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Open Access
Hepatoprotective effect of azadirachta indica (NEEM) and tridax procumbens (CHIRAVANAK) in rats
(Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology,College of veterinary and animal sciences,Mannuthy, 2010) Ranjana Mooken, KAU; Aravindakshan, C M
The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica and Tridax procumbens leaves in paracetamol induced hepatic damage in rats and to compare their action. Forty adult male wistar rats weighing 150-200 g, divided into five groups comprising eight animals in each group, were used for the study. Groups I and II animals were administered with 3 per cent gum acacia suspension in distilled water at the dose rate of 5 ml/kg/day for ten days. Groups III and IV animals received ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica and Tridax procumbens leaves at the dose of 300 mg/kg and Group V animals received reference drug silymarin at the dose of 100 mg/kg/day in 3 per cent gum acacia for ten days. All the groups except the group I, received paracetamol orally on the eighth day at the dose rate of 2 g/kg in distilled water. Blood was collected from all the groups before and after the experiment for various biochemical and haematological parameters. Body weight was recorded on day 0 and 10th day. All the animals were sacrificed on 10th day and liver was taken for histopathological examination. Phytochemical analysis of the Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaf extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, diterpenes, triterpenes and saponins and that of Tridax procumbens (chiravanak) showed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins and tannins. Paracetamol administered group showed a decrease in body weight. Liver marker enzymes like ALT and AST were highest in paracetamol treated groups. The elevated levels of these enzymes were decreased by the herbal extracts thereby proving their hepatoprotective activity. A reduction in the total protein was observed in the paracetamol treated group. Both the herbal extracts elevated the total protein level to normal levels. Serum albumin level was also lowest in the paracetamol treated group because of the decrease in the total protein level. Both the extracts increased the serum albumin levels towards normal values. Serum bilirubin level was also highest in the paracetamol treated group Azadirachta indica and Tridax procumbens leaf extract at the dose rate of 300 mg/kg decreased the elevated level of bilirubin. The haematological parameters showed not much significant change with the treatment. From the biochemical studies it was noted that the administration of Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaf extract caused better reduction in serum parameters than that of Tridax procumbens extract. Gross examination of the liver showed normal appearance in all the four groups except the paracetamol treated group in which the liver showed areas of coagulative necrosis and congestion. On histopathological examination the paracetamol treated group showed extensive areas of centrilobular coagulative necrosis. The Azadirachta indica treated animals showed diffuse necrotic areas and fatty changes in certain lobules. The areas of regeneration with binucleate hepatocytes were abundant in this group. The Tridax procumbens treated group showed hypertrophied hepatocytes with vacuolation of cytoplasm and presence of fat droplets. The areas of regeneration with binucleate hepatocytes were scanty in this group. Silymarin treated animals have almost normal liver architecture like the control group. From the present study it can be concluded that the ethanolic extracts of leaves of A.indica and T.procumbens have significant hepatoprotective activities in paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats and A.indica has a better hepatoprotective action compared to T.procumbens.
Open Access
Nephroprotective effect of hygrophila spinosa and mangifera indica in albino rats
(Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2007) Bibu John, Kariyil; KAAU; Joy, A D
The present study was undertaken to assess the nephroprotective effect of whole plant of Hygrophila spinosa and stem bark of Mangifera indica against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in albino rats. The experiment was conducted for a period of 30 days. The animals were divided into ten groups comprising eight each. Group I served as healthy control which received vehicle alone. Groups II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX and X received gentamicin sulphate at a dose rate of 80 mg/kg i.p. for eight days. Group II was retained as such without any treatment till the completion of the experiment. Group III and Group IV received ethanolic extracts of Hygrophila spinosa at a dose rate of 50 mg/kg p.o. and 250 mg/kg p.o. respectively whereas Group V and Group VI received aqueous extracts of Hygrophila spinosa at a dose rate of 50 mg/kg p.o. and 250 mg/kg p.o. respectively. Group VII and Group VIII received ethanolic extracts of Mangifera indica at a dose rate of 100 mg/kg p.o. and 500 mg/kg p.o. respectively while Group IX and Group X received aqueous extracts of Mangifera indica at a dose rate of 100 mg/kg p.o. and 500 mg/kg p.o. respectively. The blood samples were collected on 0th, 9th, 15th and 30th day and serum was used for the estimation of creatinine, urea, albumin, total protein, sodium, potassium and calcium. On 30th day, all the animals were sacrificed and kidney was used for the estimation of superoxide dismutase, lipid peroxidation, catalase and reduced glutathione. Histopathological studies were also conducted to assess the nephroprotective action of these plant extracts. Administration of the herbal extracts at various dose levels brought about a significant reduction in lipid peroxidation and an increase in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione, which suggest its efficacy in scavenging free radical-induced renal damage. Treatment with ethanolic extract of Hygrophila spinosa at the dose rate of 250 mg/kg was found to be the most effective treatment in scavenging the free radical-induced gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Treatment with the plant extracts showed a decreased creatinine level following gentamicin administration. The serum urea levels were significantly reduced in all the treatment groups. The significant reduction in serum urea levels was predominant in ethanolic extract of Hygrophila spinosa at the dose rate of 250 mg/kg and aqueous extracts of Mangifera indica. The most significant reduction in serum creatinine and serum urea levels was shown by ethanolic extract of Hygrophila spinosa at the dose rate of 250 mg/kg. Serum levels of albumin, total protein, sodium, potassium and calcium were within the normal range throughout the experiment. The results were substantiated by histopathological studies, which confirmed that treatment with ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Hygrophila spinosa and Mangifera indica inhibited gentamicin-induced proximal tubular necrosis. Ethanolic extract of Hygrophila spinosa at the dose rate of 250 mg/kg was found to be most effective in favouring nephroprotection. Phytochemical analysis of plant extracts revealed the presence of steroids, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, diterpenes and saponins. The findings of the present study validate the nephroprotective effect of Hygrophila spinosa and Mangifera indica for the management of renal disorders.
Open Access
Hypoglycaemic effect of Brassica Juncea (mustard) and Trigonella Foenum-graecum (fenugreek) in albino rats
(Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2003) Preethy, John; KAU; Aravindakshan, C M
A study was undertaken to assess the hypoglycaemic activity of seed powders of Brassica juncea (mustard) and Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) at two different doses (2g/kg and 8g/kg body weight) in alloxan diabetic rats and to compare their efficacy with standard oral hypoglycaemic drug, glibenclamide. The experiment was conducted in fifty six male albino rats for a period of 45 days. Rats were divided into seven groups of eight each. Group I served as normal control and group 11 as diabetic control. Seed powders of mustard and fenugreek at low and high doses were given to group III to group VI respectively for 30 days from 16th day onwards. Glibenclamide at a rate of 0.5mg/ animal/day was fed to group VII. Blood glucose level was estimated at zero day, 16th day and 45th day of the experiment. Serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride and liver glycogen were estimated at 45th day of the experiment. Fenugreek seed powder caused a maximum decrease (39.14 percent) in blood glucose level at 8g/kg body weight. But it is not effective as glibenclamide which caused a 46.38 percent reduction. At 2g/kg body weight, fenugreek caused 21.18 percent reduction. Mustard at 8g/kg can also act as a hypoglycaemic agent, hut less effective when compared to fenugreek seed powder. No significant reduction was noticed with the low dose of mustard. This showed that fenugreek seed powder at both doses and mustard at high dose are having potent hypoglycaemic effect. Higher level of serum cholesterol and triglyceride were noticed in group II ie, 166.96±15.70 mg% and 162.08± 25.04 mg% respectively. The levels of group III animals were comparable to group n. All the other treatment groups showed a significant reduction in serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. But the reduction is not as effective as that caused by glibenclamide. Fenugreek seed powder showed a better hypolipidaemic effect than mustard seed powder. Low level of liver glycogen was observed in group n. Among the treatment groups, group VII showed a peak level of liver glycogen. The liver glycogen level of group VI was comparable to that of group VII ie, 2.16± 0.05 g% and 2.17± 0.05 g%. respectively. Other treatment groups also showed an increase in liver glycogen. From the study, it can be concluded that fenugreek seed powder at both doses and mustard seed powder at high dose are potent hypoglycaemic agents, but their effect is less when compared to glibenclamide.
Open Access
Effect of ephedrine and 4-aminopyridine - yohimbine combination in reversing the ketamine-xylazine anaesthesia in rabbits
(Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1999) Chandra Rajeswari, K; KAU; Chandrashekaran Nair, A M
An attempt was made to assess the efficacy of ephedrine as a reversing agent in comparison with the known antagonists combination, yohimbine and 4-AP in xylazine-ketamine anaesthesia in rabbits. The study was conducted in thirty two NewZealand White rabbits divided into four groups of eight each. All the four groups (C, Tj , T2 and T3) were anaesthetized with 5 mg/kg xylazine and 50 mg/kg ketamine administered intramuscularlyat 15 min. interval. Group 'C' served as control, groups Tj , T2 and T3 served as treatments. In the middle of anaesthesia i.e., 30 min. after induction of anaesthesia, group T 1 received yohimbine and 4-AP combination (0.125 mg/kg and 0.2 mg/kg respectively IN), group T2 were given ephedrine (10 mg/kg IN) and group T 3 received with ephedrine (20 mg/kg IN). The anaesthetic parameters like the sequence and time of disappearance and reappearance of righting, corneal, palpebral, ear-twitch and hind limb pedal reflexes, duration of anaesthesia, arousal and recovery time were observed for all groups. The rectal temperature, pulse rate and respiration rate were recorded at 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120, 150 min. during anaesthesia and also after complete recovery. Haemogram was also studied before, during and also after complete recovery from anaesthesia. The sequence and time of disappearance of reflexes are as follows. Righting reflex was the first to disappear (1.4 min.) followed by hindlimb pedal, corneal, palpebral and ear-twitch reflexes disappeared at 3.7, 4.5 and 4.6 min. respectively after ketamine administration in all the four groups. The mean time for disappearance of aforesaid reflexes showed no significant variation among the different groups as the same anaesthetic schedule was adopted for all the groups. Animals regained consciousness with the onset of Zwangsnagen reflex, followed by reappearance of corneal, palpebral, ear-twitch and hindlimb pedal reflex. Time for appearance of Zwangsnagen, corneal, palpebral and ear-twitch reflexes were significantly reduced in treatment groups when compared to control and there was no significant difference between treatment groups for these parameters. Time for reappearance of hindlimb pedal reflex was significantly shorter for group T3 when compared to groups Tl and In companson with control group (60.6 min.) the mean duration of anaesthesia was significantly reduced for treatment groups Tb T2 and T3 (33.6, 34.2 and 31.1 min. respectively). This decrease was significantly greater in T3 when compared to T 1 and T 2. Statistical analysis showed no significant di fference between T 1 and T 2 in duration of anaesthesia. All the four groups differ significantly from each other in the arousal and recovery time. Shortest arousal time was recorded in T 1 group (9.1 min.) followed by T3 (21.3 min.) and T2 (35.5 min.). Arousal time in control group was 103.85 min. The duration of time taken for recovery was greater for control group (86.9 min.) followed by groups Tl and T2 (65.4 and 56.0 min. respectively). These values were found to be significantly shorter for the group T 3 (41.5 min.). The rectal temperature, pulse and respiration rates were significantly decreased below normal values during xylazine-ketamine anaesthesia. These parameters were found to be increased significantly after administration of reversing agents in all treatment groups when compared to control group. The study of haemogram showed that Hb, PC V, total RBC and total leucocyte counts were significantly decreased during anaesthesia. These haematological changes were completely reversed by administration of reversing agents in treatment groups. From the results of the present study it could be concluded that ephedrine can be used as an alternative to yohimbine and 4-AP combination in reversing the anaesthesia produced by xylazine-ketamine combination in rabbits.
Open Access
Copper sulphate, zinc sulphate and mancozeb toxicity in ducks
(Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1999) Chandrasekharan Nair, A M; KAU; Rajagopalan, M K
An investigation was undertaken to assess the chronic toxicity of copper sulphate, zinc sulphate and Mancozeb in ducklings. The experiment was carried out in three phases. In the first phase four groups of ducklings were used. Birds in group I, II and III were reared on feed supplemented with 100, 200 and 300 ppm copper respectively. Group IV was reared on control feed. In the second and third phases the experiment was repeated with zinc and Mancozeb respectively. The latter was added at a rate of 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm to diet. The body weight of the ducklings was assessed at fortnight intervals. The erythrocyte count, haemoglobin, ESR, PCV, total and differential leucocyte count, serum AST, AL T and Alkaline phosphatase were noted at monthly intervals. The cell mediated immunity was recorded at intervals of forty five days. Humoral immunity was assessed by estimating the antibody titer at 15 days intervals. The element content in the serum and tissue was also recorded. The gross and histo-pathological lesions were noted at the end of the experiment after six months. The results revealed that body weight of the ducklings was not significantly influenced by feeding copper at the above levels. However, all the treated birds showed a tendency for higher body weight gain than controls. Erythrocyte count was more in the group fed with 100 ppm copper and less in the group fed with 200 and 300 ppm . All the treated birds showed a tendency for low haemoglobin value. The PCV,ESR,total and differential leucocyte count