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Open Access
Treatment of fracture of metacarpus in calves using autogenous rib graft
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1994) Syam, K Venugopal; KAU; Jalaluddin
The present study was conducted on 12 apparently healthy, crossbred male calves six to twelve months of age and weighing 50 to 80 kg, divided into two groups of six animals each (Group A and B). A transversa mid shaft fracture was created on the right metacarpus by open method under sedation with Triflupromazine hydrochloride at the rate of 0.25 mg/kg body weight IM and diazepam at the rate of 0.20 mg/kg body weight IV followed by local infiltration analgesia using two percent solution of lignocaine hydrochloride. In group A, the fracture was reduced and the fragments were retained in position by placing two freshly cropped autogenous rib grafts subperiosteally, one on the anterior aspect and the other on the posterior aspect of the metacarpus. The grafts were fixed in position by hemicerclage wiring using stainless steel wires at two places. The limb was immobilized with four cotton padded bamboo splints and plaster of paris cast. In group B, the fracture was reduced and the wounds were sutured. The limb was immobilised with four cotton padded bamboo splints and plaster of paris cast. A sham operation was performed on the left metacarpal region on the same day by incising the skin upto the periosteum and suturing it. By the end of the second week, all the animals could get up and lie down without assistance. Four animals of Group A and three animals of Group B started bearing weight on the fractured limb from varying periods. Favouring of the fractured limb, limping and nodding of the head were observed in all the animals. Pawing action with the fractured limb and stumbling were observed in two animals each from both the groups. Dragging of the toes was observed only in one animal, in group B. Infection and suppuration at the suture line was observed in one animal of group A. Plaster of paris cast remained intact throughout the period of observation in all the animals. One animal from group A and four animals from group B required reinforcement of plaster cast. Marked displacement of the distal fragment was noticed in one animal each in Group A and B. But deviation of the distal fragment at the fracture site was observed in one animal of Group A and four animals of Group B. Grafts were in position in all the animals throughout the the period of observation. They became radiographically indistinguishable from fourth week onwards. Radiographically visible callus was found by the third week in group A and by the first week in group B. Partial obliteration of the fracture gap was observed by the end of fourth week in both the groups. Fractured bone cropped after two weeks revealed mobility between the fragments in both the groups. The bones cropped after four weeks showed well developed callus uniting the fragments and there was no mobility at the fracture site in both the groups. The callus developed at the end of six weeks and four weeks were grossly similar in both the groups. Histological examination of the callus cropped at second week in group A revealed periosteal and capillary proliferation along with new trabecular bone formation around the graft site. In group B, fibrous tissue proliferation exceeded trabecular new bone formation. The callus cropped at fourth week in group A revealed extensive areas of graft vascularisation and zones of new bone formation. In group B, cartilage formation was seen along with zones of new bone formation and fibrous tissue proliferation. Replacement of the graft tissue with proliferating blood vessels, osseous tissue and connective tissue were observed in the callus cropped from the animals of group A, at the end of six weeks. In group B, well developed internal callus, extensive periosteal callus, proliferation of fibrous tissue and trabecular ossification centres were observed. Fibrocartilage was noticed in the callus in one animal of group B.
