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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of induced stress and antistress agents on the physiological parameters in broiler chicken(Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2003) Srinivas Reddy, Bellur; KAU; Philomina, P TIn modern poultry production system various factors namely floor space reduction, feed and water restriction, high environmental temperature, vaccination, medication, debeaking etc. have the potential to induce stress in poultry which results in poor performance as well as reduction in immune response as the nutrients normally utilized for growth and production are diverted to counteract the stress and survival. The study was undertaken with the objective of evaluating the influence of induced stress and anti stress agents (dietary ascorbic acid and Zeetress®) on various physiological, biochemical and production parameters in broiler chicken. Fifty six numbers of day old broiler chicks (Vencob) procured from a commercial hatchery were reared in battery cages under the standard managemental conditions upto four weeks of age. Then they were randomly selected and divided into seven groups (G-I to G- VII) with eight birds per group. The birds in different groups were as follows: G-I as the control, G-II as floor space reduced group (33%), G-III as floor space reduced group supplemented with Zeetress® @ 0.01%, G-IV as floor space reduced group supplemented with ascorbic acid @ 0.02%, G- V as 30% feed restriction, G- VI as 30% feed restriction with dietary supplementation of Zeetress® @ 0.0 I % and G- VII as 30% feed restriction with dietary supplementation of ascorbic acid @ 0.02%. The birds were maintained in battery cages under standard managemental conditions on broiler ration with the exception of floor space reduction, feed restriction and incorporation of dietary anti stress agents. Production parameters such as weekly weight gain and feed efficiency were analyzed on weekly basis. Blood was collected with suitable anticoagulants, initially at fourth and then at sixth and eighth week of age. Whole blood was utilized for analysis of haematological parameters, heterophil: lyrnphocyte (H:L) ratio and mitogen induced lymphocyte proliferation test. Plasma was utilized for biochemical analyses i.e. for protein profile, lipid profile and estimation of glucose, uric acid and cortisol. The data were statistically analysed by appropriate tests. The birds of G- V group showed significantly lower values of TEC, Hb, VPRC and TLC at sixth and eight week of age. The dietary supplementation of Zeetress® and ascorbic acid in floor space reduced groups feed restricted groups did not show any significant influence on the values of TEC, Hb, VPRC, ESR, TLC when compared to the birds of respective stress induced groups G-II and G- V. The birds of stress induced groups G-II and G- V had lower lymphocyte count and higher heterophil and basophil count, higher H:L ratio and suppressed mitogen induced lyrnphocyte proliferation (probably due to a rise in level of plasma corticosteroids as a result of stress response) when compared to birds of G-J group, both at sixth and eighth week of age. Dietary supplementation of Zeetress® and ascorbic acid in floor space reduced groups and feed restricted groups elevated the lymphocyte counts, suppressed heterophil and" basophil counts, H:L ratio and considerably improved the mitogen induced lymphoblastogenic response both at sixth and eighth week of age. In the present study the birds of G-II and G- V group had no significant variation in plasma protein profile and glucose levels but had increased plasma concentration of ortisol (probably due to stress induced adrenal hyper activity) and decreased uric acid, when compared to birds of control group G-I, both at sixth and eighth week of age. Dietary Zeetress® and ascorbic acid supplementation in floor space reduced groups and feed restricted groups showed a lower plasma concentration of cortisol both at sixth and eighth week of age, and significantly increased uric acid at eighth week of age. Dietary supplementation of Zeetress® and ascorbic acid in floor space reduced groups decreased plasma concentration of cholesterol both at sixth and eighth week of age and total lipids at sixth week of age. In birds of feed restricted G- V group plasma concentration of cholesterol, triglycerides and total lipids were lower both at sixth and eighth week of age when compared to birds of control group G-I. The dietary supplementation of Zeetress® and ascorbic acid in feed restricted groups had no significant influence on plasma concentration of cholesterol both at sixth and eighth week of age. However, there was an increased concentration of triglycerides both at sixth and eighth week of age with significant increase in total lipids at eighth week of age, when compared to birds of G- V group. There was no significant variation In body weight and weight gain of birds in all floor space reduced groups compared to birds of control group (G-I) at all weeks of age with the exception of lower weight gain in G-IJI and G-IV when compared to G-II at eighth week of age. The body weight and weight gain in the birds of all feed restricted groups were lower when compared to birds of control group (0-1), at all weeks of age. A perusal of the overall feed efficiency from 5 to 8 weeks of age revealed that the birds of 0- VI group supplemented with Zeetress® recorded a superior FE (2.22) whereas an inferior value of 2.59 was noted in 0- V group without any dietary antistress agent. The control group recorded a FE of 2.29. Zeetress® supplementation improved overall FE in feed restricted group (0- VI). On the other hand this advantage