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Open Access
Tracheal reconstruction in dogs under acepromazine - thiopental anaesthesia
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1995) Angamuthu, Jayasudha; KAU; Ravindran Nayar, S
The experiment was conducted on twelve, apparently healthy, adult, nondescript dogs of either sex, divided into two groups, viz., Group 1 and Group 11, each consisting of six animals. Circumferential resection of two adjacent tracheal rings of the cervical trachea was performed and the trachea was reconstructed by end – to – end anastomosis in the animals of Group 1 and with Marlex mesh prosthesis in the animals of Group 11. All the animals were premedicated with acepromazine maleate IM, and anaesthesia was induced by 2.5 per cent solution of thiopentone sodium IV. Induction of anaesthesia was complete by 3.26 + 0.10 minutes, duration of surgical anaesthesia was 65.00 + 3.29 minutes and time for recovery was 192.91 + 13.68 minutes. Variation in the physiological and haematological parameters during anaesthesia were not significant. In Group 1, all the animals had normal respiratory function throughout the period of observation, following surgery. In Group 11, all the animals, except one, developed severe complications and died within one to four weeks postoperatively. Only one dog survived in this group and was sacrificed on the 45th postoperative day. During the postoperative period, the rectal temperature did not show marked variations in both the groups. The pulse and respiration rates showed an initial increase in Group 1. However in Group 11, marked decrease in pulse rate and increase in respiration rate was noticed. Hemogram on the different postoperative days showed an increase in the total leucocyte count in both the groups, and increase in monocyte and eosinophil count in Group 11. Radiography on different postoperative days in Group 1 demonstrated that there was no reduction in the size of the tracheal lumen at the site of anastomosis in five of the six animals. In Group 11, radiography revealed a progressive reduction in the size of the tracheal lumen at the site of reconstruction in four animals, and only slight reduction in one dog on the 45th postoperative day. At autopsy, gross examination of the trachea at the site of anastomosis in Group 1 showed mild to moderate adhesions to the adjacent tissue and there was no reduction in the size of the tracheal lumen in five of the six dogs of this group. In animals of Group 11, dense adhesion between the site of reconstruction and adjacent tissue was observed. The mesh was fully incorporated at the site of reconstruction in five of the six animals. One animal had shown anastomotic dehiscence. Almost complete occlusion of the trachea by overgrowth of tissue was observed in four animals and slight reduction in the tracheal lumen in one animal. Histopathology at the site of anastomosis in Group 1 revealed complete healing of all the layers of the trachea by the 30th postoperative day. In Group 11, tracheal stenosis was associated with ingrowth of granulation tissue in four animals. The mesh was infiltrated by fibrous tissue in five of the six animals. Epithelium was seen lining the prosthesis on the 45th postoperative day.
Open Access
Comparison of crushing and modified gambee techniques for intestinal anastomosis in dogs under xylazine anaesthesia
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 1995) Venkatesan, C; KAU; Abraham Varkey, C
The study was conducted on 12 apparently healthy, adult mongrel dogs of either sex, dived in to two groups viz, group I and group II, each consisting of 6 dogs. All the animals were pre-mediacated with diazepam at the rate of 1 mg/kg bodyweight intravenous and anaesthetized with intramascular administration of xylazine hydrochloride at the rate of 2 mg/kg bodyweight. In the animals of group I and to end intestinal anaestomosis was performed with crushing pattern of suturing and in the animals of group II end to end intestinal anastomosis was performed with modified Gambee pattern of suturing. The anesthetic technique was satisfactory for the surgical procedure in all the animals . The induction tome for anaesthesia was 15.50 + 1.00 minutes. THe anaesthetic effect persisted for about 48.25-1.10 minutes. The abdominal muscle relaxation and analgesic effect were found satisfactory. The recovery period was 30.00 + 1.50 minutes and was smooth and uneventful. The time required to perform anastomosis using crushing and modified gambee techniques were 26.30 + 1.40 and 35.70 + 0.87 respectively. The average number of sutures used in both techniques were 15. In both groups, animals well tolerated food in the immediate post-operative days. However, one animal in group I and three animals from group II, had vomition immediately after consumption of milk at 12 hours post – operatively. Physiological and haemotological parameters did not reveal any significant variation. In both the groups , post operative lateral and ventrodorsal radiographs showed free passage of contrast medium (Barium Sulphate) upto the terminal colon. There was no evidence of anastomotic leakage and proximal distension in both the groups. Autopsy findings revealed that all the animals had adhesion at the anastomotic site with omentum. Adhesion to adjacent intestinal serosal surface were observed in one animal in each group . Gross evaluation of the adominal cavity revealed a low-grade peritonitis in one animal of group I on 3rd post surgical day. The Luminal stenosis of the anastomotic site revealed, maximum luminal stenosis (47.83%) at 7th post –operative days and minimum (21.74%) at 28th day following crushing pattern. In modified Gambee pattern, the maximum luminal stenosis (42.85%) was noticed at 5th and 7th post –operative days and minimum stenosis (7.32%) at 28th day. The luminal stenosis did not produce any clinical symptom in any of the dogs in both the groups. Angiograms of early post – operative day (5th day) showed diffused, avascular zone at the anastomotic site in both the techniques. Eventhourgh, there was commencement of proliferation of vessels and its invasion into anastomotic site by 14th day in the crushing anastomosis, normal vascularity and its crossing over could not be observed till 28th day, where as the modified gambee anastomosis showed proliferation and crossing over of fine arterioles by 28th day. Histological examination demonstrated that in crushing anastomosis comparatively moderate inflammatory reaction with predominance of mononuclears and few polymorphs on the 3rd day, but from 14th day there was only mild inflammatory reaction which which persisted upto 28th day. In modified Gambee technique, only mild reaction was seen on the early post opestive days and it subsided by 21st day. Rapid regeneration of epithelium was noticed in the modified Gambee (7th day) than the crushing technique. On the 28th day, in both the techniques all layers appeared in good apposition with proliferation of connective tissue on the muscular, subserosal and submucosal layers.
Open Access
Processed aortic allografts for oesophagoplasty in dogs
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Balagopalan, T P; KAU; Muraleedharan Nayar, K N
The study was conducted with the objectives of a. Preparation, preservation and evaluation of chrome/ glutaraldehyde cross linked aortic tissue of dogs and to compare the relative acceptability and efficacy of them for cervical oesophagoplasty in dogs, and b. Evaluation of modified pharyngostomy feeding method and its effect on healing at cervical oesophagoplasty site in dogs. The experiment was conducted in thirty, apparently healthy, adult, nondescript dogs of either sex weighing 9-13 kg. The animals were randomly divided into three groups viz.,, group I, II and III. Group II and III were subdivided into two subgroups each, namely IIA, IIB and iilA, IIIB. Group I and the subgroups consisted of six animals each. Animals of group I were subjected to sham operation. Cervical oesophagoplasty using chrome processed aortic allograft and glutaraldehyde processed aortic allograft were performed in animals of group II and III respectively. Pharyngostomy tube feeding was instituted in three animals of group I and all animals of subgroups IIB and IIIB. Tissue samples of thoracic aorta harvested from dogs, processed and crosslinked with chromic sulfate and glutaraldehyde were used as graft materials. Chrome processed aorta showed better biomechanical qualities except for tensile strength than glutaraldehyde processed aorta. The grafts had fairly good handling qualities and shelf life. All the animals were premedicated with triflupromazine hydrochloride and anaesthetized using thiopentone sodium to effect. Wound, oval in shape measuring 3-4 cm long and l/3rd of the circumference of the oesophagus was created in all experimental animals. Oesophagoplasty was performed by fixing the graft material over the defect using 5-0 braided silk thread and continuous lock stitch sutures. Left side' pharyngostomy was performed in 15 dogs. Suitably designed siliconised catheter made up of modified polyvinyl chloride with an attached X-ray opaque line was used as pharyngostomy tube. The tube was kept in situ for a period of 15 days postoperatively for administration of fluid diet. The animals were kept under observation for varying periods of 15, 30 and 60 days postoperatively. The animals of subgroups IIB and IIIB became alert and active earlier than that of IIA and IIIA. At the cervical region, the operated site showed mild inflammatory reaction by 1-2 days postoperatively in all animals. The sutures were removed after normal healing by 7-8th day in all animals except one each in subgroup IIA and IIIB, where it was removed on the 10th day. Mild bleeding while performing pharyngostomy (one dog) and moderate pain and slight swelling around the pharyngostomy tube entrance