Open Access
Comparative study of healing of fracture of metacarpus in calves using different external immobilisation methods
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 1990) Kalyani, Biswas; KAU; Muraleedharan, Nayar K N
The study was conducted on 18 crossbred male calves divided in three groups of six animals each. Under local anaesthesia (ring block) fracture was created at the midshaft region of the large metacarpal and was reduced. The limb was immobilized with (i) plaster of paris cast (Group A), (ii) transfixation apparatus and plaster of paris cast (group B) and (iii) cast using freshly prepared gum and bandgage (group C). The animals were kept under observation upto six weeks. One animal from each group was sacrificed at the second week and fourth week, and the remaining animals at the sixth week. Oedema was observed distal to the cast in two animals each in Group A and C and four animals in Group B. Pointing of the toes was noticed in three animals of group A, two animals of group B and one animal of Group C. Dragging of the toes was noticed in three animals each of group A and C. All the animals, except one from Group A, were bearing weight on the limb and could get up and lie down unassisted by the first week. Four animals of group A, two animals of group B and three animals of Group C favoured the limb throughout the period. In group A and B, the plaster cast remained intact throughout the period of observation in one animal, had to be changed once in three animals and twice in two animals. In group C, the cast remained intact throughout the period of observation in three animals and was changed once in three animals. Radiodense area was observed at the fracture site in one animal by the first week, in four animals of each group by the second week and in all animals except one by the third week and in all the animals by the fourth week. The fracture line had become less district in one animal of group A, two animals of Group B and one animal of group C by the third week. Ossification of the callus was noticed in all the animals by the fourth week. The fracture line was less distinct in all the animals of Group A, three animals of group B and two animals of Group C. Ossification of the callus and its union was noticed by the fifth week in all the animals except one animal of Group C. However, in group B, ossification was more extensive. Partial obliteration of the fracture line was seen in all except three animals. Extensive ossification of the callus with continuity between the callus of the two fragments and partial obliteration of the fracture line was observed in all the animals, except one animal of Group C by sixth week. The fractured bone cropped after two weeks revealed that in Group A, the fragments were separate and there was mobility at the fracture site but in Group B and C , mobility was less. Soft callus between the fragments and restricted mobility at the fracture site was noticed in the bones cropped at four weeks in animals of all the groups. The callus was well developed and the fragments were firmly fixed by the callus in the bones cropped at six weeks, I all animals of groups A and B and in three animals of Group C. Microscopic examination of the callus at two weeks revealed periosteal and capillary proliferation with zones of necrosis of cortical bone at the fracture site in Group A. In group B and C, the proliferative changes were more marked along with zones of ossification. The callus cropped at four weeks, revealed marked connective tissue and capillary proliferation along with zones of ossification and formation of trabeculae in Group A and C, and in Group B ossification was more extensive. Extensive ossification and interconnected trabeculae continous with the cortical bone was observed in the callus cropped at six weeks in all the three groups. Zones of hyaline cartilage were observed in the callus in the animals of Group A and one animal of Group B and Zone of suppuration in one animal of Group C. Suppuration at the suture line involving the callus and fracture site was observed in one animal of Group C. Partial displacement of the fragments after immobilization was noticed in two animals of group A, three animals of Group B and four animals of Group C.
Open Access
Xylazine anaesthesia in calves with diazepam premedication
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1993) Regi Varghese George, P; KAU; Rajankutty, K