was not observed in floor space reduced group (O-IlI). Dietary ascorbic acid improved overall FE only in case of feed restricted group 0- VII when compared to that of 0- V group. However, in floor space reduced group (O-IV), ascorbic acid supplementation could not improve the FE. The observations of the present study revealed that both feed restriction and floor space reduction resulted in some sort of chronic stress which led to variation in haematological and biochemical parameters, and impaired growth (in feed restricted groups). Analysis of TLC, OLC, mitogen induced Iymphocyte blastogenic response and plasma cortisol values indicated that there was a marked level of immunosuppression in the stressed birds. The magnitude of variation in most of these parameters was higher at sixth week of age when compared to that of eighth week values indicating some sort of habituation/ adaptation occurred upon chronic stress in the broiler chicken. The antistress agents - Zeetress® and ascorbic acid were equally effective in reversal of stress induced alterations in haematological, biochemical and production parameters.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of blue green alga (Spirulina platensis) on haematological, biochemical and fertility parameters of egg type male chicken(Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2003) Sethu Nair, C; KAU; Girish Varma, GEnhancement of total production without compromising aspects of wholesomeness and subject Iconsumer lenvironmental safety of the produce forms the new challenge of Indian poultry industry. Since nutrition is the single largest external factor affecting performance of the stock and accounting lion share of the input cost, nutritional manipulations have widely been used to take up this challenge. Especially in the wake of set backs from potential residual hazards of anabolic steroids used as growth promoting feed additives, use of certain blue green algae as dietary supplement offers more innocuous organic alternatives, for being safe to the subject, consumers and environment. Owing to their success in human health with anabolic and therapeutic effects cyanobacteria, the blue green algae, are being tried in livestock/poultry production as well. Spirulina is rich in protein, vitamins and provitamins such as carotenoids, and minerals. Protein from spirulina is believed to be highly digestible due to the lack of a cell wall; it contains 18 amino acids, major ones being lysine, arginine, threonine, methionine and phenylalanine. High levels of arginine is normally believed to be insulinogenic, indirectly through stimulation of growth hormone secretion The present study forms part of an exploration of growth promoting and fertility augmenting aspects of one of the popular species of blue green algae, Spirulina platensis, envisaging evaluation of its influence on haematological, biochemical and fertility parameters of Austra-white male chicken, when used as a dietary supplement. Thirty-two numbers of eight-week-old Austra-white male chickens were reared under standard management conditions in battery cages in Department of Physiology, College Of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. The birds were selected randomly and divided into two groups, G I (control) and G 11 (spirulina supplemented) comprising of sixteen birds in each. Birds of group G I were solely fed with standard layer rution und formed lhe controls in the experiment while birds of G 1I group were fed layer ration with dietary supplementation of Spirulina platensis at the level of 2.5% of feed. Both rations were made isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Feed and water were provided to birds ad libitum. Body weight of the birds was taken at monthly intervals from initial period (eight week of age) to thirty-two weeks of age. Blood was collected at monthly intervals from third to eighth months of age. Estimation of haematological parameters comprised total erythrocyte count (TEC), haemoglobin content (Hb), volume of packed red cells (VPRC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and total leukocyte count (TLC). Erythrocytic indices were calculated from the estimated values of TEC, Hb and VPRC. Biochemical profile of plasma included estimation of total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin globulin (A: G) ratio (protein profile), cholesterol, triglycerides, total lipids (lipid profile), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and bilirubin at monthly intervals from third to eighth month. Plasma antioxidant status was assessed by estimating catalase enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation level. Semen was collected at twenty- fourth, twenty-eighth and thirty-second weeks of age. Semen evaluation was done by observing the motility, mass activity, semen volume, methylene blue reduction time (MBRT), percentage of live sperms (differential staining and hypo osmolarity swelling) and heat and cold shock resistance tests in the collected semen samples. Birds were sacrificed at thirty-two weeks of age and the relative organ weight of liver,' spleen, pancreas and testes was estimated. Lipid peroxidation level of homogenized samples of liver, spleen, pancreas and testes were also estimated. The data were statistically analysed using appropriate tests. Body weight of birds fed with spirulina (G II group) was significantly higher when compared to control (G I group). Relative organ weight also showed a significantly higher relative weight for spleen, pancreas and testes. The birds of G II group tSpirulina platensis- fed) showed a significantly higher values of TEC, Hb concentration, VPRC and TLC compared to control (G I group) birds. The value of ESR