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Subject: Veterinary Parasitology × End date: 1997 × Start date: 1997 × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Assessment of paratenic hosts in the transmission of Ancylostoma caninum to dogs
    (Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1997) Deena Antony, U; KAU; George Vargese, C
    An investigation into the “Assessment of paratenic hosts in the transmission of Ancylostoma caninum to dogs” was carried out during the period from October 1996 to September 1997. The experimental animals comprised of 24 day old chicks, 15 one month old albino mice, 60 cockroaches collected locally and 10 pups of 6 to 8 weeks old. Larvae obtained from faecal cultures set in room temperature were used for infecting paratemic hosts. The migration and distribution of A. caninum larvae in the tissues of chicks infected orally with 1000 larvae were studied. Larval yield at necropsy from different organs after digestion with artificial gastric juice revealed a 50.1 per cent recovery at 4hr after inoculation followed by a sharp decline to 4.5 percent at 72hr. Larvae were detected in the lungs and liver at the rate of 67 and 63 respectively. The gastro intestinal tract yielded the maximum number of larvae (215) at 4hr after infection. Migration in the muscles of neck and thorax was detected at 12 hr after infection. But no larvae were recovered from heart, spleen and kidney. Migration and distribution of A.caninum larvae in the tissues of mice orally infected with 1000 larvae and the establishment of patent infection from mice to definite host were studied. Highest larval recovery was at 4 hr post infection (48.6%) and lowest was (13.6%) at 30 days post infection. Migration of larvae to the liver and lungs occurred within 24 hr. No larvae were recovered from spleen, kidney and heart. Migration in the muscles of throax and head and neck occurred within 4 days. In the infected cockroaches, living larvae were found in the muscles, wall and lumen of the gut region and haemocele. Histopathological lesions included mild disruption of the villi with mild infilteration of the inflammatory cells in the intestine, areas of congestion, haemorrhage and necrosis were noticed in the liver and lungs with sections of larvae found rupturing the wall of the alveoli. Patent infection was established in hookworm free pups . Infected with larvae, recovered from infected chicks, mice and cockroaches and the pre-patent period was found to be 18 to 19 days. The present observation established that chicken, mice and insects like cockroaches might act as paratenic hosts for A.caninum, thus serving as natural sources of infection to pups.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Immunodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis in goats
    (Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1997) Syamala, K; KAU; Devada, K
    A serological survey was carried out on the prevalence of caprine toxoplasmosis in Kerala, by two simple and sensitive serological tests-modified agglutination test (MAT) and carbon immuno assay (CIA). A total of 152 goat sera were collected from the Government Goat Farms, Attappady and Kommeri, Kerala Agricultural University Goat Farm, Mannuthy and from the slaughter houses at Trichur and Ernakulam. The MAT carried out for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies revealed 53.29 per cent as seropositive while CIA revealed 44.07 per cent. A higher prevalence was detected among does than in bucks. A remarkable age-wise prevalence was not observed in this study. Eventhough a higher prevalence was noticed in Malabari breeds, as the number of goats in each breed was too uneven, a breed-wise prevalence could not be ascertained. Area-wise, a higher prevalence was noticed in goats that belonged to Kannur district, both by MAT and CIA. Modified agglutination test was a sensitive and specific test for the serological surveys on caprine toxoplasmosis, while CIA was a cost effective and simple test which could be made use of under our field conditions. The methods of maintenance and propagation of T. gondii RH strain in mice in the laboratory were standardised and it was found that a dose of 0.30 ml of '+++' infective fluid given intraperitoneally was sufficient for propagation of the strain in mice in the laboratory. White mice experimentally inoculated subcutaneously and intraperitoneally, exhibited similar symptoms like huddling in one corner, anorexia, rough hair coat, respiratory distress and ascites. The intracerebrally inoculated mice showed epileptic symptoms and blindness. Haemorrhage and congestion of lungs, catarrhal inflammation of stomach and intestine and necrosis of liver were the main gross lesions noticed in the acutely infected mice. Alveolar and interstitial pneumonia coagulative necrosis of liver, destruction of tubular and glomerular epithelium of kidney, necrosis of spleen and destruction of cardiac musculature were the prominent microscopic changes observed. Infection in mice by bioassay with acid pepsin digested visceral organs of acutely infected mice was successful. This indicated that T. gondii tachyzoites could survive acid pepsin for 75 min, as the tissues utilised for bioassay carried only Toxoplasma tachyzoites. Studies on the sensitivity of T. gondii tachyzoites to heat revealed that they could be killed by incubating at 56°C for 30 min or boiling at 100°C for five minutes. The method of cultivation of T. gondii tachyzoites in duck embryos by the chorioallantoic membrane route was successful resulting in yellowish white pock lesions on CAM, with congestion and haemorrhage on embryos and brain. A successful cryopreservation of T. gondii using tris-glycerol as cryoprotectant for 145 days at -20°C and for 250 days at -56°C was achieved.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Prevalence clinical pathology and treatment of microfilariasis in dogs in Thrissur
    (Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1997) Radhika, R; Radhika, R; KAU; KAU; Subramanian, H; Subramanian, H
    In a detailed study conducted on prevalence, clinical pathology and treatment of microfilariasis in dogs in Thrissur, it has been found that canine microfilariasis is prevalent throughout the year with more incidence during \ summer. The most reliable and accurate diagnostic method for detecting microfilariae, was noted to be the Modified Knott's Technique while wet film examination was more useful for preliminary screening. Microfilariae encountered were identified as those of Dirofilaria repens. The affected dogs revealed haematological changes like increase in ESR, TLC, eosinophils as well as lymphocytes and decrease in Hb, TEC, PCV as also neutrophils. Biochemical studies revealed increase in Serum Total Protein, Globulin, AST, ALT, BUN as well as Serum Urea in microfilaraemic dogs and higher levels of Albumin, Albumin/Globulin ratio in non-microfilaraemic dogs. Single oral dose of Milbemycin oxime at 0.5 mg/kg b.w. was found to be the most effective drug for microfilariasis, followed by single s/c dose of Ivermectin at 200 mg/kg b.w. and 7 consecutive daily s/c dose of levamisole at 7.5 mg/kg.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Prevalence, clinico-pathology and control of coccidiosis in broiler chicken
    (Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1997) Gigi George, A; KAU; Lucy Sabu
    An investigation was carried out with an objective to findout the prevalence, clinicopathology and control of coccidiosis in broiler chicken. The prevalence of coccidiosis in broiler chicken by viscera examination was 21.13% and by the examination of faecal sample from different broiler farms was 10.65%. The highest prevalence of coccidiosis was during the warm wet climate (September to November). There was prevalence of three species of Eimeria namely E. tenella (72%), E. necatrix (36%) and E. maxima (1.33%) and mixed infection with E. tenella and E. necatrix in 9.33% cases. Haematological studies revealed increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate and total leucocyte count than the control and a decrease in the values for PCV, Hb content and total red blood cell count. Histopathological observations revealed proliferation of goblet cells, moderate mononuclear cell infiltration, degeneration and desquamation of caecal mucous membrane and haemorrhage at different depths of the intestinal wall caused by the rupture of the large second generation schizonts. Among the three anticoccidials evaluated salinomycin was the best drug based on the mean weekly body weight, mean weekly body weight gain and performance index followed by monensin. Performance of salinomycin treated birds were comparable with that of noninfected-nonmedicated control in the above parameters. Amprolium hydrochloride was least efficient.