were sutured using silk by simple interrupted sutures, to reduce the size of hernial ring. Processed oesophageal allografts were placed as an only graft over the suture line and fixed using silk sutures. All the animals became active and alert within 24 hours postoperatively except the one, which underwent enterotomy and herniorrhaphy. The surgical site was dressed daily and skin sutures were removed on the seventh postoperative day. In one animal of Group I wound infection resulted in skin wound disruption, which was surgically treated as open wound. Recurrence of hernia was noticed in one animal of Group I, 24 days after herniorrhaphy. Marginal increase in rectal temperature, pulse rate and respiration rate were observed during early Hi postoperative period in all the animals and it became normal within seven days after surgery. Marginal decrease in haemoglobin concentration was noticed during postoperative period in all the animals but it reached near normal level by 21 st postoperative day. Marginal increase in packed cell volume and total leucocyte count was observed up to third postoperative day. Neutrophilia and lymphopenia was noticed during early postsurgical period but reached near normal level by 14th postoperative day. Marginal decrease in total serum protein was noticed during postoperative period but was normal by 21 st postoperative day. Serum sodium and potassium level did not show any significant variation and the changes were within the normal range. Tissue samples were collected from surgical site from three animals each of Group I and Group II on 180 and 195 days respectively for biomechanical studies, gross and histomorphological changes. The tensile strength was greater . in Group II animals than Group I and normal animals. There was no adhesion of viscera at the surgical site. Remnants of silk suture could be identified in all the animals. The histomorphological study indicated complete healing and replacement of the graft material without any untoward effect.
Open Access
Clinical and serum biochemical evaluation in surgery for alimentary tract obstruction in dogs
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2001) Shejo Jose; KAU; Rajankutty, K
The study was carried out in selected clinical cases of alimentary tract obstructions in twelve dogs of either sex and different breeds, presented to the clinics of the college. These animals were divided into two groups viz. Group I and Group II, each consisting of six animals. Group 1- Dogs with obstructions of upper alimentary tract (oesophagus, stomach, duodenum and jejunum). Group II - Dogs with obstructions of lower alimentary tract (ileum, caecum, colon and rectum). In Group I the obstructions were due to bone pieces, granite stone, cloth piece, partial torsion of stomach and pyloric stenosis. In Group II the obstructions were due to corkscrew, ileocolic intussusception, cloth pieces and faecoliths. The obstructions due to foreign bodies were 50 per cent, with faecoliths were 25 per cent and due to anatomical alterations and malpositions of gastrointestinal tract were 25 per cent. In upper alimentary tract obstruction (Group I), the predominant clinical sign was vomiting. Frequency of vomiting was more than four times a day and vomitus was either frothy or white in colour. Pain on abdominal palpation and constipation were the other symptoms noticed. Respiration rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total leukocyte count, lymphocyte count and blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, total serum protein and serum albumin levels were higher than the normal range, preoperatively. The packed cell volume, total erythrocyte count, haemoglobin concentration and serum sodium, potassium and chloride levels were lower than the normal range, preoperatively. The pulse rate, rectal temperature, neutrophil count, monocyte count and alanine transferase, aspartate transferase levels were within the normal range, preoperatively. In lower alimentary tract obstruction (Group II), constipation was the prominent symptom observed. The faeces was either tarry or blood tinged. The frequency of vomiting was three times or less a day and vomitus was either frothy or yellowish in colour with presence of partially digested food materials. Pain on abdominal palpation was noticed in five animals. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure, neutrophil count and blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, serum albumin, aspartate transferase, alanine transferase levels were higher than the normal range, preoperatively. The packed cell volume, total erythrocyte count, monocyte count and serum sodium, potassium and chloride levels were lower than the normal range preoperatively. The respiration rate, pulse rate, rectal temperature, total leukocyte count, haemoglobin concentration, lymphocyte count and total serum protein level were within the normal range, preoperatively. Plain radiography was found useful for identifying the obstruction in the alimentary tract caused by radio opaque materials. Contrast radiography using barium meal revealed seats of obstructions due to radiolucent foreign bodies and anatomical alterations.
