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1976 - 19792
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Subject: Veterinary Pathology × End date: 1979 × Start date: 1976 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on pathological conditions in the mammary glands of cattle and goats
    (Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1976) Lalitha Kunjamma, C R; KAU; Krishnan Nair, M
    An investigation was carried out to study the pathological lesions encountered in the mammary glands of cattle and goats from specimens selected from slaughter house and autopsy cases. The somatic cell count in milk from clinical and sub – clinical cases of mastitis was also undertaken. Two hundred quarters from cows and 67 halves from goats were subjected to detailed histopathological investigation. Mastitis was found to be the important type of lesion encountered. Lesions varied from subtle changes to intensive involvement with complete obliteration and atrophy. The lesions encountered were catarrhal mastitis and galactophoritis, suppurative mastitis, acute diffuse mastitis, necrotising mastitis, gangrenous mastitis, interstitial mastitis and tuber - culous mastitis. Other significant alternations associated with or without mastitis were congestion and oedema, squamous metaplasia of lining epithelium of ducts and cisterns and calcification of vessel walls. The calcification of the vessels was similar to that observed in ‘Monckeberg’s sclerosis’ in human beings. No tumours were found. It was suggested that lymphoid cells found in the interstitial septa of the mammary glands of goats affected with John’s disease might be the ‘T’ type of lymphocytes which are concerned with cellular immunity. The cystic changes encountered in the glands were not considered as the separate entity – Fibrocystic disease – but only compensatory processes as a result of fibrosis and atrophy of some part of the glandular and ductal system. Micro concretions were constantly observed and it was suggested that calcium got deposited over inspissated and hyalinised milk proteins. A total of 189 quarter samples of milk was also examined for total somatic cell count, differential count and by culturally for the presence of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The total cell count in normal milk of cows and goats varied from 150,000 to 500,000 per ml. In sub – clinical and clinical cases upto 30,000,000 cells per ml could be counted. The percentage of neutrophils in normal milk was below 31% in goats and 43% in cows. The corresponding maximum values in mastitic cases were 88% and 92% respectively. In both cows and goats the chief etiological agent for mastitis as found in the present study was Staphylococcus. Other organisms encountered were Strephylococcus, Coliforms and Corynebacteria.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Pathology of experimental hypothyroidism in goats
    (Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1979) Sreekumaran, T; KAU; Rajan, A
    An experimental model of hypothyroid state was induced in kids, using different dose regimes of thiourea with the objective of studying sequence of clinic – pathological changes in different levels of hypothyroidism and its influence on the animal health and growth. Twelve cross – bred clinically healthy kids of the age group between 3 – 4 months were employed for the study. The animals were randomly divided into a control group of four animals and experimental group of eight animals. Experimental hypothyroidism was induced by feeding thiourea at the dose levels of 100 g, 150 g, 200 g and 250 g per kg body weight. Haemogram, body weight, plasma proteins, serum cholesterol and PBI values were estimated at periodic intervals. The kids were subjected to detailed autopsy after death/sacrifice. Gross lesions were recorded and detailed histopathological examination of tissues was carried out employing special stains wherever necessary. During the course of observation for a period of three months all the kids dosed with thiourea died at varying intervals except the kids in the lowest dosage group. There was stunting of growth and appreciable reduction in weight of the animals. Weakness, lethargy, depression, reduction in feed intake, sub- cutaneous oedema of varying degree were the important clinical features observed. There was significant increase in blood cholesterol values and plasma protein levels in thiourea dosed kids. A significant reduction in serum PBI was also recorded. There was significant increase in the relative weight of thyroid, adrenal and pituitary glands of animals in the experimental group. Gelatinisation of subcutaneous fat and hypertrophy and dilatation of the left ventricle were common findings at autopsy. Histologically the thyroid glands exhibited varying degree of hyperplastic changes and depletion of colloid in the follicles. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of lining epithelium was also observed. Predominant histological change in the pituitary was hyperplasia and hypertrophy of basophil cells and degenerative changes in the acidophils. Hepatic lipidosis was a common observation. Histological lesions in the skin were similar to that reported in human myxoedema. Adrenal glands showed hypertrophy, depletion of fat and focal areas of haemorrhage in the zona fasiculata. In all the hypothyroid kids, varying degrees of degenerative changes were observed in the gonads indicating that in hypothyroidism fertility will be seriously affected.