was significantly lower for the spirulina fed group. Plasma protein profile indicated a significant higher concentration of total protein, albumin and globulin levels in spirulina-fed group. Plasma lipid profile had a low total lipid and cholesterol level in spirulina fed birds of G II group when compared to the controls in G I group. However, the triglyceride levels was significantly higher for spirulina fed birds (G II group). Plasma concentrations of BUN and bilirubin were also significantly higher for G 11 group. The results indicated a strong haematopoietic effect of spirulina and its usefulness as a protein rich nutritional supplement for poultry. Plasma antioxidant activity was significantly higher for G II group in the sense that the spirulina fed group showed an increased blood catalase activity and a decreased plasma lipid peroxidation levels. Estimation of peroxidation level in homogenised samples of liver and testes also had a significantly lower peroxidation level in birds of G 11 group. Results underlined the strong antioxidant capacity of spirulina. Semen evaluation studies revealed a significantly higher semen volume, motility, and percentage of live sperms in semen samples from birds of G II group (spirulina fed) when compared to G I group. Semen samples from G II group also showed a significantly lower methylene blue reduction time compared to G I group. Heat and cold shock resistance test failed to show any significant difference between the two groups. Results indicated the fertility augmenting property of spirulina. The present study is consistent with earlier reports of growth promoting and erythropoietic effects of spirulina. Free radical scavenging effect of this species of alga has caused a marked increase in the antioxidant status of the subjects, congruent with earlier findings. Additionally, this is the first publication to report indications of a fertility augmenting effect of this alga in male birds. However, confirmation of the latter effect needs further investigation, preferably with insemination studies.ThesisItem Open Access Soil and crop management for organic carbon sequestration in a coconut based cropping system(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2007) Sudha, B; KAU; Annamma, George (GuideI)Soil, the soul of infinite life, despite being the most basic of all natural resources is severely neglected these days. Quality of soil is determined much by the soil organic matter (SOM) content and hence SOM is regarded as the foundation of sustainable agriculture. The lesser addition of carbonaceous organic inputs to soil coupled with oxidative losses associated with tillage are the major reasons for the loss of SOM and hence organic carbon from cultivated soils. The oxidative losses of SOM contributes to release of carbon dioxide, the major greenhouse gas and aggravate the phenomenon of global warming. On the other hand, maintaining adequate carbon levels in soil by means of enriching SOM is important as carbon supports soil microbes by providing energy for their activities. Carbon sequestration is a management strategy which serves the twin purposes of storage of carbon in soil sinks preventing it’s loss as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Based on this,the present study was planned with the objective of developing a suitable soil and crop management practice for improving the soil organic carbon content through carbon sequestration in a coconut based cropping system. The study intended to evaluate the effect of the management practices on soil properties, crop growth and yield and to work out the economics of the system. The study was carried out in two experiments. Among the various management options to conserve and sequester carbon in agricultural soils cropping system approach, residue management and tillage holds much significance and were tried in Experiment I entitled “Influence of crops and cultivation practices on soil organic carbon enrichment and crop performance”. This experiment involved three coconut based cropping systems viz. coconut – banana (s1), coconut- maize (s2), and coconut- pineapple (s3). Management of residue was attempted as surface mulch (m1) and soil incorporation (m2) so as to assess their varying impact on carbon sequestration. Conventional tillage operations (t1) ensuring more soil aeration to enhance SOM decomposition was compared with reduced till method (t2). Altogether there were 12 + 1 (coconut alone as control) treatment combinations replicated thrice in factorial randomized block design. Perusal of the results indicated positive influence on most of the soil properties from the initial to the final stage of the experiment with treatments. Coconut- pineapple systems where pineapple residue was recycled, surface mulching of residues and reduced tillage contributed to significant build up of organic carbon and organic matter in the upper soil layer by the end of second year in comparison to other treatments. Significant increase in the enzymatic status of soil for soil enzymes dehydrogenase, phosphatase, urease, cellulase and protease noticed under these treatments is attributed to the maintanance of more SOM . These treatments also maintained higher humic acid status, available phosphorus, available potassium and cation exchange capacity at the final stage of the experiment. With surface mulching and reduced tillage, there was improvement in the aggregate stability of soil which resulted in favourable decrease of bulk density. Under surface mulching, coconut – pineapple and coconut – banana systems recorded higher water holding capacity. The fulvic acid content of soil was more with coconut – pineapple system and reduced tillage. The surface mulched