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Subject: Veterinary Pathology × Author: KAU × End date: 1994 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Biology of neoplastic cells of ethmoid carcinoma
    (Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1985) Madan Sing, Karki; KAU; Rajan, A
    Attempts were made to propagate the ethmoid carcinoma cells in vitro to study the biological behaviour of the neoplastic cells and their relationship with the host. Efforts were also made to transplant the neoplastic cells in laboratory animals and tumour bearing natural hosts so as to lay out a model system for further investigation. In vitro propagation was tried by obtaining the tumour tissues from nine cows and three goats. Cells were grown in Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS). TC – 199 and Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium with 10 to 20 per cent calf serum. The cell suspension was seeded into tissue culture bottles, milk diluting bottles and test tubes and incubated at 370 C. No growth was observed in the cultures made from the tumour tissue of cows. The tumour cells from two goats grew in monolyerand were maintained for nine days. There was no difference in growth of cells in different media employed. Insulin supplementation in the media did not cause any difference in the growth of the cells. Subsequently the cells died even after subculturing and changing of the media. Absence of certain unknown factors required by the neoplastic cells for growth was considered responsible for failure of the growth. Transplantation studies were carried out in autologous, homologous and heterologous species of animals using the tumour tissue framgments, homogenate, filtrate and cell suspension. No autograft or heterotransplant were successful. Homologous transplantation resulted in a firm painless growth at the site of injection. The growth initiated a cell – mediated immune response at the site of implantation. Failure of neoplastic cells to grow in the other hosts was considered to be due to rejection of the transplants by the host’s immune system.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Pathology of the reproductive system in ducks
    (Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1986) Jayakumar, P M; KAU; Valsala, K V
    A study was conducted on the pathology of the reproductive system in ducks. A survey conducted on the prevalence of diseases based on the data for a period of 11 years at the Government Duck Farm, Niranam revealed the incidence of hepatosis (64.58%), hepatitis (9.07%), enteritis (8.58%), tuberculosis (2.61%) and miscellaneous disorders (15.13%). The latter category included pulmonary edema, omphalitis and transport stress. In a separate study, the reproductive organs of 194 female ducks and 26 male ducks were examined systematically and gross and histopathological lesions encountered were studied. The diseases encountered in females were hypoplasia of left ovary and oviduct (20%), impaction of oviduct (5.45%), haemorrhagic cyst in the ovary (7.27%), salpingoperitonitis (10.9%), oophoritis (49.09%), cystic right oviduct (1.82%), mycotic salpingitis (1.82%) and tuberculous salpingitis (3.63%). In males atrophic testis (66.3%) and seminoma (33.3%) were the diseases recorded. Experimentally, pure aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A were administered to six ducks each, at the rate of 25 µg per duck daily for a period of three months. Clinically all the experimental ducks showed unthriftiness. But it was more pronounced in aflatoxin group. In both aflatoxin and ochratoxin group, the birds showed reduced weight gain and decreased feed intake. There was reduction in the weight of the testis in both aflatoxin and ochratoxin groups. Histologically, in the aflatoxin group, marked disruption in the organisation of germinal epithelium, absence of sperm bundles and edema of the interstitial tissue were the lesions observed. In the ochratoxin group, the basement membrane was found to be unaffected. Both aflatoxin and ochratoxin were found to cause degenerative changes in the testicular tissue. However, aflatoxin was found to cause more pronounced changes than ochratoxin. From the studies made, it was concluded that both aflatoxin and ochratoxin can induce degenerative changes in the testis and it was surmised that this would lead to subfertility and infertility. The need for feeding a diet free of mycotoxins to ensure profitable duck farming was stressed.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on pathological conditions in the mammary glands of cattle and goats
    (Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1976) Lalitha Kunjamma, C R; KAU; Krishnan Nair, M