site (3 dogs) were observed in subgroup IIB. One animal in subgroup IIIB showed severe inflammatory oedema around the tube entrance site. Tolerance of pharyngostomy tube was excellent in 13 dogs. The pharyngostomy wound healed completely by 14-15th day after removal of the tube in all the dogs. All the animals started feeding on liquid food by seventh day postoperatively in subgroups IIA and IIIA following hyperalimentation via intravenous route and by 15th day in subgroups IIB and IIIB following hyperalimentation via pharyngostomy tube. They maintained normal apetite and feeding habits thereafter during the period of observation. Mild swelling at the operated site while swallowing (3 dogs) and vomiting (one dog) were noticed among the animals of subgroup IIA and IIIA. Initial tube obstruction during first feeding (6 dogs), vomiting after first feeding (2 dogs) and mild diarrhoea (one dog) were observed among animals of subgroup IIB and IIIB.
Open Access
Treatment of fracture of metacarpus in calves using autogenous rib graft
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1994) Syam, K Venugopal; KAU; Jalaluddin
The present study was conducted on 12 apparently healthy, crossbred male calves six to twelve months of age and weighing 50 to 80 kg, divided into two groups of six animals each (Group A and B). A transversa mid shaft fracture was created on the right metacarpus by open method under sedation with Triflupromazine hydrochloride at the rate of 0.25 mg/kg body weight IM and diazepam at the rate of 0.20 mg/kg body weight IV followed by local infiltration analgesia using two percent solution of lignocaine hydrochloride. In group A, the fracture was reduced and the fragments were retained in position by placing two freshly cropped autogenous rib grafts subperiosteally, one on the anterior aspect and the other on the posterior aspect of the metacarpus. The grafts were fixed in position by hemicerclage wiring using stainless steel wires at two places. The limb was immobilized with four cotton padded bamboo splints and plaster of paris cast. In group B, the fracture was reduced and the wounds were sutured. The limb was immobilised with four cotton padded bamboo splints and plaster of paris cast. A sham operation was performed on the left metacarpal region on the same day by incising the skin upto the periosteum and suturing it. By the end of the second week, all the animals could get up and lie down without assistance. Four animals of Group A and three animals of Group B started bearing weight on the fractured limb from varying periods. Favouring of the fractured limb, limping and nodding of the head were observed in all the animals. Pawing action with the fractured limb and stumbling were observed in two animals each from both the groups. Dragging of the toes was observed only in one animal, in group B. Infection and suppuration at the suture line was observed in one animal of group A. Plaster of paris cast remained intact throughout the period of observation in all the animals. One animal from group A and four animals from group B required reinforcement of plaster cast. Marked displacement of the distal fragment was noticed in one animal each in Group A and B. But deviation of the distal fragment at the fracture site was observed in one animal of Group A and four animals of Group B. Grafts were in position in all the animals throughout the the period of observation. They became radiographically indistinguishable from fourth week onwards. Radiographically visible callus was found by the third week in group A and by the first week in group B. Partial obliteration of the fracture gap was observed by the end of fourth week in both the groups. Fractured bone cropped after two weeks revealed mobility between the fragments in both the groups. The bones cropped after four weeks showed well developed callus uniting the fragments and there was no mobility at the fracture site in both the groups. The callus developed at the end of six weeks and four weeks were grossly similar in both the groups. Histological examination of the callus cropped at second week in group A revealed periosteal and capillary proliferation along with new trabecular bone formation around the graft site. In group B, fibrous tissue proliferation exceeded trabecular new bone formation. The callus cropped at fourth week in group A revealed extensive areas of graft vascularisation and zones of new bone formation. In group B, cartilage formation was seen along with zones of new bone formation and fibrous tissue proliferation. Replacement of the graft tissue with proliferating blood vessels, osseous tissue and connective tissue were observed in the callus cropped from the animals of group A, at the end of six weeks. In group B, well developed internal callus, extensive periosteal callus, proliferation of fibrous tissue and trabecular ossification centres were observed. Fibrocartilage was noticed in the callus in one animal of group B.
