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Tracheal reconstruction in dogs under acepromazine - thiopental anaesthesia
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1995) Angamuthu, Jayasudha; KAU; Ravindran Nayar, S
The experiment was conducted on twelve, apparently healthy, adult, nondescript dogs of either sex, divided into two groups, viz., Group 1 and Group 11, each consisting of six animals. Circumferential resection of two adjacent tracheal rings of the cervical trachea was performed and the trachea was reconstructed by end – to – end anastomosis in the animals of Group 1 and with Marlex mesh prosthesis in the animals of Group 11. All the animals were premedicated with acepromazine maleate IM, and anaesthesia was induced by 2.5 per cent solution of thiopentone sodium IV. Induction of anaesthesia was complete by 3.26 + 0.10 minutes, duration of surgical anaesthesia was 65.00 + 3.29 minutes and time for recovery was 192.91 + 13.68 minutes. Variation in the physiological and haematological parameters during anaesthesia were not significant. In Group 1, all the animals had normal respiratory function throughout the period of observation, following surgery. In Group 11, all the animals, except one, developed severe complications and died within one to four weeks postoperatively. Only one dog survived in this group and was sacrificed on the 45th postoperative day. During the postoperative period, the rectal temperature did not show marked variations in both the groups. The pulse and respiration rates showed an initial increase in Group 1. However in Group 11, marked decrease in pulse rate and increase in respiration rate was noticed. Hemogram on the different postoperative days showed an increase in the total leucocyte count in both the groups, and increase in monocyte and eosinophil count in Group 11. Radiography on different postoperative days in Group 1 demonstrated that there was no reduction in the size of the tracheal lumen at the site of anastomosis in five of the six animals. In Group 11, radiography revealed a progressive reduction in the size of the tracheal lumen at the site of reconstruction in four animals, and only slight reduction in one dog on the 45th postoperative day. At autopsy, gross examination of the trachea at the site of anastomosis in Group 1 showed mild to moderate adhesions to the adjacent tissue and there was no reduction in the size of the tracheal lumen in five of the six dogs of this group. In animals of Group 11, dense adhesion between the site of reconstruction and adjacent tissue was observed. The mesh was fully incorporated at the site of reconstruction in five of the six animals. One animal had shown anastomotic dehiscence. Almost complete occlusion of the trachea by overgrowth of tissue was observed in four animals and slight reduction in the tracheal lumen in one animal. Histopathology at the site of anastomosis in Group 1 revealed complete healing of all the layers of the trachea by the 30th postoperative day. In Group 11, tracheal stenosis was associated with ingrowth of granulation tissue in four animals. The mesh was infiltrated by fibrous tissue in five of the six animals. Epithelium was seen lining the prosthesis on the 45th postoperative day.
Open Access
Comparison of crushing and modified gambee techniques for intestinal anastomosis in dogs under xylazine anaesthesia
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 1995) Venkatesan, C; KAU; Abraham Varkey, C
The study was conducted on 12 apparently healthy, adult mongrel dogs of either sex, dived in to two groups viz, group I and group II, each consisting of 6 dogs. All the animals were pre-mediacated with diazepam at the rate of 1 mg/kg bodyweight intravenous and anaesthetized with intramascular administration of xylazine hydrochloride at the rate of 2 mg/kg bodyweight. In the animals of group I and to end intestinal anaestomosis was performed with crushing pattern of suturing and in the animals of group II end to end intestinal anastomosis was performed with modified Gambee pattern of suturing. The anesthetic technique was satisfactory for the surgical procedure in all the animals . The induction tome for anaesthesia was 15.50 + 1.00 minutes. THe anaesthetic effect persisted for about 48.25-1.10 minutes. The abdominal muscle relaxation and analgesic effect were found satisfactory. The recovery period was 30.00 + 1.50 minutes and was smooth and uneventful. The time required to perform anastomosis using crushing and modified gambee techniques were 26.30 + 1.40 and 35.70 + 0.87 respectively. The average number of sutures used in both techniques were 15. In both groups, animals well tolerated food in the immediate post-operative days. However, one animal in group I and three animals from group II, had vomition immediately after consumption of milk at 12 hours post – operatively. Physiological and haemotological parameters did not reveal any significant variation. In both the groups , post operative lateral and ventrodorsal radiographs showed free passage of contrast medium (Barium Sulphate) upto the terminal colon. There was no evidence of anastomotic leakage and proximal distension in both the groups. Autopsy findings revealed that all the animals had adhesion at the anastomotic site with omentum. Adhesion to adjacent intestinal serosal surface were observed in one animal in each group . Gross evaluation of the adominal cavity revealed a low-grade peritonitis in one animal of group I on 3rd post surgical day. The Luminal stenosis of the anastomotic