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ThesisItem Open Access Study on the influence of cattle keeping on the bacteriological quality of domestic well water(Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1981) George Oommen, T; KAU; Soman, MWells are the main sources of water supply in Indian villages and towns as elsewhere in any of the rural areas of the developing tropical countries. The shallow, open, dug wells are liable to contamination from the surrounding sources by various means. Faecal contamination of water is considered as one of the major causes of health hazards resulting in innumerable diseases among people throughout the world. Therefore, the bacteriological analysis of water is aimed at the detection and enumeration of indicators of faecal pollution. The movement of animal excreta into surface and ground water is considered a major factor contributing to the bacteriological pollution of available water in many regions. In order to assess the influence of cattle keeping on the bacteriological quality of domestic well water in Mannuthy area, the present study was undertaken. Forty wells from households randomly selected, with and without cattle keeping, for the study spreading over for a period of six months covering the summer and south-west monsoon during 1981. Water samples were collected aseptically, once in each season. They were bacteriologically analysed for SPC, MPN of coliforms and the detection and enumeration of E.coli. FS and C1 perfringens. Bacterial counts in water from all wells far exceeded the standards recommended for open, shallow wells. Although an apparently higher SPC in water from households with cattle keeping than from those without was observed, it was not statistically significant. The seasonal variation in the counts showed a hundred-fold increase in the case of SPC during monsoon than summer. But the similar increase in the MPN was negligible. The indicator bacteria, especially E.Coli and C1.perfringens showed a significant reduction during monsoon. The sanitary survey of the wells conducted with the help of a ready made performa revealed that none of the wells could be considered satisfactory either in construction or maintenance. The SPC and FS counts were found to have a positive correlation with the depth of wells. The SPC was positively correlated with the type of latrine also. The MPN of coliform and the depth of lining and distance of cattle shed from well were negatively correlated; so also a negative correlation was observed in the case of FS count and the distance between latrine and well. The various characteristics of wells, cattle keeping and latrines were found to have a significant correlation with the SPC and MPN of coliforms. When these of wells and latrines were alone considered, they showed significant correlation only with FS count. But it was observed that the characteristics of wells and latrines alone could explain for the considerable variations in the SPC and MPN than those of cattle keeping, as a source of pollution. It is concluded that the type of construction of well do not have any direct bearing on the bacteriological quality of well water except in the case of Cl. perfringens counts. Cattle keeping has also no significant influence on the bacteriological quality of domestic well water in Mannuthy area though all wells under study showed evidence of recent or past faecal contamination.ThesisItem Open Access Identification of bacterial critical points and antibacterial effect of lactic acid on beef carcass(Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1994) Rajeev, K; KAU; Soman, MDuring the process of slaughter and subsequent processing, the beef carcass is exposed to bacterial contamination. Bacterial load is one of the parameters for assessment of the sanitary conditions in slaughter operations. It is tedious and time consuming to evaluate bacterial load of carcass surface as a whole. Therefore assessment of bacterial load on certain points (critical points) in the carcass which are more frequently exposed to contaminants will help in quick assessment of sanitaty standard. In the present study six critical points were selected on beef carcasses to evaluate the bacterial contamination. Carcasses from two slaughter houses differing in infrastructural facilities were used for this assessment and comparison. There was significant difference in the level of bacterial contamination on critical points of carcasses obtained from the two sources. Significant difference was noticed between points as well. Among the critical points, neck-lateral has shown highest level of contamination. This may be due to chances of exposure to contaminants during bleeding and flaying. The abdomen-medial was comparatively less contaminated. In spite of conscious precautions, carcasses invariably get contaminated. In order to minimize the bacterial load on carcass at the end of slaughter line, washing carcass with sanitizers is one of the methods adopted in meat trade. Lactic acid one percent solution, when used as sanitizer for washing beef carcasses immediately after slaughter, has shown significant reduction in total viable count, coliform count and faecal streptococcal count estimated 1 h after treatment. When hot lactic acid solution at 700C was used for washing, significant reduction in the above counts in comparison to the first treatment was observed. This added benefit can be attributed to the enhanced temperature of the solution. It is concluded that one percent lactic acid solution, preferably at 700C, can be effectively used as a sanitizer on beef carcass surface for reduction of initial bacterial load and this helps in prolonging the storage life under the retail marketing condition.ThesisItem Open Access Differentiation of beef from chevon by serological methods(Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1980) Mohan Das, N; KAU; Prabhakaran, PIdentification of meat of different species by physical examination alone is difficult. Serological tests are advocated as one of the reliable methods. In order to differentiate beef from chevon, tube precipitation and gel-diffusion tests were concurrently done. Antisera raised in rabbits against beef and chevon, and saline extracts of meat samples collected from known sources as antigen, were used for the tests. In order to remove cross-reacting antibodies, the sera were absorbed with freese – dried antigen against which cross- reacting antibodies were present. Tube precipitation and gel-diffusion tests were adopted for identifying the meat samples. The tests conducted on eighty samples of meat gave cent percent accuracy in identifying the meat. Buffalo meat and mutton used in the test as antigen reacted in the same manner as that by beef and chevon respectively. It was also possible to detect the presence of adulterant in a mixed sample of beef and chevon when the proportion or level of adulterant was up to 20 percent. The antisera could be preserved for more than six months at 50C and-200C without loss of efficacy inspite of occasional electricity failure. It is concluded that tube precipitation and gel-diffusion tests are reliable methods for differentiation of beef and chevon.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of acetic acid and propionic acid on bacteriological quality of beef(Department of Veterinery Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 1993) Latha, C; KAU; Nanu, EThe bacterial contamination of meat surface is posing a threat to public health and meat trade. It is necessary to minimise the bacterial load at all levels of production, storage and marketing. Use of sanitizer is one of the methods suggested for reducing the bacterial load on carcass surface. The study was undertaken to assess the efficiency of acetic and propionic acids at one and two per cent strength as sanitizer on beef. Carcasses obtained from Kerala Agricultural University Slaughter House, were subjected for the study. The samples were maintained at ambient temperature for 24 h. The acid treatment of samples was done immediately after slaughter. The total viable count,coliform count and faecal streptococcal count were estimated by standard methods at zero, one, five, nine, and twenty-four hours of storage. An upward trend of bacterial load was observed during storage. At all intervals, the bacterial load was significantly lower in treated samples compared to that of control. The bacterial load was found to be significantly lower in samples subjected to acid treatments at two per cent level than one per cent. The persistence of the effect was found to be inversely proportional to the duration of storage. The bacterial load could generally be confined with one per cent acetic acid upto five hours and nine hours with two per cent acetic acid within the initial count Though propionic acid at one and two per cent levels had beneficial effect acetic acid was found to be betterThesisItem Open Access Studies on the larval cestodes of zoonotic importance in Kerala with special reference to hydatid(Department of Veterinery Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 1978) Abraham, J; KAU; Padmanabha, Iyer RA study was made on larval cestodes of zoonotic importance in Kerala with special reference to hydatid. The investigations included incidence of hydatidosis in animals slaughtered in Kerala in relation to the species, organ involved, fertility status; some of the biochemical constituents viz. total nitrogen, protein, sodium and potassium and diagnostic tests; indirect haemagglutination and cason’s intradermal test. Data on incidence of cysticercus bovis was also collected simultaneously. Indirect haemagglutination test was carried out on sera samples collected from cattle and the observations studied in relation to the infection – status ascertained at post-mortem. Intradermal test was done on cattle brought for slaughter and results were confirmed during post-mortem.ThesisItem Open Access Preliminary study of bacteriological quality of market beef of Trichur with special reference to Salmonella and Staphylococci(Department of Veterinery Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 1978) Nanu, E; KAU; Soman, MWith a view to investigate the bacteriological quality of market beef in and around Trichur Town in respect of bacteria of public health importance, with special reference to Staphylococci and Salmonellae, the present study was undertaken. Seventy samples of market beef collected from meat stalls in and around Trichur town were processed for isolation of Salmonellae and Staphylococci following standard procedures. Sixty two isolates of Staphylococci, of which 49 coagulase positive suggestive of S. aureus were obtained. All Staphylococci were resistant to Penicillin and Ampicillin. A high rate of resistance was observed against Erythromycin, Streptomycin, Kanamycin, Terramycin and Chloromycetin. Coagulase positive characters and antibiotic resistance denote its importance in public health.ThesisItem Open Access Occurrence and survivability of yersinia in pork(Department of Veterinery Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 1994) Sunil, B; KAU; Prabhakaran, PInvestigation was carried out to find out the the presence