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1999 - 199912000 - 20092
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Subject: Veterinary Pharmacology × Author: KAU × Start date: 1998 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Hypoglycaemic effect of Brassica Juncea (mustard) and Trigonella Foenum-graecum (fenugreek) in albino rats
    (Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2003) Preethy, John; KAU; Aravindakshan, C M
    A study was undertaken to assess the hypoglycaemic activity of seed powders of Brassica juncea (mustard) and Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) at two different doses (2g/kg and 8g/kg body weight) in alloxan diabetic rats and to compare their efficacy with standard oral hypoglycaemic drug, glibenclamide. The experiment was conducted in fifty six male albino rats for a period of 45 days. Rats were divided into seven groups of eight each. Group I served as normal control and group 11 as diabetic control. Seed powders of mustard and fenugreek at low and high doses were given to group III to group VI respectively for 30 days from 16th day onwards. Glibenclamide at a rate of 0.5mg/ animal/day was fed to group VII. Blood glucose level was estimated at zero day, 16th day and 45th day of the experiment. Serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride and liver glycogen were estimated at 45th day of the experiment. Fenugreek seed powder caused a maximum decrease (39.14 percent) in blood glucose level at 8g/kg body weight. But it is not effective as glibenclamide which caused a 46.38 percent reduction. At 2g/kg body weight, fenugreek caused 21.18 percent reduction. Mustard at 8g/kg can also act as a hypoglycaemic agent, hut less effective when compared to fenugreek seed powder. No significant reduction was noticed with the low dose of mustard. This showed that fenugreek seed powder at both doses and mustard at high dose are having potent hypoglycaemic effect. Higher level of serum cholesterol and triglyceride were noticed in group II ie, 166.96±15.70 mg% and 162.08± 25.04 mg% respectively. The levels of group III animals were comparable to group n. All the other treatment groups showed a significant reduction in serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. But the reduction is not as effective as that caused by glibenclamide. Fenugreek seed powder showed a better hypolipidaemic effect than mustard seed powder. Low level of liver glycogen was observed in group n. Among the treatment groups, group VII showed a peak level of liver glycogen. The liver glycogen level of group VI was comparable to that of group VII ie, 2.16± 0.05 g% and 2.17± 0.05 g%. respectively. Other treatment groups also showed an increase in liver glycogen. From the study, it can be concluded that fenugreek seed powder at both doses and mustard seed powder at high dose are potent hypoglycaemic agents, but their effect is less when compared to glibenclamide.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of ephedrine and 4-aminopyridine - yohimbine combination in reversing the ketamine-xylazine anaesthesia in rabbits
    (Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1999) Chandra Rajeswari, K; KAU; Chandrashekaran Nair, A M
    An attempt was made to assess the efficacy of ephedrine as a reversing agent in comparison with the known antagonists combination, yohimbine and 4-AP in xylazine-ketamine anaesthesia in rabbits. The study was conducted in thirty two NewZealand White rabbits divided into four groups of eight each. All the four groups (C, Tj , T2 and T3) were anaesthetized with 5 mg/kg xylazine and 50 mg/kg ketamine administered intramuscularlyat 15 min. interval. Group 'C' served as control, groups Tj , T2 and T3 served as treatments. In the middle of anaesthesia i.e., 30 min. after induction of anaesthesia, group T 1 received yohimbine and 4-AP combination (0.125 mg/kg and 0.2 mg/kg respectively IN), group T2 were given ephedrine (10 mg/kg IN) and group T 3 received with ephedrine (20 mg/kg IN). The anaesthetic parameters like the sequence and time of disappearance and reappearance of righting, corneal, palpebral, ear-twitch and hind limb pedal reflexes, duration of anaesthesia, arousal and recovery time were observed for all groups. The rectal temperature, pulse rate and respiration rate were recorded at 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120, 150 min. during anaesthesia and also after complete recovery. Haemogram was also studied before, during and also after complete recovery from anaesthesia. The sequence and time of disappearance of reflexes are as follows. Righting reflex was the first to disappear (1.4 min.) followed by hindlimb pedal, corneal, palpebral and ear-twitch reflexes disappeared at 3.7, 4.5 and 4.6 min. respectively after ketamine administration in all the four groups. The mean time for disappearance of aforesaid reflexes showed no significant variation among the different groups as the same anaesthetic schedule was adopted for all the groups. Animals regained consciousness with the onset of Zwangsnagen reflex, followed by reappearance of corneal, palpebral, ear-twitch and hindlimb pedal reflex. Time for appearance of Zwangsnagen, corneal, palpebral and ear-twitch reflexes were significantly reduced in treatment groups when compared to control and there was no significant difference between