    An investigation was carried out to study the pathological lesions encountered in the mammary glands of cattle and goats from specimens selected from slaughter house and autopsy cases. The somatic cell count in milk from clinical and sub – clinical cases of mastitis was also undertaken. Two hundred quarters from cows and 67 halves from goats were subjected to detailed histopathological investigation. Mastitis was found to be the important type of lesion encountered. Lesions varied from subtle changes to intensive involvement with complete obliteration and atrophy. The lesions encountered were catarrhal mastitis and galactophoritis, suppurative mastitis, acute diffuse mastitis, necrotising mastitis, gangrenous mastitis, interstitial mastitis and tuber - culous mastitis. Other significant alternations associated with or without mastitis were congestion and oedema, squamous metaplasia of lining epithelium of ducts and cisterns and calcification of vessel walls. The calcification of the vessels was similar to that observed in ‘Monckeberg’s sclerosis’ in human beings. No tumours were found. It was suggested that lymphoid cells found in the interstitial septa of the mammary glands of goats affected with John’s disease might be the ‘T’ type of lymphocytes which are concerned with cellular immunity. The cystic changes encountered in the glands were not considered as the separate entity – Fibrocystic disease – but only compensatory processes as a result of fibrosis and atrophy of some part of the glandular and ductal system. Micro concretions were constantly observed and it was suggested that calcium got deposited over inspissated and hyalinised milk proteins. A total of 189 quarter samples of milk was also examined for total somatic cell count, differential count and by culturally for the presence of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The total cell count in normal milk of cows and goats varied from 150,000 to 500,000 per ml. In sub – clinical and clinical cases upto 30,000,000 cells per ml could be counted. The percentage of neutrophils in normal milk was below 31% in goats and 43% in cows. The corresponding maximum values in mastitic cases were 88% and 92% respectively. In both cows and goats the chief etiological agent for mastitis as found in the present study was Staphylococcus. Other organisms encountered were Strephylococcus, Coliforms and Corynebacteria.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Pathology of the eye in cattle bearing carcinoma of the mucosa of the ethmoid
    (Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1982) Jose, C J; KAU; Ramachandran, K M
    Eighteen cattle from different parts of Kerala, affected with ethmoid carcinoma were subjected to detailed investigations of the ocular changes. The incidence of eye involvement in cases of ethmoid tumour in cattle was assessed on the basis of reports or informations received from field veterinarians and cattle owners from different dietricts of Kerala. Incidence, clinical manifestations, intraocular pressure, gross pathological cbanges and biometry of the eye were studied. The effect of the tumour mass on the eye and the possible causes for the different ocular changes has been discussed. The highest incidence was found in the age group of six to ten years. The earliest case was recorded in a heifer aged four years. The frequency of the incidence was high in females (88%). Crossbred animals were found to be more affected (83%). The tumour was also encounter~d in three purebred cattle. Ninetyfour percent of the tumour affected animals showed exophthalmos either unilateral (82%) or bilateral (18%). Tbe left eye was affected in 14 percent and the right eye in 86 percent cases. It is suggested that 37 exophthalmos can be considered as a pathognomonic clinical manifestation for ethmoid tumour affected cattle. Blindness was observed in 90 percent of the affected eyes, ectropion in 85 percent cases and corneal cbanges in the form of keratitis or opaCities in 90 percent cases. Episcleritis, anterior uveitis, euphora, purulent discharges were the other clinical manifestations. Glauc~a, was found to be a characteristic feature in ethmoid caroinoma. Involvement of the optic nerve, optic diso, retina, vitreous and other deep structures of the eyes were also notioed by gross examination of the whole eye at autopsy. The lens showed varying degrees of displacement or luxation.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Prevalence and pathology of necrosis of extremities in cattle
    (Centre of Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1989) Xavier, C J; KAU; Maryamma, K I
    A study on the prevalence and pathology of necrosis of extremities in cattle was conducted. It was found that the disease was more prevalent in buffaloes than in white cattle. The chief clinical manifestation was necrosis of tail. A close association between mouldy paddy straw and the disease syndrome was observed. Animals observed during the study were found to be free from systemic disturbances.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Post-natal mortality of kids a pathoanatomical investigation
    (Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1980) Manomohan, C B; KAU; Krishnan, Nair M
    Gastritis was mainly manifested as a catarrhal type. Abomasal erosions, gastric ulcers and patchy necrotic abomasitis were also encountered in some cases. Enteritic lesions were seen in 72 cases of which 46 animals did not show any lesions in stomach. This included six cases of coccidiosis and one case of taeniasis. Enteritis was mainly manifested as catarrhal enteritis with infiltration of lymphocytes. Haemorrhagic enteritis and necrotic enteritis were seen in few cases. The mesenteric lymph nodes from some of these animals showed depletion of lymphocytes.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Pathology of experimental hypothyroidism in goats