Open Access
General anasthesia in dogs with Tiletamine-Zolazepam
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 1995) Rajankutty, K; KAU; Muraleedharan, Nair K N
The present study was undertaken to findout the efficacy of tiletamine – zolazepam alone and with xylazine premedication for anaesthesia in dogs and to evaluate the systemic changes consequent on the administration of these drugs. The experimental study was conducted on 36 adult non- descript dogs of either sex. The animals were randomly divided into two groups, (Group I and II ) consisting of 18 animals each. Each group was further divided into three subgroups, viz A, B and C, consisting of six animals each. Atopine sulphate (0.04 mg/kg bodyweight) was administered IM 15 minutes prior to the administration of the experimental drugs in all the dogs. Tiletamine – zolazepam (T-Z) combination was administered IM at the rate of 5mg, 10 mg and 15 mg/kg bodyweight in the subgroups IA, IB and IC respectively. Xylazine at the rate of 0.5 mg/kg bodyweight and 15 later, T-Z combination at the rate of 5 mg, 10 mg and 15mg/kg bodyweight were administered IM in the subgroups IIA , IIB and IIC respectively. The induction time was 6.17 + 1.01 min, 4.33 + 0.21 min and 4.33 + 0.49 min in subgroups IA, IB and IC respectively, and 3.33 + 0.62 min, 3.17 + 0.48 min and 2.83 + 0.54 min in subgroups IIA, IIB and IIC respectively. Increase in the dose of T-Z reduced the induction time and premedication with xylazine further reduced the induction time and induction was smooth. The onset of effect of tiletamine – zolazepm was characterized by the winking of eyes, yawning, licking and protrusion of tongue. The eyes remained open and pupils were slightly dilated. The palpebral and pedal reflexes and swallowing movements were not abolished. Salivation was scanty in both the groups. In the animals of group II the eyes were partially closed and palpebral and pedal reflexes were abolished but the swallowing movements were not. Protrusion of tongue, though present, was not to the extent that was observed in the animals of group I. Rhythmic side to side head movements were noticed during induction in all the animals of group I but not in animals of Group II. The duration of anaesthesia was 33.67 +5.88 min, 57.83 + 6.17 min, and 89.00 +2.86 min in subgroups IA, IB and IC respectively, whereas it was for 49.67 + 6.643 min, 105.17 + 10.31 min AND 125.83 + 10.78 min in subgroups IIA, IIB and IIC respectively. An increase in the dose of tiletamine – zolazepam had prolonged the duration of anaesthesia and premedication with xylazine produced still longer duration of anaesthesia. The jaw musculature maintained the tonus with the lower doses of tiletamine – zolazepm, but at 15 mg/kg bodyweight, the jaw muscles, though not fully relaxed, permitted endotracheal intubation. Administration of tiletamine – zolazepam with xylazine resulted in relaxation of the jaw muscles and permitted endotracheal intubation. Relaxation of the abdominal muscles was moderate to good when tiletamine – zolazepam alone was administered, whereas it was excellent with xylazine premedication. Administration of tiletamine – zolazepam alone was found insufficient for carrying out surgical procedures, but with xylazine premedication muscle relaxation and analgesia was satisfactory. The recovery time was 111.50 + 14.53 min, 116.50 + 10.46 min and 180.33 + 10.57 min in subgroups IA,IB and IC respectively, and it was 160.00 + 17.70 min, 180.00 + 14.94 min and 181.06 + 12.82 min in subgroups IIA, IIB and IIC respectively. Increase in the dose of tiletamine – zolazepam had delayed recovery and xylazine premedication delayed it still further. During recovery, paddling and vocalization were common in dogs of group I but not in dogs of group II. Reduction in rectal temperature was observed only in animals of subgroups IB and IC and in all the animals of Group II. Marked increase in pulse rate was observed in group I than in Group II. Respiration rate was decreased in both the groups. A mild increase in diastolic pressure was observed in Group I. The systolic and diastolic pressure were seen decreased in Group II. The changes in the coagulation time of blood was within the normal limits in both the groups. Increase in