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ThesisItem Open Access Pathology of cardiac disorders In cattle(Centre of Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2002) Bisi, T V; KAU; Sreekumaran, TThe present study was undertaken to assess the prevalence and pathology of various cardiac disorders in cattle. The data collected from the autopsy records maintained at the Centre of Excellence in Pathology, Mannuthy and hundred and one samples of heart obtained from both the slaughtered cattle and necropsy cases formed the basis of the study. Fifty five per cent hearts showed lesions of varying type. The highest incidence was for sarcocystosis (45 per cent). Vascular lesion~were present in 33.8 per cent cases. Other myocardial lesions encountered were myocardial degeneration, myocarditis and other cardiomyopathies of unknown etiology. Endocardial fibroelastosis and valvular sclerosis were observed in four cases. Valvular and coronary vessel lesions showed correlation with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The incidence of pathological disorders encountered were relatively high. The need and scope for investigation into the pathological disorders of bovine heart were highlightened.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of amla (Emblica officinalis) on hepatic function in broiler chicken(Centre of Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2002) Sajitha, I S; KAU; Lalithakunjamma, C RThe study was designed to assess the effect of Emblica officinalis on hepatic function in broiler chicken and to evaluate its efficacy as a feed additive. The liver of birds are exposed to various hepatotoxins present in feed, like added feed additives, antibiotics in excess as well fl-s mycotoxins like aflatoxin. The protection afforded by Emblica against these was studied. Fifty-four day old broiler chicks were divided into three groups of two replicates each. Group I (Control group) was given normal commercial feed, groups II and III were given amla at one per cent and two per cent levels respectively, for eight weeks along with the control feed. Body weight gain, feed efficiency, feed analysis, haemogram, serum profile, liver weight and gross and histopathological changes in liver were studied. A gradual reduction in body weight gain, was noted in the control group birds, when compared to the amla fed birds. Group II and III birds recorded a better FCR, when compared to group I birds. Proximate analysis of the feed indicated normal chemical composition of feed. Analysis for aflatoxin content revealed the presence of toxin in the range of 100-150 ppb in the starter and 150-200 ppb in the finisher feeds. The toxicopathological changes induced by the control feed, may be attributed to the presence of toxins in the feed. The toxicopathological changes in the birds were found to be lowered in its intensity in relation with the level of amla, with the most severe changes in the control group birds. Values of hemoglobin, PCV, total leucocyte, lymphocyte and heterophil count, total serum protein and albumin showed a decrease, whereas the ESR and the serum enzyme levels showed an increase in the control group birds. The gross and histopathological changes induced by the toxin, were reduced in the amla treated groups in a dose dependent manner. Degenerative and necrotic lesions and chronic fibrous tissue proliferation, bile duct proliferation and biliary hyperplasia were noted. Regenerative and repair processes were also well pronounced. The toxicopathological changes, induced by the toxin, was significantly reduced by Emblica officinalis, especially at two per cent level. Toxic contamination of commercial feed especially with aflatoxin is very common in Kerala. Considering this and the results of the present study, it can be concluded that Emblica officinalis has got significant hepatoprotective activity and can be used as an effective feed additive in commercial livestock feed.ThesisItem Open Access Pathological effects of induced stress on the lymphoid organs in broiler chicken(Centre of Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2002) Suraj, S; KAU; Vijayan, NThe experiment was designed to study the pathology of induced stress in broiler chicken and to identify suitable markers for recognition of stress. One hundred and two, day old broiler chicks were divided into three groups of 34 birds each. Birds of Group I was administered dexamethasone orally at the rate of 50 ppm on the 20th day followed by 25 ppm on days 27, 34, 41 and 44. Group II was stocked at higher density of 0.25 if/bird till 28th day and then at 0.5 felbird, while Group III served as control. Behavioural changes, production parameters, haemogram, immunological parameters, and pathological changes in the organs were recorded to study the pathology and to identify suitable markers of stress. Birds of Group I were depressed and developed mild infection while \ Group II showed poor feather development and hyper responsiveness to stimuli initially followed by depression and lameness. Birds of Group I and II showed lower body weights and feed efficiency except for Group II• on the 21st day when higher body weights and better feed efficiency was observed. Leukocytosis, lower values for RBC, haemoglobin and VPRC along with heterophilia, lymphopenia and higher heterophil to lymphocyte ratio were t- recorded for both the stressed groups. Basophilia was observed towards the end . of the experiment in Group II. Birds of Group I showed increased tendency to deposit abdominal fat along with wasting of muscles while in Group II bruises as well as scratches in breast muscles and pododermatitis were prominent lesions observed. The mean weights of the adrenal was lower in Group I however the mean adrenal weight to body weight ratios were higher. Both mean and relative mean adrenal weights were higher for Group II. The mean weights and organ weights to body weight ratio of bursa, thymus, and spleen were lower for both the stressed groups. Mean liver weight and liver weight to body weight ratio were higher for both the stressed groups. Adrenals from Group I showed increased proportion of epinephrine producing medullary cells on the 21 st day but on 28th day the numbers, of cortical cells had increased. During the latter stages of the experiment the cortical and medullary cells were seen in various stages of degeneration and necrosis. In Group II hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the cortical and medullary cells which were organised into spherical clusters along with aggregation of cortical cells in the. periphery were seen during the initial 'half of the experiment. Towards the latter stages the cell clusters showed tendency for cyst formation. Bursa from Group I showed degeneration and necrosis of the follicles along with mucosal hyperplasia and cyst formation. In Group II bursal intra follicular and inter follicular oedema followed by degeneration of the lymphocytes were observed. Thymus and spleen showed lymphoid depletion in both the treatment groups. Liver and kidneys of both the stressed groups showed degenerative and necrotic changes. The intensity of pathological lesions were more in Group I than in Group H. Stress scores were found to be good marker for identification of stress and can serve as a useful tool to identify suitable markers for stress. The results of the present study highlights the adverse effects of stress on the immunobiological response. The correlation between the changes in the adrenal and the immunological organs were delineated. It would be better to use a battery of tests like behavioural alterations, haemogram, production indices together with gross and microscopic changes in the various organs for assessing stress response. Stress scores was identified as a useful marker and tool to identify markers of stress. Van Gieson's fast green and phosphotungstic acid haemotoxylin staining methods were identified as suitable staining methods for differentiating adrenal, cortical and medullary cells