The study was undertaken to find out the efficacy of xylazine alone and xylazine in combination with diazepam for anaesthesia in calves and to evaluate the haematological and systemic changes consequent on administration of these drugs. The experimental study was conducted on 24 apparantly healthy crossbread calves aged six to twelve months and weighing 47 to 80kg . They were divided into two groups viz.,group I and group II and each group was further divided into two subgroups viz., A and B consisting of six animals each. Xylazine was administered IM at the rate of 0.20mg and 0.30 mg/kg bodyweight in subgroups I A and IB respectively. Diazepam at the rate of 1.0mg/kg bodyweight and 15min. later xylazine at the rate of 0.20mg and 0.30 mg/kg bodyweight were administered IM in subgroups II A and II B respectively. The induction time was 8.50 + 1.47 min and 4.67 + 0.56 min in subgroups I A and I B respectively, whereas it was 8.67 + 1.71 min and 3.33 + 0.77 min in subgroups IIA and II B respectively. The clinical signs of anaesthesia generally observed in these animals were incoordination of movements, assumption of sterna recumbency, salivation, protrusion of tongue, assumption of lateral recumbency, drooping of eyelids, twitching and dropping of ears, bellowing, deviation of eyeball, flaccidity of the tail and relaxation of abdominal muscles. Palpebral reflex was sluggish in all the subgroups except in subgroup II B wherein it was absent. Response to pinprick though sluggish, was noticed in group I whereas insensititivity to pinprick was noticed in group II. Duration of anaesthesia was 107.17 + 5.22 min and 115.67 + 10.03 min in subgroups I A and I B, whereas it was 199.83 + 36.55 min and 390.33 + 61.31 min in subgroups IIA and II B respectively. Increase in the doses of xylazine had prolonged the duration of anesthesia. Premedication with diazepam had still further prolonged the duration of anaesthesia. Sedation was good enough in all the groups for preparing and handling the animals for surgery. During laparotomy, in animals where xylazine alone was administered symptoms of pain were observed, but to a lesser extent with the higher dose. When premedicated with diazepam, incising and suturing of skin did not cause pain, but incising and suturing muscles and peritoneum caused pain. The animals did not exhibit signs of pain or swelling at the site of injection following xylazine injection, but diazepam injection was found painful. All the animals resumed feeding and drinking soon after recovery, but they were dull for varying periods from three to twenty four hours. Decrease in rectal temperature and pulse rate was observed in both the groups, which gradually became normal. Decrease in respiration rate was observed in group I whereas in group II, there was increase in respiration rate. In subgroup II B, the respiration was jerky and abdominal. Electrocardiogram revealed decreased heart rate in both the groups after the administration of xylazine. Decrease in total erythrocyte and leukocyte counts was observed in both the groups, which gradually became normal. A slight neutropenia with lymphocytosis was evident when xylazine alone was administered. When xylazine was combined with diazepam neutrophilia with lymphocytopenia was observed. Marked variation in monocyte, eosinophil and basophil counts were not observed in both the groups. Reduction in packed cell volume, decrease in haemoglobin concentration and slight increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate were observed in both the groups. Serum sodium and potassium concentration did not show any marked variation, whereas serum chloride concentration recorded an increase in both the groups. The total serum protein content decreased in both the groups and serum glutamic pyruvic transminase value recorded slight increase. There was marked increase in blood glucose value in both the groups. From the study it was found that : (i) administration of xylazine alone did not result in analgesia good enough to perform major surgical operations and (ii) premedication with diazepam was found to deepen the effect of sedation to a considerable extent. It would be desirable to resort to local infiltration or regional block also, for complete analgesia for major surgical operations.
Open Access
Paravertebral anaesthesia in goats using bupivacaine hydrochloride
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1994) John Martin, K D; KAU; Sarada Amma, T
The study was conducted in 15 apparently healthy Alpine – Malabari crossbred male goats of 9 to 12 months of age. Three goats were embalmed and used for dissection studies and the remaining 12 goats were used for nerve blocking trials, repeatedly at 10 days interval. The study was conducted in three parts. Part 1: Distribution of thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves in the abdominal region The origin, course and distribution of the 10th thoracic to the third lumbar spinal nerves were studied on both flank. The spinal nerves emerged through the intervertebral foramina, and divided into dorsal and ventral primary branches. The dorsal primary branch released the dorsomedial branch and continued as the dorsolateral branch. The former ramified into the multifidus dorsi and longissimus dorsi muscles and the latter ramified into the cutaneous truncimuscle and skin of the