plots maintained higher humic acid : fulvic acid ratios. The total and available nitrogen status of soil was found higher and comparable under coconut – banana and coconut – pineapple systems. With surface mulching and reduced tillage in coconut – banana systems, more number of suckers and higher biomass of banana resulted. For pineapple, these treatments effected in better plant height, plant spread, reduction in the number of days to flowering, increased fruit girth and fruit yield. For first and second crop of maize, higher grain yield resulted from surface mulching. The coconut yield was not significantly influenced by treatments at the end of the study. The Benefit : Cost ratio revealed that coconut – pineapple systems, surface mulching and reduced till were much economical when compared to other treatments. Experiment II on “Carbon dynamics of organic residues” was carried out in microplots by studying the litter decomposition pattern for the three type of residues – maize (r1), banana (r2) and pineapple (r3), which were used in Experiment I. The residues were maintained in plots either as surface mulch (m1)or incorporation (m2). Control plots also were maintained without mulching. 6+1 (control) treatments were replicated thrice in factorial randomized block design. At the end of the study after one year time, it was noticed that maize residue decomposed almost completely whereas pineapple residue the least. With progress of decomposition, there was a decline in the percentage residue constituents except for lignin and ash. Higher status of soil organic carbon, soil organic matter and soil enzymes like dehydrogenase, urease and phosphatase were observed in surface mulched pineapple plots. The availability of nitrogen in soil was significantly high for maize residue plots by six months of time but by the time of one year, pineapple residue added plots had significantly higher nitrogen status. The results of the investigation reveals that pineapple residue with high lignin content and hence slow decomposition rates can enrich the organic matter status of soil even one year after it’s application especially when used as surface mulch. Coconut – pineapple cropping systems can be encouraged with surface mulching of residue and reduced till practices so as to enrich SOM and SOC for improved soil quality and to reap better profits.ThesisItem Open Access Cell mediated immune response in cockerels under temperature stress(Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2008) Savitha, M K; KAU; Ramnath, VA study was conducted with the objective of finding the variations in the cell mediated immunological responses induced by heat / cold stress in cockerels and the role of brahma rasayana (BR) supplementation as an immunopotentiative agent. A total of 144 Gramapriya cockerels having 1 kg bw (4 months) were subjected to heat (40 ± 10C and relative humidity (RH) 80 ± 5 per cent) and cold (4 ±10C and RH 45 ± 5 per cent ) each for 4 consecutive hours per day for 10 days in a controlled environmental chamber (floor space 875 cm2 / bird). Control groups were reared randomly under ambient temperature of 30 ± 10C and RH 65 per cent. The dietary inclusion of BR was done @ 2.0 g/kg bw for 20 days (10 days prior to and during the period of heat / cold stress). To certain extend the heat stress induced hyperthermia in birds. Heat stress was positively correlated with the plasma corticosterone level in untreated cockerels, whereas exposure to cold and BR treatment resulted in lowered plasma corticosterone concentration. The phagocytic potential and migratory capability of peritoneal macrophages was found to be enhanced in both heat / cold stress, which were further enhanced by BR supplementation, while the cytotoxicity against L929 cells was decreased in heat / cold stressed cockerels, which were reversed by BR supplementation. It was noticed that the cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity response in heat / cold stressed untreated cockerels at 24 / 48 h post PHA inoculation got increased by BR supplementation. Similarly, the leucocyte migration inhibition index which was decreased in temperature stress could be reversed by BR treatment. Administration of BR was found to enhance the proliferation of splenocytes in response to mitogens like PHA and Con A in both heat / cold stress. The mitogenic response of PHA was dose dependent, while that of Con A was not dose specific. The natural killer cell activity was found decreased by heat / cold stress and enhanced with the supplementation of BR, earlier lysis of target K562 cells were achieved by effector cells. The antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity was enhanced in heat / cold stressed cockerels administered with BR on the ninth day, when compared to their untreated counterparts, which was measured from the percentage SRBC lysis. An earlier antibody dependent complement mediated cytotoxicity was observed on 5th day of the experiment, while the BR supplementation could augment the tumoricidal property through ACC in heat / cold stressed and non-stressed cockerels. The cockerels under induced heat stress exhibited much diminished cell mediated immune profile when compared to cold stressed and non-stressed birds. In general, most of the immune parameters screened in cockerels under induced cold stress were found to be in par with non-stressed BR treated group. This indicated that there was not much alteration in the immune status of cockerels during cold exposure. Results of the present study also indicated that the dietary supplementation of BR @ 2.0 g/kg bw in poultry could potentiate the immunological insult inflicted by heat stress.