and survivability of Yersinia in pork. One hundred and seventy one samples were collected from 39 animals. Three isolates of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis were obtained using Yersinia isolation agar (Himedia). Two of the isolates were from the buccal cavity and tonsil of the same animal and the third from the tonsil of another animal. Even when the organism could not be isolated by direct plating, cold enrichment enabled isolation of the organism from the same sample. The organism could be recovered from inoculated and stored (40 C) pork samples upto seven days. At – 150 C storage, the organism could be recovered upto 30 days by direct plating. Direct plating failed to recover the organism on 45th day, but resuscitation techniques was effective, which underlined the importance of resuscitation for isolation of the organism from frozen samples. On 60th day resuscitation also failed to recover the organism.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of electrical stimulation on chevon quality(Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1990) Major, Emmanuel Mathew; KAU; Padmanabha, Iyer RElectrical stimulation of carcasses is considered as a means of improvement in meat quality. The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of ES on goat carcasses and to observe improvement in meat quality, if any. The study was conducted on longitudinally split carcasses of ten adult goats (aged 8-11 years ) by stimulating one half from each carcass while the other half served as control. ES was done within 25 minutes of exsanguination using pulsed alternating current at 150 volts, 50Hz, and 20 pulses per second and with a stimulation cycle of two seconds ‘on’ and one second ‘off’ for a total duration of 120 seconds. Samples of Longissimus dorsi muscles were collected from both stimulated and non stimulated sides and stored at ambient and refrigeration temperatures. They were subjected to study the changes in PH, glycogen content, sarcomere length, fibre diameter, water holding capacity and extract release volume at specified time intervals. Sensory evaluation was done 24 hours after ES. The main observations were rapid drop n PH during stimulation, early attainment of ultimate PH, slower rate of PH fall during post-stimulation period, accelerated rate of glycolysis, increase in sarcomere length, lower WHC and initial increase in ERV in stimulated muscles when compared to NS muscles. There was no significant difference in fibre diameter. Taste panel studies indicated significant improvement in tenderness of stimulated muscles stored at ambient and refrigeration temperatures. The connective tissue ratings were also significantly favourable for ES muscles stored at both temperatures. The overall acceptability improved markedly in the case of stimulated muscles than in NS muscles. There were no changes in flavor and juiciness ratings attributable to electrical stimulation.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of hygienic quality of market meat(Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1981) Kuttinarayanan, P; KAU; Soman, MWith a view to investigate the hygienic quality of market meat in and around Trichur town the present study was undertaken. Eighty four samples of meat were tested for detecting total aerobic plate count, count of coliforms, Escherichia coli, Faecal streptococci and clostridium perfringens. Eighty four samples of beef obtained from different meat stalls had aerobic plate count ranging from 30 x 106 150 x 106 organism per gram of meat. Kerala Agricultural University Slaughter House (USH) gave the minimum count in comparison with other three places such as Panchayat meat stall, Mannuthy, Municipal Meat stall at west fort and East fort. The maximum count recorded from west fort sample had a count 150 x 106 organism per gram of meat. Coliform count (MPN) ranged between 1.2 x 105 and 160 x 105 per 100 grams of meat. The maximum count obtained was from samples of East fort and minimum was that from USH. E.Coli count ranged from 800 to 8800 organisms per gram of meat. The proportion of E.coli in the samples was corresponding to the APC in respect of the source of collection. All the randomly tested E.coli colonies were indole producing, MR positive and VP and citrate negative . Ninety per cent of them were Eijkman positive indicating they were typical coliforms. Faecal streptococci were present in all except one sample. The count ranged between ‘0’ and 110000 organisms per gram of meat. On testing the colonies by certain biochemical test, the result that the isolates were mostly of animals origin. About 15 samples were free from clostridium perfringens and count ranged between zero and 2000 organisms per gram of meat. The counts had shown that among the samples collected, those from USH had significantly low count in respect of all organisms studied. Similar result was seen in case of the bacterial quality of water samples collected from all the four places. Seventeen carcases were subjected to spray washing with different levels of chlorine such as 10, 20 and 50ppm. The meat samples were collected from the surface, before and 15 minutes after spraying, and they were processed for estimating the bacterial load. A reduction in bacterial load was observed by spray washing with water containing 10, 20 and 50 ppm chlorine to the extent of 24.8, 59.9 and 77.9 percent respectively and were significant at one per cent level. Water with 50ppm chlorine was found to be the best for washing carcase reduction in bacterial load without affecting its physical appearance and acceptability.