upper third of the body wall. The dorsolateral branch of the 10th, 11th and 12th thoracic spinal nerves supplied the serratus dorsalis caudalis muscles and the thoracolumbar fascia in their course. The ventral primary branch of the 10th, 11th and 12th thoracic spinal nerves gave away a ventrolateral branch which supplied the intercostal muscles, the origin of obliguus abdominis externus muscle and provided cutaneous innervation to the middle third of chest wall. The ventromedial branch terminated as fine branches between the transverse abdominis and rectus abdominis muscles, penetrated through the rectus abdominis muscle and the aponeuroses and supplied the skin on the ventral third of the chest wall. The ventral primary branches of the 13th thoracic, first and second lumbar spinal nerves coursed below the intertransversalis muscles, released ventrolateral branch and continued as the ventromedial branch. The former supplied the oblique muscles of abdomen and ramified into the skin and cutaneous muscles in the middle third of the flank. The latter terminated as fine branches, penetrated through the rectus abdominis muscle and the aponeuroses and formed the cutaneous innervation to the ventral abdominal wall. The ventral primary branch of the first and second lumbar spinal nerves have communicating branch, which traversed below the second lumbar transverse process. The ventral primary branch of the second lumbar spinal nerve gave away a small branch which ran caudad, below the lumbar transverse processes. The ventral primary branch of the third lumbar spinal nerve coursed back, below the lumbar transverse processes, between the psoas muscles. The lateral thoracic nerve of the brachial plexus supplied muscles on the ventral part of chest and abdomen and the cranial preputial muscle. One site (proximal site) was found suitable for blocking the 10th, 11th and 12th thoracic spinal nerves, while, two sites, proximal and distal, were found suitable for 13th thoracic, first, second and third lumbar spinal nerves. Part 11: The area desensitized by blocking individual spinal nerves supplying the flank region The 10th thoracic to the third lumbar spinal nerves were blocked individually in three different animals using 0.5 per cent bupivacaine hydrochloride solution and the area of analgesia was mapped. The 10th, 11th and 12th thoracic spinal nerves were blocked at the proximal site. The area of analgesia was similar, with S – shape, commencing from the dorsal midline to a point between the costal arch and the ventral midline. The 13th thoracic, first second and third lumbar spinal nerves were blocked at two sites, viz., Proximal site : The area of analgesia for the 13th thoracic, first and second lumbar spinal nerves commenced from the dorsal midline, and terminated lateral to the ventral midline. The area of analgesia of the third lumbar spinal nerve extended over the caudodorsal part of the flank. Distal site: The results of the study for each of the spinal nerves were inconsistent. Based on this study, it was concluded that, for anaesthetizing the flank, the 13th thoracic, first and second lumbar spinal nerves are to be blocked simultaneously, at the proximal site. Part 111: Anaesthesia of the flank The 13th thoracic, first and second lumbar spinal nerves were blocked simultaneously at the proximal site, in two groups (A and B) of six goats each using 0.5 per cent and 0.25 per cent solutions of bupivacaine hydrochloride respectively. The time for onset of analgesia was 2.83 + 0.87 min. in subgroup A and 2.67 + 0.21 min. in subgroup B. The duration of analgesia was 215.83 + 14.97 min. and 105.67 + 31.13 min. in subgroups A and B respectively. The extent of analgesia obtained in all the trials in both of the subgroups were similar. It extended over the entire flank from dorsal midline to the ventral midline, except : (a) a triangular area at the anterodorsal angle of flank (b) the posteriodorsal corner of the flank, in front of the external angle of ilium and (C) the preputial orifice and the skin around it. The rectal temperature, heart rate, rate of respiration, and the rate of rumen motility did not show significant variation throughout the experiment in both the subgroups. Laparotomy was conducted in two animals from each subgroup. Analgesia was satisfactory over the skin, muscles and peritoneum and muscle relaxation was adequate. In addition, the following symptoms were observed a. Scoliosis at the lumbar region towards the side of nerve block b. bulging of the anaesthetized flank and c. difficulty in bearing weight on the hind limb on the side of nerve block, with knuckling on progression. One animal (No. A6) developed symptoms of toxicity viz., lateral recumbency, dialatation of pupil, champing of jaw, frothy salivation,severe clonic convulsions of neck and limb muscles and paddling movements. The animal had a spontaneous recovery.