site revealed, maximum luminal stenosis (47.83%) at 7th post –operative days and minimum (21.74%) at 28th day following crushing pattern. In modified Gambee pattern, the maximum luminal stenosis (42.85%) was noticed at 5th and 7th post –operative days and minimum stenosis (7.32%) at 28th day. The luminal stenosis did not produce any clinical symptom in any of the dogs in both the groups. Angiograms of early post – operative day (5th day) showed diffused, avascular zone at the anastomotic site in both the techniques. Eventhourgh, there was commencement of proliferation of vessels and its invasion into anastomotic site by 14th day in the crushing anastomosis, normal vascularity and its crossing over could not be observed till 28th day, where as the modified gambee anastomosis showed proliferation and crossing over of fine arterioles by 28th day. Histological examination demonstrated that in crushing anastomosis comparatively moderate inflammatory reaction with predominance of mononuclears and few polymorphs on the 3rd day, but from 14th day there was only mild inflammatory reaction which which persisted upto 28th day. In modified Gambee technique, only mild reaction was seen on the early post opestive days and it subsided by 21st day. Rapid regeneration of epithelium was noticed in the modified Gambee (7th day) than the crushing technique. On the 28th day, in both the techniques all layers appeared in good apposition with proliferation of connective tissue on the muscular, subserosal and submucosal layers.
Open Access
Treatment of fracture of metacarpus in calves using autogenous rib graft
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1994) Syam, K Venugopal; KAU; Jalaluddin
The present study was conducted on 12 apparently healthy, crossbred male calves six to twelve months of age and weighing 50 to 80 kg, divided into two groups of six animals each (Group A and B). A transversa mid shaft fracture was created on the right metacarpus by open method under sedation with Triflupromazine hydrochloride at the rate of 0.25 mg/kg body weight IM and diazepam at the rate of 0.20 mg/kg body weight IV followed by local infiltration analgesia using two percent solution of lignocaine hydrochloride. In group A, the fracture was reduced and the fragments were retained in position by placing two freshly cropped autogenous rib grafts subperiosteally, one on the anterior aspect and the other on the posterior aspect of the metacarpus. The grafts were fixed in position by hemicerclage wiring using stainless steel wires at two places. The limb was immobilized with four cotton padded bamboo splints and plaster of paris cast. In group B, the fracture was reduced and the wounds were sutured. The limb was immobilised with four cotton padded bamboo splints and plaster of paris cast. A sham operation was performed on the left metacarpal region on the same day by incising the skin upto the periosteum and suturing it. By the end of the second week, all the animals could get up and lie down without assistance. Four animals of Group A and three animals of Group B started bearing weight on the fractured limb from varying periods. Favouring of the fractured limb, limping and nodding of the head were observed in all the animals. Pawing action with the fractured limb and stumbling were observed in two animals each from both the groups. Dragging of the toes was observed only in one animal, in group B. Infection and suppuration at the suture line was observed in one animal of group A. Plaster of paris cast remained intact throughout the period of observation in all the animals. One animal from group A and four animals from group B required reinforcement of plaster cast. Marked displacement of the distal fragment was noticed in one animal each in Group A and B. But deviation of the distal fragment at the fracture site was observed in one animal of Group A and four animals of Group B. Grafts were in position in all the animals throughout the the period of observation. They became radiographically indistinguishable from fourth week onwards. Radiographically visible callus was found by the third week in group A and by the first week in group B. Partial obliteration of the fracture gap was observed by the end of fourth week in both the groups. Fractured bone cropped after two weeks revealed mobility between the fragments in both the groups. The bones cropped after four weeks showed well developed callus uniting the fragments and there was no mobility at the fracture site in both the groups. The callus developed at the end of six weeks and four weeks were grossly similar in both the groups. Histological examination of the callus cropped at second week in group A revealed periosteal and capillary proliferation along with new trabecular bone formation around the graft site. In group B, fibrous tissue proliferation exceeded trabecular new bone formation. The callus cropped at fourth week in group A revealed extensive areas of graft vascularisation and zones of new bone formation. In group B, cartilage formation was seen along with zones of new bone formation and fibrous tissue proliferation. Replacement of the graft tissue with proliferating blood vessels, osseous tissue and connective tissue were observed in the callus cropped from the animals of group A, at the end of six weeks. In group B, well developed internal callus, extensive periosteal callus, proliferation of fibrous tissue and trabecular ossification centres were observed. Fibrocartilage was noticed in the callus in one animal of group B.
Open Access
Comparative study of healing of fracture of metacarpus in calves using different external immobilisation methods
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 1990) Kalyani, Biswas; KAU; Muraleedharan, Nayar K N
The study was conducted on 18 crossbred male calves divided in three groups of six animals each. Under local anaesthesia (ring block) fracture was created at the midshaft region of the large metacarpal and was reduced. The limb was immobilized with (i) plaster of paris cast (Group A), (ii) transfixation apparatus and plaster of paris cast (group B) and (iii) cast using freshly prepared gum and bandgage (group C). The animals were kept under observation upto six weeks. One animal from each group was sacrificed at the second week and fourth week, and the remaining animals at the sixth week. Oedema was observed distal to the cast in two animals each in Group A and C and four animals in Group B. Pointing of the toes was noticed in three animals of group A, two animals of group B and one animal of Group C. Dragging of the toes was noticed in three animals each of group A and C. All the animals, except one from Group A, were bearing weight on the limb and could get up and lie down unassisted by the first week. Four animals of group A, two animals of group B and three animals of Group C favoured the limb throughout the period. In group A and B, the plaster cast remained intact throughout the period of observation in one animal, had to be changed once in three animals and twice in two animals. In group C, the cast remained intact throughout the period of observation in three animals and was changed once in three animals. Radiodense area was observed at the fracture site in one animal by the first week, in four animals of each group by the second week and in all animals except one by the third week and in all the animals by the fourth week. The fracture line had become less district in one animal of group A, two animals of Group B and one animal of group C by the third week. Ossification of the callus was noticed in all the animals by the fourth week. The fracture line was less distinct in all the animals of Group A, three animals of group B and two animals of Group C. Ossification of the callus and its union was noticed by the fifth week in all the animals except one animal of Group C. However, in group B, ossification was more extensive. Partial obliteration of the fracture line was seen in all except three animals. Extensive ossification of the callus with continuity between the callus of the two fragments and partial obliteration of the fracture line was observed in all the animals, except one animal of Group C by sixth week. The fractured bone cropped after two weeks revealed that in Group A, the fragments were separate and there was mobility at the fracture site but in Group B and C , mobility was less. Soft callus between the fragments and restricted mobility at the fracture site was noticed in the bones cropped at four weeks in animals of all the groups. The callus was well developed and the fragments were firmly fixed by the callus in the bones cropped at six weeks, I all animals of groups A and B and in three animals of Group C. Microscopic examination of the callus at two weeks revealed periosteal and capillary proliferation with zones of necrosis of cortical bone at the fracture site in Group A. In group B and C, the proliferative changes were more marked along with zones of ossification. The callus cropped at four weeks, revealed marked connective tissue and capillary proliferation along with zones of ossification and formation of trabeculae in Group A and C, and in Group B ossification was more extensive. Extensive ossification and interconnected trabeculae continous with the cortical bone was observed in the callus cropped at six weeks in all the three groups. Zones of hyaline cartilage were observed in the callus in the animals of Group A and one animal of Group B and Zone of suppuration in one animal of Group C. Suppuration at the suture line involving the callus and fracture site was observed in one animal of Group C. Partial displacement of the fragments after immobilization was noticed in two animals of group A, three animals of Group B and four animals of Group C.
Open Access
Surgical management of experimentally induced coxo-femoral luxation in calves
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Dinesh, P T; KAU; Sarada Amma, T
The present study was conducted to evolve a suitable technique which can be adopted under field conditions for the management of coxofemoral luxation in calves and to compare the efficacy of open and closed reduction in the treatment. The study was conducted in 12 male crossbred cal~es in which coxofemorpl luxation was induced under anaesthesia. Two methods of treatment were adopted in two groups of six animals each. In one group open reduction was performed under anaesthesia and the femoral head was fixed in position by the application of an extra articular sling using cortical screws and orthopaedic wires. In the second group, after closed reduction under anaesthesia, immobilisation was effected by the fixation of two Steinmann pins at the greater trochanter through the wing of ilium and tuber ischii an~ connecting the exposed portions of the pins by an external connecting assembly. All the animals were able to get up and lie down without assistance after correction and partially bear weight on the operated limb from the day of surgery itself. Complete weight bearing while standing was noticed in all the animals in two to four days t i.me • Dragging of toe was observed upt o fourth day in animals in which open reduction was performed whereas in other group it was observed upto 23 days. The difficulty encountered in closed reducti9n group was the inability to identify the status of reduction for which radiograph was taken. Open reduction with inunobilisation using screws and wires produced firm seating of femoral head in the acetabulum. The respiration rate, pulse rate and rectal temperature showed an increase within the normal range in all the animals. variations in haematological values were indicative of stress and inflammation subsequent to surgery. Radiographic studies during the period of observation confirmed the position of femoral head in the acetabulum and the absence of recurrence. Gross morphological examination of the hip joint revealed satisfactory healing and absence of local complications. The technique of closed reduction along with external fixation was satisfactory for reduction and immobilization in coxofemoral luxation in calves.
Open Access
Xylazine anaesthesia in calves with diazepam premedication
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1993) Regi Varghese George, P; KAU; Rajankutty, K
The study was undertaken to find out the efficacy of xylazine alone and xylazine in combination with diazepam for anaesthesia in calves and to evaluate the haematological and systemic changes consequent on administration of these drugs. The experimental study was conducted on 24 apparantly healthy crossbread calves aged six to twelve months and weighing 47 to 80kg . They were divided into two groups viz.,group I and group II and each group was further divided into two subgroups viz., A and B consisting of six animals each. Xylazine was administered IM at the rate of 0.20mg and 0.30 mg/kg bodyweight in subgroups I A and IB respectively. Diazepam at the rate of 1.0mg/kg bodyweight and 15min. later xylazine at the rate of 0.20mg and 0.30 mg/kg bodyweight were administered IM in subgroups II A and II B respectively. The induction time was 8.50 + 1.47 min and 4.67 + 0.56 min in subgroups I A and I B respectively, whereas it was 8.67 + 1.71 min and 3.33 + 0.77 min in subgroups IIA and II B respectively. The clinical signs of anaesthesia generally observed in these animals were incoordination of movements, assumption of sterna recumbency, salivation, protrusion of tongue, assumption of lateral recumbency, drooping of eyelids, twitching and dropping of ears, bellowing, deviation of eyeball, flaccidity of the tail and relaxation of abdominal muscles. Palpebral reflex was sluggish in all the subgroups except in subgroup II B wherein it was absent. Response to pinprick though sluggish, was noticed in group I whereas insensititivity to pinprick was noticed in group II. Duration of anaesthesia was 107.17 + 5.22 min and 115.67 + 10.03 min in subgroups I A and I B, whereas it was 199.83 + 36.55 min and 390.33 + 61.31 min in subgroups IIA and II B respectively. Increase in the doses of xylazine had prolonged the duration of anesthesia. Premedication with diazepam had still further prolonged the duration of anaesthesia. Sedation was good enough in all the groups for preparing and handling the animals for surgery. During laparotomy, in animals where xylazine alone was administered symptoms of pain were observed, but to a lesser extent with the higher dose. When premedicated with diazepam, incising and suturing of skin did not cause pain, but incising and suturing muscles and peritoneum caused pain. The animals did not exhibit signs of pain or swelling at the site of injection following xylazine injection, but diazepam injection was found painful. All the animals resumed feeding and drinking soon after recovery, but they were dull for varying periods from three to twenty four hours. Decrease in rectal temperature and pulse rate was observed in both the groups, which gradually became normal. Decrease in respiration rate was observed in group I whereas in group II, there was increase in respiration rate. In subgroup II B, the respiration was jerky and abdominal. Electrocardiogram revealed decreased heart rate in both the groups after the administration of xylazine. Decrease in total erythrocyte and leukocyte counts was observed in both the groups, which gradually became normal. A slight neutropenia with lymphocytosis was evident when xylazine alone was administered. When xylazine was combined with diazepam neutrophilia with lymphocytopenia was observed. Marked variation in monocyte, eosinophil and basophil counts were not observed in both the groups. Reduction in packed cell volume, decrease in haemoglobin concentration and slight increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate were observed in both the groups. Serum sodium and potassium concentration did not show any marked variation, whereas serum chloride concentration recorded an increase in both the groups. The total serum protein content decreased in both the groups and serum glutamic pyruvic transminase value recorded slight increase. There was marked increase in blood glucose value in both the groups. From the study it was found that : (i) administration of xylazine alone did not result in analgesia good enough to perform major surgical operations and (ii) premedication with diazepam was found to deepen the effect of sedation to a considerable extent. It would be desirable to resort to local infiltration or regional block also, for complete analgesia for major surgical operations.
