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ThesisItem Open Access Immunopathologic and toxic effects of endosulfan in chick embryo(Centre of Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2004) Kalai Selvan, P; KAU; Divakaran Nair, NThe present study was undertaken to investigate the immunopathologic and toxic effects of endosulfan in chick embryo. The embryos were exposed to endosulfan at various dose levels through different routes. The weight of the embryo, bursa, thymus and spleen, histopathology of the lymphoid organs, liver, kidney and brain and quantification of the preformed maternal IgY level in the egg yolk were the parameters analysed to study the effects. Endosulfan was found to be teratogenic at the grven dose levels. The abnormalities observed were agenesis of beak, crossed beak, short lower beak, eventration of viscera and curled toe. Endosulfan did not cause any significant gross changes in the developing embryos except mild haemorrhages. Endosulfan treatment did not produce any significant reduction in the weight of the embryos as well as the weight of the lymphoid organs. On histopathological examinations endosulfan was found to be nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic to the embryos. Varying degrees of degeneration and necrosis was evident in kidney and liver. Effect on the bursa, thymus and spleen were mild to moderate where in the degenerative changes predominated. Dose dependent increase in the involution process of the thymus as evidenced by increase in the Hassal's zone was observed. The lesions in the developing lymphoid organs reflected that endosulfan is toxic to the system and going to affect the immunocompetency by way of immunosuppression and thereby rendering the chicks susceptible to various diseases. The study indicated that the endosulfan treatment did not have any effect on the preformed maternal immunoglobulin level in the egg yolk.ThesisItem Open Access Pathology of cardio-pulmonary disorders in canines(Centre of Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2003) Pradeep, M; KAU; Vijayan, NThe present study was undertaken to assess the prevalence and pathology of various cardiac and pulmonary disorders in dogs. The data collected from the autopsy records maintained at the Centre of Excellence in Pathology, Mannuthy and seventy eight samples of heart and lungs from necropsy cases formed the basis of the study. Ninety nine per cent cases showed varying types of cardiac and pulmonary lesions. The highest incidence in the heart was dilated (75.32 per cent) and hypertrophic (15.58 per cent) cardiomyopathies. The other lesions found were hydropericardium, cardiac tamponade, haemorrhage, myocarditis, endocarditis, endocardial fibroelastosis, valvular blood cyst coronary arteriosclerosis and mural. thrombus. Myocardial infarction was found to be confined to the left ventricles and interventricular septum in all the encountered cases (5.19 per cent). Pulmonary congestion (70.51 per cent), haemorrhage (32.47 per cent) and edema (31.17 per cent) were observed with higher incidence rate. The other lesions found in the lungs were bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, collapse, infarction, mineralization, ossification, anthracosis and endarteritis obliterans. Metastatic osteosarcoma in the lungs, metastatic lymphosarcoma in the heart and lungs were also observed. The incidence of cardio-pulmonary disorders encountered was relatively high. The need and scope for investigation into the pathological disorders of the heart and lungs of canines were highlighted.ThesisItem Open Access Hepato-renal pathology in canines(Centre of Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2001) Lakshmi, R; KAU; Koshy VargheseThe present investigation was undertaken to assess the prevalence and pathology of the liver and kidney disorders in canines. The results of the present investigation and the evaluation of data from the records revealed a high incidence of liver (76 percent) and kidney (85 per cent) disorders. A detailed systematic examination of one.hundred cases of canine carcasses brought for autopsy during the period of investigation was conducted and the gross and histopathological lesions were studied in detail and were classified based on age, sex and breed. Vascular and degenerative changes were the predominant lesions in these organs. The other lesions recorded in the liver were necrosis (15 cases), hepatitis (19 cases), fibrosis (9 cases) and cirrhosis (2 cases). One case each of cholangiocarcinoma, hepatic cyst and adhesion of diaphragm and the liver was encountered in the present study. Among kidney disorders, glomerular lesions were predominant next to vascular and degenerative changes. A total of 59 cases had some lesions in the glomeruli of which, 32 hadglomerulonephritis. PGN was the predominant type of glomerulonephritis. Males had a higher predilection for PGN and it was common in animals less than three years of age. MN and MPGN were common in animals more than three years of age. The high incidence of glomerular lesions and their possible causes were discussed. Tubulo-interstitial nephritis was observed in 16 cases. Interstitial nephritis was common in males while both cases of pyelonephritis were seen in females. Acute interstitial nephritis was seen in animals less than five years of age while all cases of chronic interstitial nephritis was seen in animals more than five years of age. Bacterial isolations were obtained in the liver or kidney or both in only 14 cases. Viral etiology was suspected in two cases where intranuclear inclusions were seen in the hepatocytes and the glomerular epithelium. The