Open Access
Anaesthesia in pigeons and quails using ketamine and xylazine
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 1994) Lobo, Fabiana; KAU; Abraham Varkey, C
The present study was undertaken to assess the efficacy of (1) xylazine, (ii) ketamine hydrochloride and (iii) xylazine followed by ketamine hydrochloride, for anaesthetizing pigeons and quails, The study was conducted in 30 pigeons (Columba livia) weighing 120-260 g and 30 quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) weighing 120-180 g. The birds were divided into two groups, Group I (30 pigeons) and Group II (30 quails). Group I and II were further divided into three sub-groups, viz, A, B and C, each consisting of 10 birds. The drugs were administered intraperitoneally in all the sub- groups at the rate of (i) Xylazine 10 mg per kg bodyweight in sub-group A, (ii) ketamine hydrochloride 150 mg per kg body weight in sub-group B and (iii) xylazine 5.0 mg per kg bodyweight followed by ketamine hydrochloride 75mg per kg bodyweight in sub – group C. During the onset of anaesthesia, loss of balance, ruffled feathers, sitting posture, recumbency abolition/sluggishness of pedal reflex were observed in Groups I and II. In addition dropping of wings was noticed in subgroup II A, torticollis and loss of righting reflex in subgroup I B and IIB, fluttering and dropping of wings, and dropping of beak in sub-group I B, dropping of wings, tortocollis, loss of righting reflex in subgroup I C and II C and fluttering of wings and dropping of beak in subgroup II C. Corneal reflex, palpebral reflex and third eyelid movement peristed during anaesthesia. Eyes remained closed in both pigeons and quails during anaesthesia. The time for induction was 12.70 + 0.40 min., 7.60 + 0.42 min. and 6.80 + 0.34 min in subgroup A, B and C respectively in pigeons and 13.10 + 0.43 min, 5.50 + 0.15 min and 8.30 + 0.31 min in subgroups A, B and C respectively in quails. The duration of anaesthesia was 47.70 + 1.54 min 37.80 + 2.88 min and 62.00 + 1.15 min in subgroups A, B and C respectively in pigeons and 80.40 + 1.96 min, 99.90 + 2.86 min and 202.50 + 7.62 min in sub groups A, B and C respectively in quails. The duration of recovery was 164.80 + 2.82 min 87.70 + 2.98 min and 85.10 + 2.72 min in subgroups A,B and C respectively in pigeons and 99.90 + 5.70 min 97.50 + 4.66 min and 73.80 + 3.19 min in subgroups A, B and C respectively in quails. Significant reduction in the temperature was observed during anaesthesia in all the subgroups. Respiration rate showed significant decrease during anaesthesia in all the three subgroups in pigeons and sub-groups A and C in quails whereas no significant reduction in respiration rate was observed with ketamine hydrochloride in quails upto 135 min. However, significant increase was noticed at 150 min and the third hour. Significant decrease in the total erythrocyte count was observed in all the subgroups except in sub-group I A, wherein no significant variation in the count was noticed.Significant decrease in the total leukocyte was observed in all the subgroups except subgroup II A where no significant variation in the count was observed.Significant reduction in the lymphocyte count was observed in all the subgroups. Significant increase in the heterophil count was observed in sub-groups IC, IIA, IIB and IIC but there was significant decrease in sub-group I B, and there was no significant variation in subgroups I A. Significant increase in the eosinophil count was seen in all the subgroups. The haemoglobin content was significantly reduced in groups I and II.Incising and suturing the skin and the wall of the crop did not evince any response but slight body movement was observed in subgroup II A.Mild fatty changes in the liver and congestion on the surface of the kidneys were observed in all the birds of both the groups.
Open Access
Xylazine-acepromazine anaesthesia in goats
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, 1993) Tulpule Deepak, Surendra; KAU; Ravindran Nayar, S
The present study was undertaken with the object of finding out the efficacy of xylazine hydrochloride alone and xylazine hydrochloride in combination with acepromazine maleate for anaesthesia in goats and to evaluate the haematological and systemic changes, consequent on the administration of these drugs. Eighteen apparently healthy Malabari male kids aged six to twelve months were selected for the experimental study. A total number of 36 experiments were conducted in these animals . They were divided into two groups, viz. group I and group II and each group was further divided into three subgroups, viz. A, B and C. Six experiments were conducted in each subgroup. Xylazine hydrochloride was administered intramuscularly at the rate of 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 mg/kg bodyweight in subgroups I A, IB and IC