heart rate with depression of T-wave, biphasic T-wave and spiking of T-wave were the changes in electrocardiogram. But the changes were corrected spontaneously. There was slight decrease in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in animals of group I but there was no change in Group II. Reduction in the packed cell volume was observed in both the groups, but it was more, after xylazine premedication. Slight decrease in haemoglobin concentration was noticed in subgroup IC. But there was no change in Group II. Decrease in total erythrocyte count was noticed in both the group and the decrease was more when premedicated with xylazine. The total leukocyte count was seen increased in subgroup IA and IB but it was seen decreased in subgroup IC, but there was no change in group II. Decrease in lymphocyte count with increase in neutrophil count was observed in subgroups IA and IIA. In subgroups IB and IC there were increase in lymphocyte count with decrease in neutrophil count, but in subgroups IIB and IIC a decrease or no alteration in the count of lymphocytes was observed. Monocyte and eosinophil counts were increased and the basophil count remained insignificant. There was marked increase in the serum glucose value following the the administration of tiletamine – zolazepam and with xylazine premedication the increase was more. No significant change was observed in the serum electrolytes (Na+, K+, and Cl-), total serum protein content and serum urea nitrogen value in both the groups. Slight increase in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values were observed in Group I,and in Group II there was increase in AST value, but the ALT value decreased initially and was followed by an increase. Histopathological examination of liver revealed cloudy swelling and mild fatty changes and kidney revealed cystic dilation of the renal tubules along with focal areas of nephrosis.
Open Access
Comparative study of healing of fracture of metacarpus in calves using different external immobilisation methods
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 1990) Kalyani, Biswas; KAU; Muraleedharan, Nayar K N
The study was conducted on 18 crossbred male calves divided in three groups of six animals each. Under local anaesthesia (ring block) fracture was created at the midshaft region of the large metacarpal and was reduced. The limb was immobilized with (i) plaster of paris cast (Group A), (ii) transfixation apparatus and plaster of paris cast (group B) and (iii) cast using freshly prepared gum and bandgage (group C). The animals were kept under observation upto six weeks. One animal from each group was sacrificed at the second week and fourth week, and the remaining animals at the sixth week. Oedema was observed distal to the cast in two animals each in Group A and C and four animals in Group B. Pointing of the toes was noticed in three animals of group A, two animals of group B and one animal of Group C. Dragging of the toes was noticed in three animals each of group A and C. All the animals, except one from Group A, were bearing weight on the limb and could get up and lie down unassisted by the first week. Four animals of group A, two animals of group B and three animals of Group C favoured the limb throughout the period. In group A and B, the plaster cast remained intact throughout the period of observation in one animal, had to be changed once in three animals and twice in two animals. In group C, the cast remained intact throughout the period of observation in three animals and was changed once in three animals. Radiodense area was observed at the fracture site in one animal by the first week, in four animals of each group by the second week and in all animals except one by the third week and in all the animals by the fourth week. The fracture line had become less district in one animal of group A, two animals of Group B and one animal of group C by the third week. Ossification of the callus was noticed in all the animals by the fourth week. The fracture line was less distinct in all the animals of Group A, three animals of group B and two animals of Group C. Ossification of the callus and its union was noticed by the fifth week in all the animals except one animal of Group C. However, in group