high incidence of vascular lesions without any evidence for infectious etiology in rest of the animals suggested the involvement of some toxic factors. The importance of identifying the specific etiology in these suspected cases of toxic conditions and the need and scope for further studies in these lines were highlighted.ThesisItem Open Access Pathology of the reproductive system of Japanese Quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica)(Centre of Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2003) Sivakumar, V; KAU; Mammem, J AbrahamThe present study was undertaken to assess the prevalence and pathology of various diseases affecting the reproductive system of Japanese quails. The data collected from the autopsy records maintained at the Centre of Excellence in Pathology, Mannuthy and one hundred and two samples of reproductive organs obtained from the necropsy cases formed the basis of the study. Retrospective survey revealed the increasing incidence of the reproductive diseases. Out of the 1139 cases encountered, various reproductive diseases were seen in quails at an incidence rate of 25.11 per cent. Oophoritis was the most prevalent among them at an incidence rate of 9.46 per cent. The higher incidence of reproductive diseases could be attributed to the maintenance of large number of breeder stock in the quail farm, which formed the major source for the necropsy samples. The gross and histopathological examination revealed that among the reproductive diseases the highest mortality was due to oophoritis (12.64 per cent) followed by egg bound (11.75 per cent). Other cases were salpingitis, egg impaction, ovarian fibroma, testicular hypoplasia and orchitis. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Proteus were isolated from various cases. The incidence of pathological disorders encountered was relatively high. The need and scope for investigation into the diseases affecting quail reproductive system were highlighted.ThesisItem Open Access Pathology of cardiac disorders In cattle(Centre of Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2002) Bisi, T V; KAU; Sreekumaran, TThe present study was undertaken to assess the prevalence and pathology of various cardiac disorders in cattle. The data collected from the autopsy records maintained at the Centre of Excellence in Pathology, Mannuthy and hundred and one samples of heart obtained from both the slaughtered cattle and necropsy cases formed the basis of the study. Fifty five per cent hearts showed lesions of varying type. The highest incidence was for sarcocystosis (45 per cent). Vascular lesion~were present in 33.8 per cent cases. Other myocardial lesions encountered were myocardial degeneration, myocarditis and other cardiomyopathies of unknown etiology. Endocardial fibroelastosis and valvular sclerosis were observed in four cases. Valvular and coronary vessel lesions showed correlation with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The incidence of pathological disorders encountered were relatively high. The need and scope for investigation into the pathological disorders of bovine heart were highlightened.ThesisItem Open Access Pathology of utero-ovarian disorders in cow(Centre of Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2006) Shanmugasundaram, K; KAU; Mammen J, AbrahamThe present study aimed to find out various utero ovarian disorders affecting cows. A total number of 1000 genital tracts were examined for utero-ovarian disorders. Out of which 115 genitalia showed one or more lesions in the ovary, oviduct and uterus. Among these 84 cases showed lesions in the ovaries. The follicular cyst was the most common condition and was recorded in 29 cases (2.9%). The other conditions encountered were luteal cyst (0.3 %), cystic corpus luteum (0.3%), embedded corpus luteum (1.2 %), persistent corpus luteum (0.1 %), ovarian haematoma (0.2 %), ovarian sclerosis(0.2 %), senile atrophy(0.5 %), follicular atresia (0.2 %), epoophoron (0.1 %), serous inclusion cyst (0.1 %), par ovarian cyst (2.2 %) and perioophoritis(0.1 %). Seven cases showed lesions in the oviduct. The conditions encountered were hydrosalpinx (0.1 %) and hyperplasia of the salpingeal epithelium (0.3 %).Uterine disorders recorded in 24 cases. The conditions encountered were endometrial hyperplasia (0.2%), adenomyosis (0.3 %), mucometra (0.1 %), perimetrial cyst (0.1%), serous vascular protrusions (0.5 %), endometritis (1.1 %) and metritis (0.1%). The histopathological changes of all these conditions have been studied in detail and the possible pathogenesis described. The various pathological changes associated with reproductive disorders are suggestive of endocrine imbalances, multiple nutritional deficiencies, infectious origin, managemental factors and developmental defects. The results of the study also highlight the need to monitor the hormonal levels in the blood, micronutrients and managemental factors.ThesisItem Open Access Pathology of selected endocrine glands in testicular disorders in bulls(Centre of Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2005) Jothish Kumar, B; KAU; Sreekumaran, TThe present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence and nature of various pathological conditions of the testis and correlate with the lesions of pituitary, thyroid, adrenal and accessory sex glands. A total of 300 bulls were screened for testicular disorders at the Corporation slaughterhouse, Thrissur and Meat technology unit, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur. A detailed systemic examination of 261 cases was made during the period of investigation and the gross and histopathological lesions were