Open Access
Surgical management of experimentally induced coxo-femoral luxation in calves
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Dinesh, P T; KAU; Sarada Amma, T
The present study was conducted to evolve a suitable technique which can be adopted under field conditions for the management of coxofemoral luxation in calves and to compare the efficacy of open and closed reduction in the treatment. The study was conducted in 12 male crossbred cal~es in which coxofemorpl luxation was induced under anaesthesia. Two methods of treatment were adopted in two groups of six animals each. In one group open reduction was performed under anaesthesia and the femoral head was fixed in position by the application of an extra articular sling using cortical screws and orthopaedic wires. In the second group, after closed reduction under anaesthesia, immobilisation was effected by the fixation of two Steinmann pins at the greater trochanter through the wing of ilium and tuber ischii an~ connecting the exposed portions of the pins by an external connecting assembly. All the animals were able to get up and lie down without assistance after correction and partially bear weight on the operated limb from the day of surgery itself. Complete weight bearing while standing was noticed in all the animals in two to four days t i.me • Dragging of toe was observed upt o fourth day in animals in which open reduction was performed whereas in other group it was observed upto 23 days. The difficulty encountered in closed reducti9n group was the inability to identify the status of reduction for which radiograph was taken. Open reduction with inunobilisation using screws and wires produced firm seating of femoral head in the acetabulum. The respiration rate, pulse rate and rectal temperature showed an increase within the normal range in all the animals. variations in haematological values were indicative of stress and inflammation subsequent to surgery. Radiographic studies during the period of observation confirmed the position of femoral head in the acetabulum and the absence of recurrence. Gross morphological examination of the hip joint revealed satisfactory healing and absence of local complications. The technique of closed reduction along with external fixation was satisfactory for reduction and immobilization in coxofemoral luxation in calves.
Open Access
Evaluation of the efficacy of diaphragmatic and omental transplants at the gastroesophageal junction in dogs
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Sarada Amma, T; KAU; Muraleedharan Nayar, K N
The study was undertaken with the objectives of designing a surgical approach to the gastroesophageal region in dogs and to evaluate the efficacy of diaphragmatic and omental grafting at the gastroesophageal myotomy site. The study was conducted in 30 adult dogs of either sex divided into five groups of six animals each. The animals were premedicated with atropine sulphace (0.04 mg/kg body weight) and xylazine (0.5 mg/kg body weight) IM. Anaesthesia was induced and maintained with five per cent solution of thiopentone sodium to effect. Induction of anaesthesia and recovery was smooth and uneventful and the duration was satisfactory. Respiratory arrest observed in a few animals could be corrected except in one and respiration was maintained with respiration pump or Boyles' Tec anaesthetic apparatus. Gastroesophageal myotomy was performed through left side thoracotomy with resection of eighth rib in animals of Group I and by laparotomy, through the 12th intercostal space with resection of 12th rib in animals of Group 11, to study the suitability of surgical approaches. Abdominal approach adopted in Group II was found suitable for experimental approach and was adopted in animals of Groups III, IV and V. In the animals of Groups III, IV and V gastroesophageal myotomy was performed and the myotomy edges were sutured to the overlying portion of diaphragm in Group III, to a deflected portion of diaphragmatic pedicle graft in Group IV and to a deflected portion of omental pedicle graft in Group V. The animals were kept under observation for 21 days post operatively and observed for physiological changes, clinical signs, haematologic, radiographic and electrocardiogram changes. Physiological parameters showed a significant decrease in rectal temperature upto 90th min after surgery and significant increase in pulse and respiration rate upto 24 h. All the animals were alert and active throughout the period of observation. Feed intake and swallowing was normal. Skin wound had healed without complications in all the animals. Haemogram showed normal haemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and packed cell volume throughout the period of observation in all the animals. Erythrocyte count was within normal range in all the animals except for a transient decrease in Group I and leucocyte count showed an increase in Group V. An increase in neutrophil count was observed on the 7th and 14th day in Groups III and V with a corresponding decrease in lymphocyte count. Monocyte count was normal in all the animals and oesinophil count showed a decrease in Group I. The values returned to normal range by 21st day in all the animals. The electrocardiogram changes observed during surgery and in post operative period were spontaneously corrected. Contrast radiography of the oesophagus and stomach revealed normal emptying and absence of leakage. Narrowing' of the caudal end of thoracic oesophagus along with dilatation of the stomach was observed in one animal and dilatation of stomach alone