    (Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1979) Sreekumaran, T; KAU; Rajan, A
    An experimental model of hypothyroid state was induced in kids, using different dose regimes of thiourea with the objective of studying sequence of clinic – pathological changes in different levels of hypothyroidism and its influence on the animal health and growth. Twelve cross – bred clinically healthy kids of the age group between 3 – 4 months were employed for the study. The animals were randomly divided into a control group of four animals and experimental group of eight animals. Experimental hypothyroidism was induced by feeding thiourea at the dose levels of 100 g, 150 g, 200 g and 250 g per kg body weight. Haemogram, body weight, plasma proteins, serum cholesterol and PBI values were estimated at periodic intervals. The kids were subjected to detailed autopsy after death/sacrifice. Gross lesions were recorded and detailed histopathological examination of tissues was carried out employing special stains wherever necessary. During the course of observation for a period of three months all the kids dosed with thiourea died at varying intervals except the kids in the lowest dosage group. There was stunting of growth and appreciable reduction in weight of the animals. Weakness, lethargy, depression, reduction in feed intake, sub- cutaneous oedema of varying degree were the important clinical features observed. There was significant increase in blood cholesterol values and plasma protein levels in thiourea dosed kids. A significant reduction in serum PBI was also recorded. There was significant increase in the relative weight of thyroid, adrenal and pituitary glands of animals in the experimental group. Gelatinisation of subcutaneous fat and hypertrophy and dilatation of the left ventricle were common findings at autopsy. Histologically the thyroid glands exhibited varying degree of hyperplastic changes and depletion of colloid in the follicles. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of lining epithelium was also observed. Predominant histological change in the pituitary was hyperplasia and hypertrophy of basophil cells and degenerative changes in the acidophils. Hepatic lipidosis was a common observation. Histological lesions in the skin were similar to that reported in human myxoedema. Adrenal glands showed hypertrophy, depletion of fat and focal areas of haemorrhage in the zona fasiculata. In all the hypothyroid kids, varying degrees of degenerative changes were observed in the gonads indicating that in hypothyroidism fertility will be seriously affected.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Immunopathological response of kids in pneumonia
    (Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1986) Anilkumar, T V; KAU; Rajan, A
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Immunopathological response of pigs In aflatoxicosis
    (Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1986) Gopalakrishnan Nair, M; KAU; Maryamma, K I
    The immune response of pigs fed aflatoxin at two different dose levels. 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg body weight was studied. The reduction in weight gain observed in the aflatoxin fed pigs was associated with decreased feed consumption and total serum protein concentration. There was increase in ESR and decease in PCV, haemoglobin and total erythrocyte count in the toxin fed groups. The neutrophilic and lymphocytic count did not show any significant variation except when the animals contracted mange infection. Following infection there was slight neutrophilia. The cell-mediated immune response was assessed employing ANAE, PHA and DNCB as markers. A decrease in the immune response was documented in the aflatoxin fed pigs. The humoral immune response was found to be suppressed as evidenced by a decrease in the concentration of total serum protein and gammaglobulin in the toxin fed groups. The phagocytic activity of neutrophils and macrophages was assessed using Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test. The data revealed a decreased phagocytic activity. Haemorrhages were seen in almost all the visceral organs.The liver of aflatoxin fed animals was enlarged and icteric. The gall bladder was distended and oedematous. Fetty change centrilobular necrosis, haemorrhage, bilary hyperplasia, fibrous tissue proliferation, reticular collapse and focal lymphocytic infilteration were the characteristic histological features. Haemorrhage and haemosiderosis evident in the spleen. Tubular degeneration and focal haemorrhages were seen in the kidney. The thymus and the lymphnodes revealed depletion of lymphoid cells and focal areas of haemorrhage. Some of the lymphnodes revealed reactive proliferative response. Regular screening of feed for aflatoxin was advocated as a routine farm operation to prevent the deleterious effect of aflatoxin on the health and productivity of pigs.