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological evaluation of dietary supplementation of steroid hormones and alpha-tocopherol in broiler chicken(Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2007) Cyel, V Yohannan; KAU; Philomina, P TThirty two, day old broiler chicks of Vencob strain were divided into four groups containing eight chicks in each group as G-I (control), G-II, G-III, and G-IV (treatments) and reared under identical management conditions for a period of four weeks with standard broiler ration as per BIS (1992). From fourth to eighth week of age, birds of group G-I (control) fed with Standard broiler finisher ration, G-II fed with Standard broiler finisher ration + Ethinylestradiol and Levanorgestrel incorporated @ 66.3 mg & 331.5 mg respectively per 100 kg of feed, G-III fed with Standard broiler finisher ration + dl-α-tocopherol @ 25 g per 100 kg of feed and G-IV fed with Standard broiler finisher ration + dl-α-tocopherol @ 25 g and a combination of Ethinylestradiol and Levanorgestrel @ 66.3 mg & 331.5 mg respectively per 100 kg of feed. Birds were regularly monitored for clinical health status, feed intake and individual weight (weekly intervals). Blood samples (5 ml each) were collected with and without anticoagulant at fortnightly intervals from fourth week to the end of experiment and analysed hematological parameters, plasma protein profile, lipid profile, enzymatic activity such as gama glutamyltransferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), superoxide desmutase (SOD), catalase and lipid peroxidation and serum concentration of calcium, phosphorus, copper and iron were also analysed. Histomorphology of liver adrenal and breast muscles were conducted. Liver and breast muscles were analysed for enzymes as GGT, tissue peroxidation, and crude protein and ether extract. Data were analysed statistically with appropriate tools. Results obtained showed that dietary supplementation of ethinylestradiol+levanorgestrel and dl-α-tocopherol failed to elicit any noticeable influence on the growth and feed efficiency and mineral status (serum calcium, phosphorous, copper and iron levels) in the experimental birds. Ethinylestradiol+levanorgestrel supplementation significantly lowered (P<0.05) total erythrocyte count (TEC), haemoglobin (Hb) and volume of packed red cells (VPRC). Ethinylestradiol+levanorgestrel supplementation significantly (P<0.05) lowered the plasma concentration of total lipids, total cholesterol and LDL (birds of G-II group) while dl-α-tocopherol did not bring such an effect. Ethinylestradiol+levanorgestrel and dl-α-tocopherol either alone or in combination significantly increased the plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in birds from sixth to eighth week of age. Ethinylestradiol+levanorgestrel and dl-α-tocopherol alone or in combination caused reduction in plasma VLDL and triglyceride values. There was a lower level of ether extract in muscles of all the treatment groups compared with control. Liver from birds of ethinylestradiol+levanorgestrel treated birds (G-II) had lower fat accumulation in hepatocytes. Ethinylestradiol+levanorgestrel fed group G-II (P<0.05) had the highest and the birds of dl-α-tocopherol supplemented group G-III had the lowest plasma GGT and AST activity at sixth and eighth week of age. These effects might be due to the effects of ethinylestradiol+levanorgestrel on the biliary system resulting in an elevated enzyme activity in plasma. Similarly ethinylestradiol+levanorgestrel caused significant increase in GGT levels only in the liver of G-II birds while there was no such change in breast muscles. Dl-α-tocopherol alone (G-III) or when combined with ethinylestradiol+levanorgestrel (G-IV) caused a significant increase (P<0.05) in catalse activity while ethinylestradiol+levanorgestrel and dl-α-tocopherol alone (G-II and G-III respectively) or in combination (G-IV) also showed lowered lipid peroxidation which indicated a better antioxidant status. Predominant effect of ethinylestradiol+levanorgestrel was observed on the plasma lipid profile (reduction in the level of plasma total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL cholesterol) while, -tocopherol showed its antioxidant properties. However, ethinylestradiol +levanorgestrel caused the damage to the biliary system resulting in elevated levels of enzymes such as GGT and AST. Dietary supplementation of ethinylestradiol+levanorgestrel and dl-α-tocopherol failed to elicit much anticipated effect on growth and other performance indices.ThesisItem Open Access Physio-biochemical evaluation of broiler chicken fed with processed fish wastes(Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2008) Darsana, M G; KAU; Sreekumar, K PThe present study was undertaken to study the effect of dietary incorporation of processed fish wastes; acid silage (fish waste) and surimi waste powder on the physio-biochemical parameters in broiler chicken. The experiment was conducted on forty five, day old broiler chicken of Vencob strain for a period of seven weeks. After three weeks of age, they were randomly divided into three groups G-I, G-II and G-III of 15 birds each. During the first three weeks, they were fed with standard broiler starter ration of BIS specification. After three weeks, G-I was fed with the standard broiler finisher ration, G-II was fed with the standard broiler finisher ration in which there was 100 per cent replacement of unsalted dried fish with acid silage (fish waste) and G-III was fed with the standard broiler finisher ration in which there was 100 per cent replacement of unsalted dried fish with surimi waste powder. The rations of G-I, G-II and G-III were made isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Body weight and