respectively. Acepromazine maleate at the rate of 0.05 mg/kg bodyweight and 15 min later xylazine hydrochloride at the rate of 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 mg/kg bodyweight were administered intramuscularly in subgroups IIA, IIB and IIC respectively. The induction time was 19.00 + 6.18 min, 16.33 + 4.46 min. and 19.33 + 3.84 min in subgroups IA, IB and IC respectively whereas it was 16.60 + 4.01 min, 19.60 + 5.30 min and 21.50 + 6.06 min in subgroups IIA, IIB and IIC, respectively. There was no appreciable variation in induction time whether xylazine alone or xylazine acepromazine combination were used, irrespective of the dose of xylazine. Signs of anaesthesia such as drooling of saliva, assumption of sternal recumbency, insensitivity to pinprick at flank region, dropping of lower jaw, protrusion of tongue, assumption of lateral recumbency and drooping of eyelids were observed in most of the animals. The onset and disappearance of these signs were not in a uniform sequence. Sensitivity to pinprick at the flank region was the last to reappear. Decrease in rectal temperature was noticed in animals of both the groups except in subgroup IA wherein, the increase was not significant. Significant decrease in heart rate was seen in animals of both the groups except in subgroups IA and IB. Respiration rate was seen decreased in animals of both the groups and the decrease was more with the xylazine – acepromazine combination. The duration of anaesthesia was 31.75 + 10.92 min, 49.50 + 8.31 min and 47.00 + 4.73 min in subgroups IA, IB and IC whereas it was 20.60 + 6.79 min, 22.80 + 5.74 min and 66.25 + 24.31 min in subgroupps IIA, IIB and IIC respectively. Xylazine when administered alone produced anaesthesia for 30 – 50 min. When lower doses of xylazine were administered along with acepromazine, the duration of anaesthesia was comparatively less and so xylazine alone is preferable to xylazine acepromazine combination for anaesthetizing goats. In the present study, it was observed that the period of recovery was 50.00 + 15.64 min, 63.16 + 7.12 min and 91.33 + 25.20 min in subgroups IA , IB and IC respectively whereas it was 96.80 + 25.04 min, 64.80 + 3.37 min and 90.75 + 18.57 min in subgroups IIA, IIB and IIC respectively. The recovery period was found to be on the increase when xylazine alone was administered at higher doses. The recovery was smooth and uneventful in animals of both the groups. Drowsiness and incoordicnationwere seen in all the apparently normal by 24 h and no local reactions were seen at site of injections. Fall in blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) was observed in animals of both the groups and was significant (P < 0.01) in group II. Rise in central venous pressure was observed in animals of both the groups and was significant (P<0.01) in both the groups at 30 min except in subgroup I A. Electrocardiogram revealed bradycardia in all the animals except in one animal from subgroup IB, where tachycardia was observed. Decrease in total leukocyte count was seen in all the animals upto 90min. An increase in total leukocyte count over the baseline values was noticed by 24 h in both the groups except in subgroup IA. Decrease in lymphocyte and increase in neutrophil count were observed in all the animals upto 90 min except in subgroups IC and IIC. Variation in monocyte and eosinophil count was not significant in any of the groups. Decrease in haemoglobin content and packed cell volume was observed in animals of both the groups upto 90 min. Increase in blood glucose value was noticed in animals of both the groups upto 48h though not significant in subgroup IA and IB. From the result of the present study, it could be seen that, xylazine at the rate of 0.10 mg/kg and at the rate of 0.15 mg/kg bodyweight is suitable for surgical procedures of short duration in goats.
Open Access
Comparative study of ketamine hydrochloride and thiopentone sodium anaesthesia in birds
(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1991) Devanand, C B; KAU; Abraham Varkey, C
The present study was undertaken to assess the efficacy of (i) ketamine hydrochloride, (ii) thiopentone sodium, and (iii) ketamine hydrochloride followed by thiopentone sodium, for anaesthetising domestic chicken and ducks. Th~rty apparently healthy White Leghorn cocks, aged 18 - 20 weeks and weighing 1.120 - 1.920 kg (Group I) and thirty apparently heal thy White Pekin .dz-ake s , aged 20 - 22 weeks and weighing 1.700 - 2.100 kg (Group II) were used. Group I and II were further divided into three sub-groups, viz.,A, Band C consisting of ten birds each. Ketamine hydrochloride at the rate of 100 mg per kg bodyweight was administered in sub-group A, thiopentone sodium (2.5 per cent solution) at the rate of 15 mg per kg in sub-group B, and ketamine hydrochloride at the rate of 50 mg per kg followed