studied in detail, classified and documented. The study revealed a high prevalence (17.24 %) of testicular disorders in bulls. It was observed that in the Government farms, bulls of the age group above five to seven years were most commonly affected due to excessive usage for semen collection. In other than government farms, bulls of the age group three to five years were highly affected and attributed to severe nutritional deficiencies. Among the breeds, crossbred Holstein-Friesian (CBHF) and Nondescript (ND) was found to show the higher predisposition to testicular disorders. The relative weight of the testis, was decreased in hypoplasia and degeneration, increased in varicosity, fibrosis and calcification. Out of 45 testicular disorder cases, the conditions observed were aplasia (1), hypoplasia (10), degeneration (25), varicosity (2), fibrosis (3) and calcification (4) respectively. Among the endocrine glands, lesions observed were pituitary cyst (9), pituitary haemorrhage (7), thyroid hypoplasia (7), thyroid degeneration (10), thyroid cyst (5), colloid goitre (3), nodular goitre (2), adrenal cortical hypoplasia (2), adrenal cortical hyperplasia (7) and adrenal medullary hyperplasia (12) respectively. Among the accessory sex glands, lesions observed were hyperplasia of seminal vesicle (8), hypoplasia of seminal vesicle (6), prostatic hyperplasia (2) and prostatic atrophy (5) respectively. Correlation study has highlighted that in many of the testicular disorders there were concurrent affections of endocrine glands particularly pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands which is of major significance.ThesisItem Open Access Pathology of pancreatic disorders in canines(Centre of Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2005) Vandana Vijayachandran; KAU; Divakaran Nair, NThe present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence and nature of pathological conditions of the canine pancreas and to correlate these with the general post mortem lesions. A detailed systematic examination of 100 carcasses brought for autopsy during the period of investigation was conducted and the gross and histopathological lesions were studied in detail, classified and documented. The study has revealed the high prevalence of pancreatic disorders in canines to the tune of 72 per cent. It was found that the dogs between one to five years were the most commonly affected. Among the different breeds German shepherds were found to be the most susceptible to pancreatic disorders. Females were found to show a predisposition for pancreatic disorders. The weight and length of the pancreas was found to increase with age. Out of the 72 per cent cases, the pancreatic lesions were severe in 21 per cent of the cases, moderate in 20 per cent and mild in 31 per cent. The specific conditions encountered were pancreatitis, parasitic infection, abscessation, blood vessel proliferation, ductular adenoma, adenocarcinoma of acinar pancreas, duct obstruction due to squamous metaplasia and islet cell hyperplasia and hyalinisation. The other pathological conditions included atrophy, hypoplasia, vacuolar degeneration, lipomatosis, ductular changes like fibrosis, hyperplasia, congestion, haemorrhage, oedema, lymph stasis and islet changes like degeneration and necrosis. Correlation of the pancreatic lesions with general postmortem findings has brought into light the fact that many gastrointestinal disorders had concurrent pancreatic lesions and almost all cases of chronic hepatorenal system disorders, related pancreatic changes of the same severity were seen.ThesisItem Open Access Pathology of cardiac disorders in pigs reared on swill(Centre of Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2005) Sivanesan, P; KAU; Vijayan, NPig rearing in rural production systems based on the swill feed has become very popular in Kerala. The cases of sudden mortality in apparently healthy animals and earlier reports of the cardiovascular damages in such animals prompted to study the effects of swill feed on the cardiovascular system in pigs. The study confirmed, the cardiomyopathies are more common in the pigs which were maintained on swill than those maintained on concentrate feed. Cardiac lesions to the tune of 46.2% were observed in swill fed pigs examined compared to a mere 6.1% cases in concentrate fed pigs. The cardiac lesions recorded were varying degrees of congestion, hemorrhage, hydropericardium, hemopericardium, fibrinous pericarditis, myocardial degeneration, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac dilatation and valvular endocarditis. The histopathological changes of all these conditions have been studied in detail and the possible pathogenesis described. The vascular changes associated with myocardial necrosis have to be studied in detail by more controlled experimental study. The pathological changes associated with various cardiac disorders are suggestive of multiple nutritional deficiencies. The serum enzyme levels of AST, LDH and CK were found to be higher in swill fed pigs with cardiomyopathic changes than that of serum of pigs reared on concentrate feed. The high enzyme level in the absence of any gross changes in the heart indicated that these could be used as marker for monitoring the subtle cardiomyopathic changes. The various observation made in the study highlighted that the general and immune status of swill fed animals needs to be studied in the light of pathological changes and the subtle changes reflected by the elevated enzyme levels. The result of the study also highlights the need to monitor the nutrient content of the swill, especially the availability of micronutrients.