feed consumption were recorded at weekly intervals from fourth to seventh weeks of age. Blood samples were collected fourth to seventh week from the three groups at weekly intervals and haematological and biochemical parameters were analysed. Haematological parameters like Hb, VPRC, TEC, TLC, serum protein profile like total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin globulin ratio, serum lipid profile like total lipids, triglycerides, HDL,VLDL, NEFA, total cholesterol, serum enzymes like ALT,AST antioxidants like blood catalase, blood SOD, serum GSH, serum LPO, serum electrolytes like Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe were estimated. At the end of the experiment, the birds were sacrificed and giblet weight was assessed. The meat of three representative samples from each group was used for analysing meat cholesterol and the proximate principles like crude protein, ether extract and total ash. There was no significant difference between the three groups in body weight and feed consumption and they were gradually increasing during the experimental period in all the three groups. The haematological parameters also were comparable between the control and experimental groups. No significant difference was observed between the groups in the concentrations of total protein, albumin and albumin globulin ratio throughout the study. The concentration of globulin was significantly higher in the control group at the start of the study but later, the values were significantly comparable between the three groups. The concentrations of total lipids, triglycerides, NEFA, VLDL and total cholesterol maintained a similar trend between the control and experimental groups but at the seventh week, the concentration of HDL in the acid silage (fish waste) fed group was lower than that of the control group. The concentrations of serum enzymes and minerals (Na, K, Ca and Fe) did not show any significant change between the three groups during the entire study. Though the Mg level showed a fluctuating trend at fifth and sixth weeks of age, at the end of the study, there was no significant difference between any of the groups. The antioxidant status was also significantly comparable between the groups. The meat parameters like giblet weight, meat cholesterol and the proximate principles were also significantly similar in the three groups. It is obligatory to use animal protein source in broiler chicken for obtaining better growth performance. Fish meal is rich in certain amino acids essential for the proper growth of chicken that are limiting in the vegetable protein supplements. Unconventional protein sources like fish wastes are to be used in the ration due to the high cost and low availability of fish meal. In the present study, physio- biochemical effects of using processed fish wastes in the ration of broiler chicken instead of fish meal were assessed and they induced a growth similar to that of the standard normal ration which contain fish meal as animal protein. Thus the incorporation of the two fish wastes could be advocated to the farmers to reduce the feed cost and improve the profit without affecting the growth and meat quality of broiler chicken and also as a measure to minimize environmental pollution.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of antistress and growth promoting effect of aswagandha (Withania somnifera) in broiler chicken(Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2009) Rekha P, Raghavan; KAU; Sreekumar, K PThe purpose of the study was to asses the antistress and growth promoting effect of Withania somnifera in broiler chicken. Sixty numbers of day old broiler chicks (vencob) procured from a commercial hatchery were reared under standard managemental conditions. At day old they were randomly divided into six groups (G1 to G6) with ten birds in each group. The study was conducted upto sixth week of age. The birds in various groups were as follows, G1- Normal , G2- Normal +5 g W. somnifera per kg feed, G3- Normal + 10 g W. somnifera per kg feed, G4- Stressed, G5- Stressed + 5 g W. somnifera per kg feed, and G6- Stressed + 10 g W. somnifera per kg feed. Production parameters such as body weight, weekly weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency were evaluated on weekly basis. All birds were immunized with 1ml of 7 per cent sheep red blood cells intravenously five days before subjecting to stress, for the evaluation of immune status. Stress was induced from four weeks to six weeks of age by reducing the floor space for a bird 1/3rd (372 cm2/ bird) of the optimum requirement (1116 cm2/bird). Blood samples were collected from wing vein, five days and one day before the induction of stress as well on day one, three, six, nine, twelve and fifteen days after the induction of stress. Haematological parameters such as total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leukocyte count (TLC), haemoglobin (Hb), heterophil lymphocyte ratio (H:L), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and volume of packed red cells (VPRC) were determined. Serum was utilized for analysis of total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, C-reactive protein (CRP), alanine amino transferase (ALT) and total cholesterol. The A:G was derived. The immunological status was studied by haemagglutinin assay (HA). Tissues from liver were used for estimating tissue lipid peroxidation (LPO) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels. The mucous membrane of proventriculus and duodenum were used for protease and amylase estimation respectively. The whole pancreas was used for pancreatic lipase estimation. Slaughter weights, carcass weight, giblet weight, weight of organs (spleen, bursa and