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1996 - 19994
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Subject: Veterinary Public Health × End date: 1999 × Start date: 1996 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Bovine brucellosis in relation to public health
    (Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1999) Vinod, V K; KAU; Nanu, E
    A serological survey was undertaken to assess the extent of brucellosis in bovines and humans. Serum samples from 1233 bovines and 747 human were collected. These samples were screened by Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and Standard Tube Agglutination Test (STAT). The samples which showed a positive reaction, either by RBPT or STAT or both were subjected to Heat inactivation test (HIT), 2- Mercaptoethanol test (MET) and EDTA agglutination test (EAT). Of the 610 slaughtered male bovine serum samples screened, 41 (6.72 per cent) was found positive by RBPT and 37 (6.07 per cent) by STAT. HIT, MET and EAT detected positive reaction in 32 (5.25 per cent), 26 (4.26 per cent) and 27 (4.43 per cent) samples respectively. A total of 23 samples were positive by all the above tests. Among the 518 slaughtered female bovine serum samples, RBPT detected 41 (7.92 per cent) samples as positive while only 38 (7.34 per cent) samples were found positive by STAT. HIT, MET and EAT detected positive reaction in 31 (5.98 per cent), 26 (5.02 per cent) and 28 (5.4 per cent) samples respectively. Twenty four serum samples were found positive for the disease by all the above tests. None of the serological test employed could detect a statistically significant difference in the seroprevalence of disease between males and females. Of the serum samples collected from 105 farm fed cows, six (5.7 per cent) samples were found positive for brucellosis by both RBPT and STAT. The number of samples found positive by HIT, MET and EAT were three (2.86 per cent), one (0.95 per cent) and two (1.9 per cent) respectively. Only one sample revealed a positive reaction for the disease by all the above serological tests. Among the 406 human male serum samples collected, six (1.47 per cent) revealed an agglutination reaction positive for the disease by RBPT while only four. (0.99 per cent) showed an agglutination titre positive for the disease by STAT. HIT, MET and EAT detected three (0.74 per cent) samples each as positive for the disease. Three samples revealed a positive reaction in all the above serological tests. Of the 327 human female serum samples screened, RBPT and STAT recorded a positive reaction in five (1.53 per cent) and four (1.22 per cent) samples, respectively. Three samples (0.92 per cent) each were found positive by HIT, and MET and EAT. Only three samples were found positive for all the serological tests used in this study. It was observed that serological tests employed in this study could not detect a statistically significant difference in the seroprevalence of disease between males and females. None of the serum samples collected from veterinary surgeons (10), animal attendants (two), and slaughter house workers (two) were positive for the disease. Of the serological tests employed in this study, RBPT detected the highest number of samples as positive followed by STAT, HIT, EAT and MET. It was also observed that, of the RBPT and STAT positive cases, HIT recorded maximum number of positive cases followed by EAT and MET. The reason for difference observed in the agglutination titre of the serum samples by the above tests were discussed.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Bacterial profile of pasteurized milk and its public health significance
    (Department of Veterinary Public Health,College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1999) Reenu, John; KAU; Nanu, E
    A total of 100 pasteurized milk samples consisting of 20 each from five different brands namely A, B, C, D and E were subjected to different bacterial counts to evaluate the bacterial quality of milk samples available in and around Trichur. An attempt was also made to isolate and identify E. coli and to test the sensitivity of these isolates to six antibacterial agents. Brand D had the lowest total viable count (4.47 ± 4.23 10glO cfu/ml) and the highest was in C (7.65 ± 7.22 10glO cfu/ml)., Analysis of the data revealed a highly significant (p<0.01) difference in the count of the samples between brands except between A and E and B and C. The psychrotrophic count was lowest in samples belonging to brand D (3.57±3.23 10glO cfulml and highest in C (6.95± 6.73 10glO cfulml). Highly significant (p<0.01) difference in the count was noticed between samples belonging to all brands, except Band C. (. The lowest coliform count was observed in brand D (1.24 ± 1.0410glO cfulml) and highest in C (5.38 ± 5.13 10glO cfulml). Highly significant (p<0.01) difference was observed between the counts of samples belonging to different brands except between A and E and B and C. Samples of brand D were found to be free from E. coli. The highest E. coli count was found in brand B (3.39 ± 2.74 10glO cfu/ml) and lowest in C (0.87 ± 0.87 10glO cfulml). Highly significant (p observed between brands except between D and C, e and E and E and A. Of the hundred pasteurized milk samples examined, 82% did not meet the total viable count criteria prescribed by BIS (1992). Only 75% samples from brand D and 15% from E met the criteria. Eighty five per cent samples from brand D met the coliform count limit prescribed for pasteurized milk by BIS (1992). The per cent of samples belonging to brands E and A that met the above criteria was 35 and 25, respectively. Only five per cent samples from brands Band e met this en teria. Sixty four isolates were identified as E. coli . Antibiogram of these isolates . showed that 96.9% were sensitive to gentamicin and norfloxacin. The per cent of isolates that showed sensitivity to tetracycline, cotrimazine, cephotaxime and nitrofurantoin were 92.2, 67.2, 56.3 and 54.7 respectively. To study the effect of pasteurization on the bacterial quality of raw milk and to find out the shelf life under refrigerated conditions, one raw milk sample and 12 sachets of pasteurized milk were collected from a batch on each day from the dairy plant. This was repeated at varied interval for ten days. The total viable, psychrotrophic, coliform and E. coli counts of raw milk samples were 6.74 ± 6.17, 6.67 ± 6.13, 3.41 ± 2.93 and 2.42 ± 2.27 10glO cfu/ml. No E. coli was found in freshly pasteurized milk samples. Total viable count of these samples was 5.05 ± 4.38 10glO cfu/rnl. The psychrotrophic and coliform counts were 4.85 ± 4.26 10glO cfu/ml and 2.36 ± 2.01 10glO cfu/ml respectively. Pasteurization reduced total viable and psychrotrophic count by 2 log and the coliform count by one. In the refrigerated sample the initial bacterial growth rate was very slow, and there was no significant increase in total viable and psychrotrophic counts for up to seven days of storage. Thereafter the increase in these counts were significantly different from that of initial count. An increase in coliform count was observed but it did not differ significantly from that of freshly pasteurized milk. Off odour was detected for the first time on the io" day and it was noticed in 30% of the samples and by 11 th day 100% samples showed off odour. Only on 1 ih ( days clot on boiling was noticed for the first time, that too only in one sample from a '. batch. As far as pasteurized milk is concerned, clot on boiling is not a suitable test for assessing the quality of pasteurized milk. The storage life was found to be at least . nine days for pasteurized milk kept in a refrigerator. Inspite of the fact that bacterial counts were well above the suggested norms by BIS, the milk had a keeping quality of nine days. Hence there is an indication for modification of the existing norms.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Public health significance of brucellosis in pigs
    (Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Ajay Kumar, V J; KAU; Nanu, E
    Brucellosis is one of the bacterial diseases which affect pigs and produce severe economic loss to the farmers since it causes abortion, still birth, sterility and other complications in pigs. The disease in pigs is also a threat to public health because the etiologic agent can be readily transferred from infected pigs to human beings and can cause the disease in them. Considering the above facts, a serological study was undertaken to assess the extent of the disease present in pigs as well as human beings. During the investigation, serum samples from 255 pigs and 250 human were collected and were subjected to Rose Bengal Plate test (RBPT), Standard tube agglutination test (STAT), Heat inactivation test (HIT), 2 – mecraptoethanol test (2 – MET) and by Ethylene diamine tetra acetate agglutination test (EAT), to detect the presence Brucella agglutinin in these sera. One hundred and seventy samples were collected from slaughtered pigs of which 37 (21.76%) samples gave a positive titre with STAT but only 34 (20% samples had a positive titre by HIT. Twenty seven (15.88%) out of 170 samples gave positive test reaction by RBPT, 2 – MET and EAT. Eighty five samples were collected from the farm reared pigs. Seven (8.24%) of these samples revealed positive agglutination reaction by RBPT, STAT and Hit. 2 – mercaptoethanol test could detect only five (5.88%) of their samples as positive for brucellosis whereas six (7.06%) samples showed positive test reaction by EAT. Out of the 255 serum samples collected from pigs, 26 (10.2%) were found positive with all the tests. Among the 250 human serum samples screened, four of them were found positive for the disease with all the tests. Of the positive samples one male and two female samples were obtained from general population. One of the 88 samples collected from veterinary students was found positive by the tests used in this study. Twenty samples each collected from veterinarians and pig farm attendants were found negative for the disease. Out of all the tests used in this study, STAT was able to detect maximum number of reactors, followed by HIT, RBPT, EAT and finally by 2 – MET. The reasons for differences in seropositivity with different tests on the same sample were discussed.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Physico-chemical quality of buffalo meat under refrigeration
    (Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1996) Abdulkader Kunhy, P A; KAU; Kuttinarayanan, P
    eat is accepted all over the world as a rich source of high quality assimilable protein containing all the essential amino acids. Meat quality per se is contributed by its physic-chemical, biochemical, nutritional, microbiological and organoleptic qualities. Though some of these are predetermined depending on animal physiology, others can be changed by manipulating the meat handling practices. It is learned from the literature that studies on physic-chemical quality of buffalo meat are scanty. Hence the present study was undertaken to assess the various physico chemical qualities of buffalo meat under refrigeration (40C). Fifteen meat samples were collected from the municipal slaughter house, Kuriachira, thrissur and analysed for PH, water holding capacity, glycogen content, fibre diameter, sarcomere length and organoleptic qualities at 1 h and stored at refrigeration temperature (40C) for further analysis at 8, 24 and 72 h of refrigeration. The PH and the glycogen content of the samples reduced steadily during the storage period from 1h to 72h. However significant differences in water holding capacity, fibre diameter and sarcomere length were not observed during the course of study. In the organoloeptic evaluation, flavor and tenderness did not differ significantly during different hours of storage, though the meat was significantly juicer (P<0.05) with a score 5.85+ 0.19 at 1 h and reduced further during subsequent hours of storage.