treatment groups for these parameters. Time for reappearance of hindlimb pedal reflex was significantly shorter for group T3 when compared to groups Tl and In companson with control group (60.6 min.) the mean duration of anaesthesia was significantly reduced for treatment groups Tb T2 and T3 (33.6, 34.2 and 31.1 min. respectively). This decrease was significantly greater in T3 when compared to T 1 and T 2. Statistical analysis showed no significant di fference between T 1 and T 2 in duration of anaesthesia. All the four groups differ significantly from each other in the arousal and recovery time. Shortest arousal time was recorded in T 1 group (9.1 min.) followed by T3 (21.3 min.) and T2 (35.5 min.). Arousal time in control group was 103.85 min. The duration of time taken for recovery was greater for control group (86.9 min.) followed by groups Tl and T2 (65.4 and 56.0 min. respectively). These values were found to be significantly shorter for the group T 3 (41.5 min.). The rectal temperature, pulse and respiration rates were significantly decreased below normal values during xylazine-ketamine anaesthesia. These parameters were found to be increased significantly after administration of reversing agents in all treatment groups when compared to control group. The study of haemogram showed that Hb, PC V, total RBC and total leucocyte counts were significantly decreased during anaesthesia. These haematological changes were completely reversed by administration of reversing agents in treatment groups. From the results of the present study it could be concluded that ephedrine can be used as an alternative to yohimbine and 4-AP combination in reversing the anaesthesia produced by xylazine-ketamine combination in rabbits.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Assessment of anti-inflamatory and analgesic properties of Ipomoea mauritiana (Palmuthukku)in rats
    (Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 2009) Priya A.R.; KAU; Usha P T A
    The present study was undertaken to assess the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect of the root extract of Ipomoea mauritiana in rats. Diclofenac potassium was used as the reference drug for both anti-inflammatory and analgesic screening. Forty adult male Sprague Dawley rats of 150-200 g body weight were divided into five groups of eight animals each for the anti-inflammatory study using carrageenin induced hind paw oedema model as well as for analgesic screening by tail flick method . The experiment was conducted for a period of seven days. Five per cent gum acacia was fed to Group I and II in which the Group II received the diclofenac potassium at the dose rate of 3 mg/kg on the 7th day before carrageenin administration. The ethanolic extract of Ipomoea roots were administered to group III, IV, V at the dose rate of 300 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg and 1200 mg/kg respectively for seven days. Five groups of six female swiss albino mice each were used for anti inflammatory study using croton oil induced skin inflammation. Group with out any treatment was kept as healthy control (Group1). Group 2 treated with croton oil alone was kept as inflammatory control. Alcoholic extract of Ipomoea mauritiana was applied topically to the shaved area of dorsal skin 30 minutes before each application of croton oil. After 24 hour, the extract and croton oil treatment was repeated on the same area. Five per cent diclofenac potassium cream was used as the reference drug. One hour after the second treatment of croton oil, animals were sacrificed and the skin punches were removed and weighed in an analytical balance to find out the percentage inhibition of skin inflammation induced by croton oil. Then the skin samples were used for the estimation of lipid peroxides, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione as well as for histopathological studies. In the anti-inflammatory screening, Ipomoea roots showed significant inhibition of carrageenin induced oedema in all the three hours of inflammation. In anti-inflammatory screening using croton oil, the reduction in skin thickness was not significant when compared to the healthy control for all the groups treated with Ipomoea root. Administration of croton oil produced significant increase in lipid peroxides and significant decrease in superoxide dismutase as well as a reduction in reduced glutathione levels. Ipomoea root treated groups produced slight changes, but the change in values were not significant when compared to normal, which suggested that the Ipomoea root extract was not efficient in alleviating the free radical induced damage on mouse skin. In case of analgesic screening, group III, treated with Ipomoea root extract at a dose rate of 300 mg/kg, showed significant increase in reaction time only at 90 minutes of observation. Serum enzymes like ALT and AST and haematological parameters like total and differential leukocyte count, RBC count, haemoglobin and PCV were recorded in both anti-inflammatory and analgesic screening on the 7th day of the experiment. All the paameters were within the normal level in both the studies. From the present study it can be concluded that the ethanolic extract of Ipomoea roots have significant anti-inflammatory effect in rats and hence it can be recommended for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions.