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1976 - 197921980 - 19823
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Subject: Veterinary Pathology × Author: KAU × End date: 1983 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Pathology of the reproductive organs in experimental hypothyroidism in goats
    (Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1982) Nemali Mohan, Reddy; KAU; Rajan, A
    A survey study was conducted to assess the role of hypothyroidism in the etiology of reproductive disorders in goats. Lowered functional activity of the thyroid was associated with postpartum anoestrum, repeat breeding and delayed puberty. An experimental model of controlled hypothyroid state was induced in goats, using different dose regimes of thiourea with the objective of studying the sequence of physiopathological changes in hypothyroidism and its influence on reproduction. Clinically healthy young and adult cross-bred goats of both sexes were employed for the study. The animals were divided into control, Treatment I (T1) and Treatment II (T2) groups. Groups T1 and T2 were administered thiourea orally at the rate of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg body weight respectively. Clinical symptoms and growth rate were studied. Protein bound iodine, total serum protein and serum cholesterol were estimated. Haematological data were collected and the semen characteristics were evaluated. On the 90th day of the experiment both control and experimental animals were sacrificed leaving at least one animal in each group. These animals were maintained without treatment with thiourea for a further period of 90 days and sacrificed. Cross lesions and histopathological changes in tissues were recorded. Weakness, lethargy, depression, reduced feed intake, subcutaneous oedema of varying degree, loss of libido in males and anoestrum in females were the important clinical features observed. There was stunting of growth and apparent reduction in weight of the animals dosed with thiourea. On discontinuation of treatment with thiourea all the clinical signs manifested disappeared and the animals gained weight progressively. There was significantly decrease in the protein bound iodine, and increase in the total serum protein and cholesterol level in all the animals dosed with thiourea. The values reached the normal level on discontinuation of treatment with thiourea. Microcytic hypochronic anaemia was evident in hypothyroid goats. There was improvement in haemogram values on withdrawal of thiourea administration. Reduction in quantity and quality of semen was observed in hypothyroid goats. The semen appeared normal in quality and quantity on discontinuation of thiourea administration. Gelatinisation of subcutaneous fat and hypertrophy and dilation of the left verntricle were the common findings at autopsy. There was significant increase in the relative weight of the thyroid, pituitary and the adrenal gland. Histologically the thyroid glands exhibited varying degree of hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Predominant histological changes in the pituitary was hyperplasia and hypertrophy of basophil cells and degenerative changes in the acidophils. Adrenal gland showed hypertrophy and depletion of fat in the zona fasciculata. On discontinuation of treatment with thiourea all the lesions disappeared. A significant decrease in the relative weight of the testis and epididymis was observed in all the goats dosed with thiourea. Histologically the seminiferous tubules were small and lined by single layer of spermatogonial cells. Some tubules contained degenerated and desquamated cells without any evidence of sperms. The tubules of the epididymis were small in size and the lining cells showed deciliation and desquamation. These degenerative changes were found to be reversible on discontinuation of treatment with thiourea. The accessory sexual glands, the seminal vesioles and the prostate weighed less in hypothyroid goats. Histologically the cells lining the glands were small inactive, vaculated and hyalinised. After discontinuation of administration of thiourea the reparative changes were almost normal. There was significant decrease in the relative weight of the ovary and uterus in all the animals dosed with thiourea. Histologically ovaries were found to be inactive and only few scattered immature follicles were seen. Uterine glands were few and non secretary type. The lining epithelial cells did not show active mitosis. On discontinuation of treatment with thiourea the weight of the ovary and uterus increased and histologically ovaries and uterus were found to be normal. Kids and female goats were more susceptible to the effects of hypothyroidism. The significant pathological changes observed in the reproductive organs have clarified the importance of hypothyroidism in inducing sub-fertility and infertility in goats. The reversible nature of the lesion was also proved.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on pathological conditions in the mammary glands of cattle and goats
    (Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1976) Lalitha Kunjamma, C R; KAU; Krishnan Nair, M
    An investigation was carried out to study the pathological lesions encountered in the mammary glands of cattle and goats from specimens selected from slaughter house and autopsy cases. The somatic cell count in milk from clinical and sub – clinical cases of mastitis was also undertaken. Two hundred quarters from cows and 67 halves from goats were subjected to detailed histopathological investigation. Mastitis was found to be the important type of lesion encountered. Lesions varied from subtle changes to intensive involvement with complete obliteration and atrophy. The lesions encountered were catarrhal mastitis and galactophoritis, suppurative mastitis, acute diffuse mastitis, necrotising mastitis, gangrenous mastitis, interstitial mastitis and tuber - culous mastitis. Other significant alternations associated with or without mastitis were congestion and oedema, squamous metaplasia of lining epithelium of ducts and cisterns and calcification of vessel walls. The calcification of the vessels was similar to that observed in ‘Monckeberg’s sclerosis’ in human beings. No tumours were found. It was suggested that lymphoid cells found in the interstitial septa of the mammary glands of goats affected with John’s disease might be the ‘T’ type of lymphocytes which are concerned with cellular immunity. The cystic changes encountered in the glands were not considered as the separate entity – Fibrocystic disease – but only compensatory processes as a result of fibrosis and atrophy of some part of the glandular and ductal system. Micro concretions were constantly observed and it was suggested that calcium got deposited over inspissated and hyalinised milk proteins. A total of 189 quarter samples of milk was also examined for total somatic cell count, differential count and by culturally for the presence of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The total cell count in normal milk of cows and goats varied from 150,000 to 500,000 per ml. In sub – clinical and clinical cases upto 30,000,000 cells per ml could be counted. The percentage of neutrophils in normal milk was below 31% in goats and 43% in cows. The corresponding maximum values in mastitic cases were 88% and 92% respectively. In both cows and goats the chief etiological agent for mastitis as found in the present study was Staphylococcus. Other organisms encountered were Strephylococcus, Coliforms and Corynebacteria.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Pathology of the eye in cattle bearing carcinoma of the mucosa of the ethmoid
    (Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1982) Jose, C J; KAU; Ramachandran, K M
    Eighteen cattle from different parts of Kerala, affected with ethmoid carcinoma were subjected to detailed investigations of the ocular changes. The incidence of eye involvement in cases of ethmoid tumour in cattle was assessed on the basis of reports or informations received from field veterinarians and cattle owners from different dietricts of Kerala. Incidence, clinical manifestations, intraocular pressure, gross pathological cbanges and biometry of the eye were studied. The effect of the tumour mass on the eye and the possible causes for the different ocular changes has been discussed. The highest incidence was found in the age group of six to ten years. The earliest case was recorded in a heifer aged four years. The frequency of the incidence was high in females (88%). Crossbred animals were found to be more affected (83%). The tumour was also encounter~d in three purebred cattle. Ninetyfour percent of the tumour affected animals showed exophthalmos either unilateral (82%) or bilateral (18%). Tbe left eye was affected in 14 percent and the right eye in 86 percent cases. It is suggested that 37 exophthalmos can be considered as a pathognomonic clinical manifestation for ethmoid tumour affected cattle. Blindness was observed in 90 percent of the affected eyes, ectropion in 85 percent cases and corneal cbanges in the form of keratitis or opaCities in 90 percent cases. Episcleritis, anterior uveitis, euphora, purulent discharges were the other clinical manifestations. Glauc~a, was found to be a characteristic feature in ethmoid caroinoma. Involvement of the optic nerve, optic diso, retina, vitreous and other deep structures of the eyes were also notioed by gross examination of the whole eye at autopsy. The lens showed varying degrees of displacement or luxation.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Post-natal mortality of kids a pathoanatomical investigation
    (Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1980) Manomohan, C B; KAU; Krishnan, Nair M
    Gastritis was mainly manifested as a catarrhal type. Abomasal erosions, gastric ulcers and patchy necrotic abomasitis were also encountered in some cases. Enteritic lesions were seen in 72 cases of which 46 animals did not show any lesions in stomach. This included six cases of coccidiosis and one case of taeniasis. Enteritis was mainly manifested as catarrhal enteritis with infiltration of lymphocytes. Haemorrhagic enteritis and necrotic enteritis were seen in few cases. The mesenteric lymph nodes from some of these animals showed depletion of lymphocytes.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Pathology of experimental hypothyroidism in goats
    (Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1979) Sreekumaran, T; KAU; Rajan, A
    An experimental model of hypothyroid state was induced in kids, using different dose regimes of thiourea with the objective of studying sequence of clinic – pathological changes in different levels of hypothyroidism and its influence on the animal health and growth. Twelve cross – bred clinically healthy kids of the age group between 3 – 4 months were employed for the study. The animals were randomly divided into a control group of four animals and experimental group of eight animals. Experimental hypothyroidism was induced by feeding thiourea at the dose levels of 100 g, 150 g, 200 g and 250 g per kg body weight. Haemogram, body weight, plasma proteins, serum cholesterol and PBI values were estimated at periodic intervals. The kids were subjected to detailed autopsy after death/sacrifice. Gross lesions were recorded and detailed histopathological examination of tissues was carried out employing special stains wherever necessary. During the course of observation for a period of three months all the kids dosed with thiourea died at varying intervals except the kids in the lowest dosage group. There was stunting of growth and appreciable reduction in weight of the animals. Weakness, lethargy, depression, reduction in feed intake, sub- cutaneous oedema of varying degree were the important clinical features observed. There was significant increase in blood cholesterol values and plasma protein levels in thiourea dosed kids. A significant reduction in serum PBI was also recorded. There was significant increase in the relative weight of thyroid, adrenal and pituitary glands of animals in the experimental group. Gelatinisation of subcutaneous fat and hypertrophy and dilatation of the left ventricle were common findings at autopsy. Histologically the thyroid glands exhibited varying degree of hyperplastic changes and depletion of colloid in the follicles. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of lining epithelium was also observed. Predominant histological change in the pituitary was hyperplasia and hypertrophy of basophil cells and degenerative changes in the acidophils. Hepatic lipidosis was a common observation. Histological lesions in the skin were similar to that reported in human myxoedema. Adrenal glands showed hypertrophy, depletion of fat and focal areas of haemorrhage in the zona fasiculata. In all the hypothyroid kids, varying degrees of degenerative changes were observed in the gonads indicating that in hypothyroidism fertility will be seriously affected.