adrenal) were also studied. The result of the present study revealed that supplementation W. somnifera did not affect the normal growth of broiler chicken. There was not much variation in slaughter weight, carcass weight and weight of organs between W. somnifera supplemented and not supplemented group. In stressed birds supplementation of W. somnifera ameliorated the stress related reduction in organ weight. Supplementation of W. somnifera did not affect the haematological parameters such as Hb, VPRC, TEC, TLC, MCV, MCH, MCHC and H:L in normal birds. Supplementation of W. somnifera to stressed birds reduced the stress induced increased TEC, MCV and H:L in birds. The supplementation of W. somnifera did not affect the serum total protein, albumin, globulin and A:G in normal birds. But in stressed birds the increased total protein was decreased by supplementation of W. somnifera. The supplementation of W. somnifera did not cause a sustained increase in ALT values revealing that it was not hepatotoxic to broilers. Supplementation of W. somnifera to stressed birds reduced the stress related hyperglycemia and hypercholesterolemia. The increased level of C-reactive protein in stressed birds was reduced through supplementation of W. somnifera. Supplementation of W. somnifera increased the GSH and decreased LPO levels in birds. Supplementation of W. somnifera ameliorated the stress related oxidative damage through the reduction of LPO and increase of GSH levels. W. somnifera improved the immune status of normal birds as well as that of immunosuppressed stressed birds. Besides, it also improved the activities of gastrointestinal enzymes in normal and stressed birds.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of season and antistress agents on physiological and biochemical parameters of Broiler Chicken Under Stress(Department of veterinery physiology, College of veterinary and animal sciences, Mannuthy, 2007) Karthiayini, K; KAU; Philomina, P TThe study was conducted with the objective of ascertaining the efficacy of certain antistress agents as probiotic with multiple strains of bacteria and yeast (Protexin), antibiotic as virginiamycin (Stafac-20) and vitamin C in ameliorating the overcrowding stress induced during summer and rainy seasons in respect of physiological, biochemical, hormonal, immunological and production parameters of broiler chicken. The experiment was carried out on one-month-old Vencob broiler chicks in two separate phases; phase-I during summer and phase II during rainy season. In each seasonal phase, the birds were divided into five groups with 12 birds in each group. Each group was replicated twice. The birds in different groups were G-I – unstressed control birds (provided with a floor space of 696 cm2/bird), G-II – stressed control (floor space reduced by 50% to have a space allowance of 348 cm2/bird), G-III – overcrowded birds supplemented with Protexin at the rate of 0.025 per cent in the diet, G-IV- overcrowded birds supplemented with virginiamycin at the rate of 0.002 per cent in the diet, and G-V- overcrowded birds supplemented with vitamin C at the rate of 0.03 per cent in the diet. Blood samples were collected from six birds in each replicate using appropriate anticoagulants. Haematological parameters were estimated using the whole blood. Plasma samples were separated and used for estimating biochemical and hormonal parameters. Quantification of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and electrophoretic separation of plasma proteins were carried out. Heterophil:Lymphocyte (H:L) ratio and lymphoblastogenic response were also recorded. The data were analysed statistically using appropriate tools. Values of total erythrocyte count (TEC), concentration of haemoglobin (Hb), volume of packed red blood cells (VPRC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), total leukocyte count (TLC) monocyte percentage, concentration of plasma total proteins, plasma alanine amino transferase (ALT) activity, plasma concentration of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), organ weight of different organs as heart, spleen, liver, gizzard, fat percentage and dressing percentage were not significantly affected by applied stress of overcrowding. The percentage of heterophils, lymphocytes, basophils, H/L ratio, plasma concentration of globulin, total lipids, total cholesterol, and glucose, activities of plasma enzymes such as aspartate amino transferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency were influenced by overcrowding stress in both summer as well as rainy seasons. Although the concentration of stress hormones (cortisol and corticosterone) increased significantly (P0.05) by overcrowding stress in six week old broilers, continued application of the same stress caused waning off the increase to merely insignificant level. The applied stress and summer heat deteriorated the immune status of the broilers whereas the supplemented feed additives normalised many of the stress-induced changes in the haematological, biochemical and production parameters. Out of the antistress feed supplements used vitamin C was found more efficacious and economical than Protexin and virginiamycin in repealing the stress induced alterations in broilers at six and eight weeks of age both in summer and rainy seasons. Virginiamycin supplementation adversely affected the haematological parameters. Seasons significantly changed the concentration of Hb, VPRC, heterophil count, lymphocyte count, H/L ratio, plasma LDH activity, plasma concentration of T3, T4, and cortisol as well as body weight of broiler chicken. The values of heterophil count, H/L ratio, plasma concentration of LDH, and cortisol were higher in summer, whereas, lower