B, ossification was more extensive. Partial obliteration of the fracture line was seen in all except three animals. Extensive ossification of the callus with continuity between the callus of the two fragments and partial obliteration of the fracture line was observed in all the animals, except one animal of Group C by sixth week. The fractured bone cropped after two weeks revealed that in Group A, the fragments were separate and there was mobility at the fracture site but in Group B and C , mobility was less. Soft callus between the fragments and restricted mobility at the fracture site was noticed in the bones cropped at four weeks in animals of all the groups. The callus was well developed and the fragments were firmly fixed by the callus in the bones cropped at six weeks, I all animals of groups A and B and in three animals of Group C. Microscopic examination of the callus at two weeks revealed periosteal and capillary proliferation with zones of necrosis of cortical bone at the fracture site in Group A. In group B and C, the proliferative changes were more marked along with zones of ossification. The callus cropped at four weeks, revealed marked connective tissue and capillary proliferation along with zones of ossification and formation of trabeculae in Group A and C, and in Group B ossification was more extensive. Extensive ossification and interconnected trabeculae continous with the cortical bone was observed in the callus cropped at six weeks in all the three groups. Zones of hyaline cartilage were observed in the callus in the animals of Group A and one animal of Group B and Zone of suppuration in one animal of Group C. Suppuration at the suture line involving the callus and fracture site was observed in one animal of Group C. Partial displacement of the fragments after immobilization was noticed in two animals of group A, three animals of Group B and four animals of Group C.
Open Access
Surgical management of experimentally induced coxo-femoral luxation in calves
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Dinesh, P T; KAU; Sarada Amma, T
The present study was conducted to evolve a suitable technique which can be adopted under field conditions for the management of coxofemoral luxation in calves and to compare the efficacy of open and closed reduction in the treatment. The study was conducted in 12 male crossbred cal~es in which coxofemorpl luxation was induced under anaesthesia. Two methods of treatment were adopted in two groups of six animals each. In one group open reduction was performed under anaesthesia and the femoral head was fixed in position by the application of an extra articular sling using cortical screws and orthopaedic wires. In the second group, after closed reduction under anaesthesia, immobilisation was effected by the fixation of two Steinmann pins at the greater trochanter through the wing of ilium and tuber ischii an~ connecting the exposed portions of the pins by an external connecting assembly. All the animals were able to get up and lie down without assistance after correction and partially bear weight on the operated limb from the day of surgery itself. Complete weight bearing while standing was noticed in all the animals in two to four days t i.me • Dragging of toe was observed upt o fourth day in animals in which open reduction was performed whereas in other group it was observed upto 23 days. The difficulty encountered in closed reducti9n group was the inability to identify the status of reduction for which radiograph was taken. Open reduction with inunobilisation using screws and wires produced firm seating of femoral head in the acetabulum. The respiration rate, pulse rate and rectal temperature showed an increase within the normal range in all the animals. variations in haematological values were indicative of stress and inflammation subsequent to surgery. Radiographic studies during the period of observation confirmed the position of femoral head in the acetabulum and the absence of recurrence. Gross morphological examination of the hip joint revealed satisfactory healing and absence of local complications. The technique of closed reduction along with external fixation was satisfactory for reduction and immobilization in coxofemoral luxation in calves.
Open Access
Xylazine anaesthesia in calves with diazepam premedication
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1993) Regi Varghese George, P; KAU; Rajankutty, K
The study was undertaken to find out the efficacy of xylazine alone and xylazine in combination with diazepam for anaesthesia in calves and to evaluate the haematological and systemic changes consequent on administration of these drugs. The experimental study was conducted on 24 apparantly healthy crossbread calves aged six to twelve months and weighing 47 to 80kg . They were divided into two groups viz.,group I and group II and each group was further divided into two subgroups viz., A and B consisting of six animals each. Xylazine was administered IM at the rate of 0.20mg and 0.30 mg/kg bodyweight in subgroups I A and IB respectively. Diazepam at the rate of 1.0mg/kg bodyweight and 15min. later xylazine at the rate of 0.20mg and 0.30 mg/kg bodyweight were administered IM in subgroups II A and II B respectively. The induction time was 8.50 + 1.47 min and 4.67 + 0.56 min in subgroups I A and I B respectively, whereas it was 8.67 + 1.71 min and 3.33 + 0.77 min in subgroups IIA and II B respectively. The clinical signs of anaesthesia generally observed in these animals were incoordination of movements, assumption of sterna recumbency, salivation, protrusion of tongue, assumption of lateral recumbency, drooping of eyelids, twitching and dropping of ears, bellowing, deviation of eyeball, flaccidity of the tail and relaxation of abdominal muscles. Palpebral reflex was sluggish in all the subgroups except in subgroup II B wherein it was absent. Response to pinprick though sluggish, was noticed in group I whereas insensititivity to pinprick was noticed in group II. Duration of anaesthesia was 107.17 + 5.22 min and 115.67 + 10.03 min in subgroups I A and I B, whereas it was 199.83 + 36.55 min and 390.33 + 61.31 min in subgroups IIA and II B respectively. Increase in the doses of xylazine had prolonged the duration of anesthesia. Premedication with diazepam had still further prolonged the duration of anaesthesia. Sedation was good enough in all the groups for preparing and handling the animals for surgery. During laparotomy, in animals where xylazine alone was administered symptoms of pain were observed, but to a lesser extent with the higher dose. When premedicated with diazepam, incising and suturing of skin did not cause pain, but incising and suturing muscles and peritoneum caused pain. The animals did not exhibit signs of pain or swelling at the site of injection following xylazine injection, but diazepam injection was found painful. All the animals resumed feeding and drinking soon after recovery, but they were dull for varying periods from three to twenty four hours. Decrease in rectal temperature and pulse rate was observed in both the groups, which gradually became normal. Decrease in respiration rate was observed in group I whereas in group II, there was increase in respiration rate. In subgroup II B, the respiration was jerky and abdominal. Electrocardiogram revealed decreased heart rate in both the groups after the administration of xylazine. Decrease in total erythrocyte and leukocyte counts was observed in both the groups, which gradually became normal. A slight neutropenia with lymphocytosis was evident when xylazine alone was administered. When xylazine was combined with diazepam neutrophilia with lymphocytopenia was observed. Marked variation in monocyte, eosinophil and basophil counts were not observed in both the groups. Reduction in packed cell volume, decrease in haemoglobin concentration and slight increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate were observed in both the groups. Serum sodium and potassium concentration did not show any marked variation, whereas serum chloride concentration recorded an increase in both the groups. The total serum protein content decreased in both the groups and serum glutamic pyruvic transminase value recorded slight increase. There was marked increase in blood glucose value in both the groups. From the study it was found that : (i) administration of xylazine alone did not result in analgesia good enough to perform major surgical operations and (ii) premedication with diazepam was found to deepen the effect of sedation to a considerable extent. It would be desirable to resort to local infiltration or regional block also, for complete analgesia for major surgical operations.