Open Access
Effect of metacarpal osteotomy and traction for lengthening of the forelimb in calves
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Kumaresan, A; KAU; Rajan Kutty, K
The study was undertaken with the objectives of evaluating the effect of osteotomy and distraction osteogenesis for lengthening of the limb and to evolve treatment measures that can be adopted for the correction of shortened limb in calves. The experimental study was conducted in 12 crossbred bull calves aged six to twelve months and weighing 60 to 120 kg, randomly divided into two groups of six animals each. Under xylazine (@ 0.2 mg/kg) sedation and brachial plexus block (two per cent lignocaine solution 10-15 ml) transverse osteotomy was performed at the mid-shaft region of the metacarpal bone. In group I the limb was immobilized using a locally fabricated full pin transverse fixation device. From the sixth day onwards, the bone fragments were retracted in opposite directions at the rate 1 mm gap/day for 10 days. In group II partial tenotomy of the flexor tendons was performed on the sixth day and immobilization and retraction procedures was adopted as in group I. Sedation with xylazine followed by brachial plexus block was found satisfactory for the surgical manipulations. Increase in rectal temperature, pulse rate and respiration rate was noticed following surgery but the increase was within normal range in both the groups. The total erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, and packed cell volume increased whereas the haemoglobin concentration was seen reduced in both the groups following surgery but the changes were within normal limits. Initially there was increase in neutrophil count with relative reduction in lymphocyte count. There was decrease in eosinophil count, but was within normal range. The variations in monocyte and basophil counts were only marginal in both the groups. All the animals were able to get up unassisted and were able to walk with limping within 24 h after surgery. They were able to bear weight on the limb within 24 h to three days, though there was favouring of the limb with too pointing. Oedema was observed in all the animals and was more evident in those animals where there was infection. In a few animals the complications such as angulation of the limb due to displacement of bone fragments, infection at the fracture site and pin tracts and loosening of pins were noticed. The functional status of the limb was not altered in those animals where complications were not noticed. Radiographically radiodense zone on the cut edges of the fractured fragments was noticed by 15th postoperative day, evidence of osseous callus by 30th postoperative day and visible callus with a gap at the centre by 45th postoperative day. The bone fragments were seen firmly fixed with a well developed callus and histological examination of the callus revealed the presence of fibrous tissue proliferation and osseous trabaculae indicating formation of a new bone. The length of the operated metacarpal bone was seen increased by 0.6 to 1.0 cm when compared to the opposite normal metacarpal bone. In the present study, the locally fabricated full pin transverse fixator used was found satisfactory for the lengthening procedures. It facilitated traction and provided rigid immobilization for the fragments. The calves tolerated the fixator well. There was no damage to the fixator during the period of observation.