values were observed for Hb concentration, VPRC, lymphocyte count, plasma concentration of T3 and T4 and body weight. The birds in summer gave a better economical gain than those in rainy season. Haematological parameters such as TEC, TLC, MCH, percentages of monocytes, basophils, biochemical parameters such as plasma concentration of glucose, total proteins, albumin, globulin, A:G ratio, plasma concentration of total lipids, triglycerides, total cholesterol, AST, and ALT, corticosterone and production parameters such as body weight gain, organ weight, body fat percentage and dressing percentage were not significantly affected by seasons. Both overcrowding and summer heat stress reduced the feed intake of broilers. The plasma concentration of albumin, total lipids, cholesterol, glucose, AST, ALT, and LDH were increased significantly with the increase in age (4-8 weeks period) in both seasons. Significant reductions in the plasma concentration of corticosterone and T3 were noticed with the advancement of age. The values of VPRC, TLC, plasma concentration of globulin, A:G ratio, plasma concentration of triglycerides and cortisol, were not significantly affected by the age of the birds (4 to 8 weeks). From the results of the study it could be inferred that stress of overcrowding adversely affected many of the physiological, biochemical and production parameters of six and eight week old broiler chicken. Antistress feed supplements such as Protexin, virginiamycin and vitamin C were effective to rectify most of the stress-associated changes, but not all. The vitamin C was found better and more economical than other feed additives as Protexin and virginiamycin. Dietary supplementations of antistress agents were more effective in overcrowded, heat stressed birds of summer season than their counter parts of rainy season.ThesisItem Open Access Hypoglycaemic efficacy of scoparia dulcis and costus species in albino rats(Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2005) Balaji, S; KAU; Sreekumar, K PThe present study was undertaken to assess the hypoglycaemic activity of aqueous and alcoholic extract of Scoparia dulcis and Costus pictus @ 500mg/kg body weight orally in alloxan induced diabetic rats and also in combination and to compare their efficacy with a standard oral hypoglycaemic drug, glibenclamide. The experiment was conducted in seventy-two male Sprague-Dawley rats for a period of 60days, with eight animals in each group (Group I to IX). Group I served as normal control and Group II is diabetic control. Aqueous leaf extract of Scoparia dulcis and Costus pictus @ 500 mg/kg b.w orally were given to Group III and IV, respectively for 60 days. Group V and VI were given alcoholic leaf extract of Scoparia dulcis and Costus pictus @ 500 mg/kg b.w orally, respectively for 60 days. Group VII and VIII received combination of aqueous and alcoholic leaf extract of Scoparia dulcis and Costus pictus @ 500 mg/kg b.w orally, respectively for 60 days. Glibenclamide @ 0.5mg/animal/day was fed to Group IX. Body weight was recorded and RBC, WBC, total haemoglobin and glycosylated haemoglobin content were estimated on zero day, 7th, 14th, 28th, 56th, and 60th day of the experiment. Plasma glucose, plasma total lipids, plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, plasma HDL-C, plasma total protein, plasma albumin, plasma ALT and AST were also estimated. The liver glycogen and plasma copper, iron and zinc content were estimated at the end of the experimental period. Body weight was gradually increased during the experimental period in all treated group except the diabetic control, which showed a significant (p0.001) reduction in body weight. The RBC and WBC values did not show any significant change during the entire course of the experiment and maintained a normal level. The total haemoglobin content was increased in the animals treated with combination of alcoholic leaf extract of Scoparia dulcis and Costus pictus by two months of experiment. Glycosylated haemoglobin level also significantly decreased in all the treatment groups, which is comparable to that of the animals treated with glibenclamide. The animals treated with alcoholic leaf extract of Scoparia dulcis produced a marked reduction in plasma glucose level, which was higher than the reduction produced by the animals treated with glibenclamide at the end of the experiment. The plasma total lipids and plasma total cholesterol content were markedly reduced in the animals treated with a combination of alcoholic leaf extract of Scoparia dulcis and Costus pictus, which is comparable to that produced by glibenclamide treated group. The plasma triglyceride, plasma LDL-C and VLDL-C level were markedly reduced in the animals treated with alcoholic leaf extract of Scoparia dulcis.. The HDL-C level was increased in the animals treated with combination of alcoholic leaf extract of Scoparia dulcis and Costus pictus than the animals treated with glibenclamide. The plasma total protein and albumin content was increased in the animals treated with aqueous leaf extract of Costus pictus. The globulin content and A/G ratio was increased in the animals treated with a combination of aqueous leaf extract of Scoparia dulcis and Costus pictus. The liver enzymes such as ALT and AST were reduced in the animals treated with alcoholic leaf extract of Scoparia dulcis. The liver glycogen content was increased in animals treated with alcoholic leaf extract of Costus pictus, which is comparable to that of animals treated with alcoholic leaf extract of Scoparia dulcis. The plasma copper and iron content did not show any change but the zinc content was increased in all the treated groups than the diabetic control animals.