Open Access
Evaluation of the efficacy of diaphragmatic and omental transplants at the gastroesophageal junction in dogs
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Sarada Amma, T; KAU; Muraleedharan Nayar, K N
The study was undertaken with the objectives of designing a surgical approach to the gastroesophageal region in dogs and to evaluate the efficacy of diaphragmatic and omental grafting at the gastroesophageal myotomy site. The study was conducted in 30 adult dogs of either sex divided into five groups of six animals each. The animals were premedicated with atropine sulphace (0.04 mg/kg body weight) and xylazine (0.5 mg/kg body weight) IM. Anaesthesia was induced and maintained with five per cent solution of thiopentone sodium to effect. Induction of anaesthesia and recovery was smooth and uneventful and the duration was satisfactory. Respiratory arrest observed in a few animals could be corrected except in one and respiration was maintained with respiration pump or Boyles' Tec anaesthetic apparatus. Gastroesophageal myotomy was performed through left side thoracotomy with resection of eighth rib in animals of Group I and by laparotomy, through the 12th intercostal space with resection of 12th rib in animals of Group 11, to study the suitability of surgical approaches. Abdominal approach adopted in Group II was found suitable for experimental approach and was adopted in animals of Groups III, IV and V. In the animals of Groups III, IV and V gastroesophageal myotomy was performed and the myotomy edges were sutured to the overlying portion of diaphragm in Group III, to a deflected portion of diaphragmatic pedicle graft in Group IV and to a deflected portion of omental pedicle graft in Group V. The animals were kept under observation for 21 days post operatively and observed for physiological changes, clinical signs, haematologic, radiographic and electrocardiogram changes. Physiological parameters showed a significant decrease in rectal temperature upto 90th min after surgery and significant increase in pulse and respiration rate upto 24 h. All the animals were alert and active throughout the period of observation. Feed intake and swallowing was normal. Skin wound had healed without complications in all the animals. Haemogram showed normal haemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and packed cell volume throughout the period of observation in all the animals. Erythrocyte count was within normal range in all the animals except for a transient decrease in Group I and leucocyte count showed an increase in Group V. An increase in neutrophil count was observed on the 7th and 14th day in Groups III and V with a corresponding decrease in lymphocyte count. Monocyte count was normal in all the animals and oesinophil count showed a decrease in Group I. The values returned to normal range by 21st day in all the animals. The electrocardiogram changes observed during surgery and in post operative period were spontaneously corrected. Contrast radiography of the oesophagus and stomach revealed normal emptying and absence of leakage. Narrowing' of the caudal end of thoracic oesophagus along with dilatation of the stomach was observed in one animal and dilatation of stomach alone was observed in two animals. Contrast radiography of the autopsy specimen of oesophagus and stomach of one animal each from Group I and 11 revealed increased width of gastroesophageal region and an outpouching of the stomach at the greater curvature. Gross morphological examination on autopsy in Group I revealed adhesion of lung with thoracic wall, diaphragm and oesophagus, congestion and consolidation of lung, collapse of the lung lobes and mediastinial pleuritis in a few animals. Fibrous tissue covering over the caudal end of thoracic oesophagus was also seen in two animals. Adhesion of omentum with abdominal wall and diaphragm was the autopsy changes noticed in Group 11. Oesophagus was normal in size in all the animals except in one animal where slight narrowing at the caudal end was observed. Increased width at the gastroesophageal region was evident in all the animals. An outpouching at the greater curvature of the stomach was seen in all animals except three where slight dilation and flaccidity of the stomach was noticed. The myotomy site was thin in Groups I, II and V. In Groups III, the portion of diaphragm sutured to the myotomy wound was firmly adherent with it and in Group IV, the diaphragm pedicle graft sutured to the myotomy wound has healed and was firmly adherent to the myotomy site. In Group V, the omental pedicle graft sutured to the myotomy site has healed completely and was indistinguishable. On histological examination no sign of inflammation was noticed in the mucosa and submucosa. . At the myotomy site fibrovascular connective tissue proliferation was observed in all the groups. In Groups III and IV peripheral to the fibrovascular connective tissue,the fascicles of diaphragmatic muscle fibrils were observed. In Group V beneath the thin fibrovascular layer infiltration of plasma cells, lymphocytes, macrophages and a few neutrophils were observed extending into the stroma and lamina propria. A layer of fibrous connective tissue was observed as the outermost layer over the thin fibrovascular layer and contained a few fat cells in one animal.

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