Open Access
Superficial keratectomy for the management of corneal wounds in canines
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1996) David Suresh, J; KAU; Sarada Amma, T
The present study was undertaken to evaluate superficial keratectomy in the management of experimentally created corneal wounds in canines. The experiment was conducted on sixteen, apparently healthy adult mongrel dogs of either sex, randomly divided into two groups viz., Group I and II, each consisting of eight animals. Under topical anaesthesia using four per cent lignocaine solution, superficial injury on the ventral half of cornea of the left eye was created and after 24 hours, superficial keratectomy was performed on the ventral cornea under general anaesthesia. In Group I, the cornea was protected with the third eye lid flap and temporary tarsorrhaphy whereas in Group II, only tarsorrhaphy was performed to protect the cornea. The animals were premedicated with atropine sulphate (0.04 mg/kg bodyweight) S/C and after five minutes xylazine (0.5 mg/kg bodyweight) i/m. Anaesthesia was induced with five per cent solution of thiopentone sodium i/v. Induction of anaesthesia was complete by 3.34 + 0.28 minutes, duration of surgical anaesthesia was 40.25 + 2.63 minutes and the time taken for recovery was 121.88 + 7.34 minutes. The animals were kept under observation for 30 days. Clinical symptoms exhibited by the animals of both the groups in different postoperative periods were recorded. In Group I, swelling of eye lid, scratching and pawing were observed from the day of surgery upto the sixth postoperative day. Lacrimation was observed upto the ninth postoperative day. In Group II, swelling of eye lid, lacrimation, scratching and pawing were observed upto the sixth postoperative day. In Group I, corneal oedema was present in all the animals from the third postoperative day and in two animals it persisted upto the 12th day. In Group II, five animals had corneal oedema on the third day which persisted upto the sixth day in two animals and in one animal it was seen upto the ninth day. Vascularization in Group I was observed in all the animals on the sixth postoperative day and it persisted upto the 15th postoperative day in three animals. In Group II, vascularization was observed only in two animals between the third and sixth postoperative day. In Group I, third eye lid was found to cover 2/3rd the eyeball on the third day when the sutures were relieved for examination of the cornea and it was found to return to its normal position between ninth day to twelfth day. Congestion of the bulbar and palpebral conjunctivae and third eye lid were noticed between third day and sixth day in all the animals of both the groups. During the postoperative period, the rectal temperature (0 C), pulse rate and respiratory rate did not show any marked variation in both the groups. Lacrimal smear examination on different postoperative period revealed denuded epithelium and cellular debris. Fluorescein dye staining test during postoperative period in both the groups revealed signs of progressive healing of the keratectomy site in all the animals. The keratectomy site in Group I was bright green on the third postoperative day and became fluorescein negative on the ninth postoperative day except in one animal. In Group II, all the animals became fluorescein negative on the ninth postoperative day. The clarity of the cornea at the keratectomy site showed progressive clearing of the cornea during the postoperative period. In Group I, the keratectomy site became crystal clear on 27th day whereas in Group II it became crystal clear on 30th postoperative day. Haemogram during the postoperative period did not show significant variation in the haemoglobin content. The variation in the total leucocyte count and differential leucocyte count were within the normal range in both the groups. The eyeballs were enucleated from two animals each on the fifth, 10th, 15th and 30th day for gross and histopathological evalution. Gross examination of the enucleated eyeballs in Group 1 on the fifth day showed opacity, on the 10th day mild haziness and corneal oedema and on the 15th day, haziness at the keratectomy site. Vascularization of the cornea was noticed in both the specimens collected on the 10th day and in one specimen collected on the 15th day. The keratectomy site appeared crystal clear on the 30th postoperative day. In Group 11, the keratectomy site showed opacity on the fifth day, mild haziness on the 10th day and 15th day. Vascularization of the cornea was noted in both the specimen collected on the 10th day. The keratectomy site appeared crystal clear and lustrous on the 30th day. Microscopical examination of the corneal specimens in Group 1, revealed necrosis of epithelial cells and inflammatory oedema in the epithelium and stroma on the fifth day, epithelial facet formation and fibroplasia on the 10th day, presence of fibrovascular tissue in the stroma on the 15th day and active proliferation of epithelial cells, thickened epithelium and fibroplasia of the stroma on the 30th day. In Group 11, sliding of the wing cells into the wound from its margin were noticed with epithelial facet formation and fibroplasia of stroma on the fifth day, and increased fibroplasia on the 10th day. The corneal epithelium was completely replaced on the 15th day and thickened epithelium with active proliferation of epithelial cells and fibroplasia of stroma was observed on the 30th day specimens.