by thiopentone sodium (2.5 per cent solution) at the rate of 7.5 mg per kg in sub-group C, in both the trials. The drugs were administered intraperi- toneally. During the onset of anaesthesia, when ketamine hydrochloride was administered, loss of balance, unsteadiness of head, cyanosis of comb and wattles, defaecation and vocalisation were noticed in chicken, but in ducks defaecation was not present. Ruffled feathers, dropping of wings, fluttering and wagging of tail were noticed as additional symptoms in ducks. When thiopentone sodium was administered, loss of balance, unsteadiness of head, cyanosis of comb and wattles, ruffled feathers and dropping of' wings were noticed in chicken, but in ducks vocalisation and fluttering were noticed in addition. When ketamine hydrochloride followed by thiopentone sodium was administered, loss of balance, unsteadiness of head, cyanosis of comb and wattles, dropping of neck and wings, and closing of eyelids were noticed in chicken and ducks. In ducks the onset was very quick. All the birds assumed sternal recumbency followed by lateral recumbency after the onset of anaesthesia. As the effect of anaesthesia deepened, pedal reflexes were abolished in both the groups. However, other reflexes such as corneal, pupillary, palpebral and reflexes of the third eyelid, comb and wattles were persisting in chicken and ducks. During ketamine hydrochloride anaesthesia eyes were kept open, and when thiopentone sodium or ketamine hydrochloride followed by thiopentone sodium were administered, eyes were kept closed. In ducks, abolished when the reflexes of the third eyelid were ketamine hydrochloride followed by thiopentone sodium was administered. The induction was smooth and uneventful in chicken and ducks. The time for induction was 7.30+0.53 min.,. 9.30+0.38 min. and 8.00+0.58 min. in sub-groups A, Band C respectively in chicken, and 9.20±.0.58 min., 10.20+0.87 min. and 4.60+0.70 min. in sub-groups A, Band C respecti vely in ducks. The time for induction was the least in chicken when ketamine hydrochloride was used, and ln ducks when ketamine hydrochloride followed by thiopentone sodium was used. The duration of anaesthesia was 63.40+2.16 min., 31.40+1.82 min. and 40.20+3.99 min. in sub-groups A, Band C respectively in chicken, and 35.90±2.43 min., 18.90+0.99 min. and 20.20+0.89 min. in sub-groups A, Band C respectively in .du ck s , The duration of anaesthesia was maximum when ketamine hydrochloride was administered and minimum when thiopentone sodium was administered in both the groups. The duration of recovery was 135.50+9.24 min. in sub-group A, 149.60+8.32 mln. in sub~group B and 131.20+5.10 min. in . sub-group C, in chicken, and 84.50+7.31 min. in sub-group A, . 64.40+8.33 min. in sub-group Band 113.10+6.15 min. in sub-group C, in ducks. The duration of recovery was the least when ketamine hydrochloride followed by thiopentone sodium was used in chicken, and when thiopentone sodium was used in ducks. The recovery from anaesthesia was smooth and uneventful in both the groups. Vigorous shaking of the head was seen when ketamine hydrochloride was administered in ducks. There was reduction in cloacal temperature during anaesthesia. Respiration rate showed an initial rise followed by gradual reduction. The total erythrocyte count was decreased during anaesthesia. The total leukocyte count was decreased in sub-groups A and B, and increased in sub-group C, in chicken. There was an increase in total leukocyte count in ducks. Lymphocyte count was decreased, but heterophil count and eosinophil count were increased. There was no response to pain on incising and suturing the skin, muscles and peritoneum except for slight movement while incising the skin during ketamine hydrochloride anaesthesia. Focal congestion of liver and kidney were noticed on the 5th day. Mild degree of inflammatory reaction on the parietal peritoneum was noticed at the point of entry of the needle wherein thiopentone sodium was administered. From the results of present study, it could be found that intraperitoneal administration of ketamine hydrochloride, thiopentone sodium, and ketamine hydrochloride followed by thiopentone sodium resulted in satisfactory surgical plane of anaesthesia in chicken and ducks. For chicken, ketamine hydrochloride is preferred because of the comparatively least time for induction, prolonged duration of anaesthesia and recovery. Post anaesthetic complications were not found. In ducks the duration of anaesthesia was more, when ketamine hydrochloride was administered, but vigorous shaking of the head was seen during the period fr~v.ay. Hence, for ducks, ketamine hydrochloride followed by thiopentone sodium is preferred because of the comparatively least time for induction and satisfactory duration of anaesthesia and recovery.

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