was observed in two animals. Contrast radiography of the autopsy specimen of oesophagus and stomach of one animal each from Group I and 11 revealed increased width of gastroesophageal region and an outpouching of the stomach at the greater curvature. Gross morphological examination on autopsy in Group I revealed adhesion of lung with thoracic wall, diaphragm and oesophagus, congestion and consolidation of lung, collapse of the lung lobes and mediastinial pleuritis in a few animals. Fibrous tissue covering over the caudal end of thoracic oesophagus was also seen in two animals. Adhesion of omentum with abdominal wall and diaphragm was the autopsy changes noticed in Group 11. Oesophagus was normal in size in all the animals except in one animal where slight narrowing at the caudal end was observed. Increased width at the gastroesophageal region was evident in all the animals. An outpouching at the greater curvature of the stomach was seen in all animals except three where slight dilation and flaccidity of the stomach was noticed. The myotomy site was thin in Groups I, II and V. In Groups III, the portion of diaphragm sutured to the myotomy wound was firmly adherent with it and in Group IV, the diaphragm pedicle graft sutured to the myotomy wound has healed and was firmly adherent to the myotomy site. In Group V, the omental pedicle graft sutured to the myotomy site has healed completely and was indistinguishable. On histological examination no sign of inflammation was noticed in the mucosa and submucosa. . At the myotomy site fibrovascular connective tissue proliferation was observed in all the groups. In Groups III and IV peripheral to the fibrovascular connective tissue,the fascicles of diaphragmatic muscle fibrils were observed. In Group V beneath the thin fibrovascular layer infiltration of plasma cells, lymphocytes, macrophages and a few neutrophils were observed extending into the stroma and lamina propria. A layer of fibrous connective tissue was observed as the outermost layer over the thin fibrovascular layer and contained a few fat cells in one animal.
Open Access
Effect of metacarpal osteotomy and traction for lengthening of the forelimb in calves
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Kumaresan, A; KAU; Rajan Kutty, K
The study was undertaken with the objectives of evaluating the effect of osteotomy and distraction osteogenesis for lengthening of the limb and to evolve treatment measures that can be adopted for the correction of shortened limb in calves. The experimental study was conducted in 12 crossbred bull calves aged six to twelve months and weighing 60 to 120 kg, randomly divided into two groups of six animals each. Under xylazine (@ 0.2 mg/kg) sedation and brachial plexus block (two per cent lignocaine solution 10-15 ml) transverse osteotomy was performed at the mid-shaft region of the metacarpal bone. In group I the limb was immobilized using a locally fabricated full pin transverse fixation device. From the sixth day onwards, the bone fragments were retracted in opposite directions at the rate 1 mm gap/day for 10 days. In group II partial tenotomy of the flexor tendons was performed on the sixth day and immobilization and retraction procedures was adopted as in group I. Sedation with xylazine followed by brachial plexus block was found satisfactory for the surgical manipulations. Increase in rectal temperature, pulse rate and respiration rate was noticed following surgery but the increase was within normal range in both the groups. The total erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, and packed cell volume increased whereas the haemoglobin concentration was seen reduced in both the groups following surgery but the changes were within normal limits. Initially there was increase in neutrophil count with relative reduction in lymphocyte count. There was decrease in eosinophil count, but was within normal range. The variations in monocyte and basophil counts were only marginal in both the groups. All the animals were able to get up unassisted and were able to walk with limping within 24 h after surgery. They were able to bear weight on the limb within 24 h to three days, though there was favouring of the limb with too pointing. Oedema was observed in all the animals and was more evident in those animals where there was infection. In a few animals the complications such as angulation of the limb due to displacement of bone fragments, infection at the fracture site and pin tracts and loosening of pins were noticed. The functional status of the limb was not altered in those animals where complications were not noticed. Radiographically radiodense zone on the cut edges of the fractured fragments was noticed by 15th postoperative day, evidence of osseous callus by 30th postoperative day and visible callus with a gap at the centre by 45th postoperative day. The bone fragments were seen firmly fixed with a well developed callus and histological examination of the callus revealed the presence of fibrous tissue proliferation and osseous trabaculae indicating formation of a new bone. The length of the operated metacarpal bone was seen increased by 0.6 to 1.0 cm when compared to the opposite normal metacarpal bone. In the present study, the locally fabricated full pin transverse fixator used was found satisfactory for the lengthening procedures. It facilitated traction and provided rigid immobilization for the fragments. The calves tolerated the fixator well. There was no damage to the fixator during the period of observation.

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