were not significantly affected. In all the groups the difference in the level of AST, ALT and Alkaline phosphatase. was not clinically significant, Cell mediated and humoral immunity were not significantly altered by copper at the above levels. The serum copper level showed an increase proportional to the duration of treatment and level of copper in the feed. Liver showed more concentration of copper than kidney and muscle.The birds in the group III showed histo-pathological lesion in the kidney. Zinc supplementation in the feed also has no significant influence on the body weight gain. However, the group fed with 200 PPM zinc showed a tendency towards an increase of the body weight gain and the group fed with 100 and 300 PPM zinc showed a tendency towards a decrease in the body weight gain. The erythrocyte count and haemoglobin level showed an upward trend in group I. In all the treated groups the PCV, leucocyte count, serum AL T and Alkaline phosphatase showed an upward trend. In group III humoral immunity showed a favourable response. A rapid increase in the level of zinc in the serum proportional to the level in the feed and period of treatment was observed. The tissue zinc concentration was significantly higher in the liver in group I, but it was not proportional to the serum zinc. Histopathologically, mild depletion of lymphoid cells in the spleen of group Ill, congestion and diffuse calcification of small blood vessels of kidney in group II and III were noticed. The body weight of birds reared on Mancozeb added diet was affected adversely in groups Il and Ill. The leucocyte count was reduced in group Ill. The erythrocyte count, Haemoglobin, ESR and PCV were not affected by the treatment. The serum ALT was increased significantly in group Ill. Alkaline phosphatase was increased for the first few months. Humoral and cell mediated immunity was not affected. Serum zinc and manganese level showed an upward trend. The accumulation of zinc was more in the muscles than in the kidney or liver. Most of the treated birds showed focal area of sub- capsular haemorrhage and streaks of necrosis in the borders of liver. Histo- pathologically necrotic changes were seen in the liver, kidney and spleen.
Open Access
Assessment of anti-inflamatory and analgesic properties of Ipomoea mauritiana (Palmuthukku)in rats
(Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 2009) Priya A.R.; KAU; Usha P T A
The present study was undertaken to assess the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect of the root extract of Ipomoea mauritiana in rats. Diclofenac potassium was used as the reference drug for both anti-inflammatory and analgesic screening. Forty adult male Sprague Dawley rats of 150-200 g body weight were divided into five groups of eight animals each for the anti-inflammatory study using carrageenin induced hind paw oedema model as well as for analgesic screening by tail flick method . The experiment was conducted for a period of seven days. Five per cent gum acacia was fed to Group I and II in which the Group II received the diclofenac potassium at the dose rate of 3 mg/kg on the 7th day before carrageenin administration. The ethanolic extract of Ipomoea roots were administered to group III, IV, V at the dose rate of 300 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg and 1200 mg/kg respectively for seven days. Five groups of six female swiss albino mice each were used for anti inflammatory study using croton oil induced skin inflammation. Group with out any treatment was kept as healthy control (Group1). Group 2 treated with croton oil alone was kept as inflammatory control. Alcoholic extract of Ipomoea mauritiana was applied topically to the shaved area of dorsal skin 30 minutes before each application of croton oil. After 24 hour, the extract and croton oil treatment was repeated on the same area. Five per cent diclofenac potassium cream was used as the reference drug. One hour after the second treatment of croton oil, animals were sacrificed and the skin punches were removed and weighed in an analytical balance to find out the percentage inhibition of skin inflammation induced by croton oil. Then the skin samples were used for the estimation of lipid peroxides, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione as well as for histopathological studies. In the anti-inflammatory screening, Ipomoea roots showed significant inhibition of carrageenin induced oedema in all the three hours of inflammation. In anti-inflammatory screening using croton oil, the reduction in skin thickness was not significant when compared to the healthy control for all the groups treated with Ipomoea root. Administration of croton oil produced significant increase in lipid peroxides and significant decrease in superoxide dismutase as well as a reduction in reduced glutathione levels. Ipomoea root treated groups produced slight changes, but the change in values were not significant when compared to normal, which suggested that the Ipomoea root extract was not efficient in alleviating the free radical induced damage on mouse skin. In case of analgesic screening, group III, treated with Ipomoea root extract at a dose rate of 300 mg/kg, showed significant increase in reaction time only at 90 minutes of observation. Serum enzymes like ALT and AST and haematological parameters like total and differential leukocyte count, RBC count, haemoglobin and PCV were recorded in both anti-inflammatory and analgesic screening on the 7th day of the experiment. All the paameters were within the normal level in both the studies. From the present study it can be concluded that the ethanolic extract of Ipomoea roots have significant anti-inflammatory effect in rats and hence it can be recommended for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions.

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