Open Access
Paravertebral anaesthesia in goats using bupivacaine hydrochloride
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1994) John Martin, K D; KAU; Sarada Amma, T
The study was conducted in 15 apparently healthy Alpine – Malabari crossbred male goats of 9 to 12 months of age. Three goats were embalmed and used for dissection studies and the remaining 12 goats were used for nerve blocking trials, repeatedly at 10 days interval. The study was conducted in three parts. Part 1: Distribution of thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves in the abdominal region The origin, course and distribution of the 10th thoracic to the third lumbar spinal nerves were studied on both flank. The spinal nerves emerged through the intervertebral foramina, and divided into dorsal and ventral primary branches. The dorsal primary branch released the dorsomedial branch and continued as the dorsolateral branch. The former ramified into the multifidus dorsi and longissimus dorsi muscles and the latter ramified into the cutaneous truncimuscle and skin of the upper third of the body wall. The dorsolateral branch of the 10th, 11th and 12th thoracic spinal nerves supplied the serratus dorsalis caudalis muscles and the thoracolumbar fascia in their course. The ventral primary branch of the 10th, 11th and 12th thoracic spinal nerves gave away a ventrolateral branch which supplied the intercostal muscles, the origin of obliguus abdominis externus muscle and provided cutaneous innervation to the middle third of chest wall. The ventromedial branch terminated as fine branches between the transverse abdominis and rectus abdominis muscles, penetrated through the rectus abdominis muscle and the aponeuroses and supplied the skin on the ventral third of the chest wall. The ventral primary branches of the 13th thoracic, first and second lumbar spinal nerves coursed below the intertransversalis muscles, released ventrolateral branch and continued as the ventromedial branch. The former supplied the oblique muscles of abdomen and ramified into the skin and cutaneous muscles in the middle third of the flank. The latter terminated as fine branches, penetrated through the rectus abdominis muscle and the aponeuroses and formed the cutaneous innervation to the ventral abdominal wall. The ventral primary branch of the first and second lumbar spinal nerves have communicating branch, which traversed below the second lumbar transverse process. The ventral primary branch of the second lumbar spinal nerve gave away a small branch which ran caudad, below the lumbar transverse processes. The ventral primary branch of the third lumbar spinal nerve coursed back, below the lumbar transverse processes, between the psoas muscles. The lateral thoracic nerve of the brachial plexus supplied muscles on the ventral part of chest and abdomen and the cranial preputial muscle. One site (proximal site) was found suitable for blocking the 10th, 11th and 12th thoracic spinal nerves, while, two sites, proximal and distal, were found suitable for 13th thoracic, first, second and third lumbar spinal nerves. Part 11: The area desensitized by blocking individual spinal nerves supplying the flank region The 10th thoracic to the third lumbar spinal nerves were blocked individually in three different animals using 0.5 per cent bupivacaine hydrochloride solution and the area of analgesia was mapped. The 10th, 11th and 12th thoracic spinal nerves were blocked at the proximal site. The area of analgesia was similar, with S – shape, commencing from the dorsal midline to a point between the costal arch and the ventral midline. The 13th thoracic, first second and third lumbar spinal nerves were blocked at two sites, viz., Proximal site : The area of analgesia for the 13th thoracic, first and second lumbar spinal nerves commenced from the dorsal midline, and terminated lateral to the ventral midline. The area of analgesia of the third lumbar spinal nerve extended over the caudodorsal part of the flank. Distal site: The results of the study for each of the spinal nerves were inconsistent. Based on this study, it was concluded that, for anaesthetizing the flank, the 13th thoracic, first and second lumbar spinal nerves are to be blocked simultaneously, at the proximal site. Part 111: Anaesthesia of the flank The 13th thoracic, first and second lumbar spinal nerves were blocked simultaneously at the proximal site, in two groups (A and B) of six goats each using 0.5 per cent and 0.25 per cent solutions of bupivacaine hydrochloride respectively. The time for onset of analgesia was 2.83 + 0.87 min. in subgroup A and 2.67 + 0.21 min. in subgroup B. The duration of analgesia was 215.83 + 14.97 min. and 105.67 + 31.13 min. in subgroups A and B respectively. The extent of analgesia obtained in all the trials in both of the subgroups were similar. It extended over the entire flank from dorsal midline to the ventral midline, except : (a) a triangular area at the anterodorsal angle of flank (b) the posteriodorsal corner of the flank, in front of the external angle of ilium and (C) the preputial orifice and the skin around it. The rectal temperature, heart rate, rate of respiration, and the rate of rumen motility did not show significant variation throughout the experiment in both the subgroups. Laparotomy was conducted in two animals from each subgroup. Analgesia was satisfactory over the skin, muscles and peritoneum and muscle relaxation was adequate. In addition, the following symptoms were observed a. Scoliosis at the lumbar region towards the side of nerve block b. bulging of the anaesthetized flank and c. difficulty in bearing weight on the hind limb on the side of nerve block, with knuckling on progression. One animal (No. A6) developed symptoms of toxicity viz., lateral recumbency, dialatation of pupil, champing of jaw, frothy salivation,severe clonic convulsions of neck and limb muscles and paddling movements. The animal had a spontaneous recovery.

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