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ThesisItem Open Access Trematodes of Paramphistomatidae Infecting Domestic Ruminants(Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 1987) Tarun Shankar, Nath; KAU; George Varghese, CThe thesis embodied the results of an investigation on the prevalence of amphistome infection and their specific identity in different domestic ruminants (cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goats) of Kerala state. A total of 1490 faecal samples from domestic ruminants were collected from different places of Kerala State during a period from April 1985 to March 1986. These samples were examined by sedimentation technique to detect infection with amphistomes and their prevalence. Viscera of 780 slaughtered/ dead ruminants from different parts of Kerala were examined in addition and the available amphistomes were collected for the study and specific identification. The flukes were studied alive, flattened and stained and in certain cases by microtomy sections. Result of the study indicated that the prevalence of infection was far more in cattle and buffaloes than in sheep and goats. The rate of prevalence in cattle, buffaloes and goats was 20.16%, 28.57% and 3.22% respectively. In slaughtered/dead animals the prevalence was 33.09%, 34.67%, 4.17% and 5.81% respectively in cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goats. The highest prevalence was recorded during the rainy season and lowest in dry/summer season. Prevalence during south west monsoon was 38.08% and 20.73% during North East monsoon. The seasonal prevalence hardly varied between cattle and buffaloes but it was consistently low in sheep and goats. Most of the prevalence in all animals were of mixed origin. A total number of 17 species belonging to eight genera of amphistomes were identified. Cevlonocotyle spinicephalus (Tandon, 1955) was recorded from new hosts i.e, cattle and goats, cotylophoron chauhani from goats, in addition to the already reported hosts, buffaloes and sheep respectively. The following conclusions are drawn on the basis of the results of this study: Amphistomes are most prevalent in cattle and buffaloes. Though the infection with amphistomes exists throughout the year, it is definitely more in monsoon seasons. Ceylonocotyle spinicephalus (Tandon, 1955) occurs in cattle and goats and cotylophoron chauhani (Gupta and Gupta, 1972 ) in goats also.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on certain gastro-intestinal nematodes with special reference to those found in goats(Department of parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1980) Sathianesan, V; KAU; Kalyanasundaram, RLife history of Triohuris globuloss has been elucidated for the fist time using kids !q as experimental animals. Both free living and parasitic stages have been described in detail with illustrations. The prepatent period of Triohuric globuloss was found to be 85-89 days. T.globulosa failed to develop in guniea pig on experimental transmission. Haematology and histopathology of trichuriacis in kids experimentally infected with T.globulosa have been studied for the first time and heavy infection with the worm was found to cause anaemia and pathology changes in cacum of the host. Prepatent period of Strongyloides napillosus in kids infected orally with 7000 larva has been determined for the first time to be 6-7 days. Neoasoais vitulorum of calves has been found to be not transferable to oat either transplacentally or orally. In gunia pigs M.Vitulorum failed to attain sexual maturity. Calves could not be infected with infected with M.vitulorum post-nataly. Oesphagostomum colubianum of goats has been found to be not transferable to calves. Prepatent period of O.colusbionum in kids infected experimentally was found to be 40 days. Comparative efficacy of 4 anthelminties viz., Oxibendazole, thiophanate, Albendazole and Parbendazole was increased by conducting treatment trials. Against monospecific infection of Trichuris globulosa in experimentally infected kids the efficacies of Oxibendazile, thiophanate, Albendazole and Parbendazole at the recommended doses of 10mg.50mg, 10mg and 30 mg/kg body weight respectively were found to be 48.6%, 41%,47.3% and 49.3% respectively. Even at double the recommended doses the anthelminations were found to be well tolerated by the kids. Oxibendazole and Albendazole at the rate of 10mg and 10mg/kg body weight respectively were found to be 100% found to be 100 % effective against colubriformise, effective against respectively were Haemonohus contortue, trichostrongylus .Thiopanate at the recommended dosage (59mg/kg body weight) was also 100% effective against all he nematodes mentioned above except Haemonous contortus against which it was only 97% effective at that dosage. Parbendazole at the recommended dosage shedule (30mg/kg body weight) was 100% effective against the nematodes with the exception of .against which only 86.6% efficacy was noticed. Against in nature nematodes in the gastro-intestinal tract Oxibendazole and Albendazole were 100% effective whereas the efficacies of P`arbendazole and thiophanate were 85% and 74% respectively at their recommended doses. In in vitro studies the anthelmintic efficacy of Oxibendasole against Haemonchus contortus was found to be superior to that of the remaining anthelminties. In ovicidal property also, Oxibendazole was better than all the others, since it was ovicidal in 6 hours after administration whereas albendazole, thiophanate and Parbendazole were ovicidal in 8 hours, 9 hour and 11 hours respectively. Albendazole was found to be superior to al the other 3 anthelmintion in their influences on the body weight gain of treated animals closely followed by Oxibendazole. Perbendazole and thiophanate were inferior to others Judging on the basis of over all efficacies Oxibendazole and Albendazole were found to be superior to thiophanate and Parbendasole. Treatment trials with Oxibendazole, Albendazole and thiophanate against gastro-intestinal nematodes of goats have not been attempted earlier than the present study.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the common ticks affecting live-stock in Kerala(Department of parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1980) Rajamohan, K; KAU; Kalyanasundaram, RAn investigation was conducted for a period of 5 years from 1974 to 1979 in to the incidence of ticks on domestic animals in Kerala, the biology of the most common species, and their susceptibility to four commonly available organo phosphorus compounds.. Nine different species of ticks belonging to 5 genera were collected from cattle, buffaloes, goats and dogs in different localities of the eleven districts of Kerala. The species of ticks identified were boophilus annulatus, rhipicephalus sanguineus, R.haemaphusaloides, R.turanicus, haemaphysalis bispinosa, H. turturis, H.spinigera, Hyalomma anatolicum and Amblyomma integrum. The commonest among them was boophilus annulatus, which was found mainly on cattle. The incidence of this tick was very high in the hilly areas and in the western ghat regions. The other common ticks found on cattle were Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides and Haemaphysalis bispinosa. Tick infestation was found to be rare in buffaloes and goats and the common species found on them were Haemaphysalis bispinosa and B. annulatus. IN dogs the species recorded in the present study were Rhipicephalus sanguienus and R. turanicus. Variations in incidence was evidenced from the present study. The maximum incidence was found in the months of July, August, September, October and November. The life-cycle of B.annulatus was completed experimentally in a period 44 days. The maximum number of eggs produced by one tick was 1420 and minimum 680. The incubation period was dependent on the room temperature and variation in humidity had little influence. The larvae were found to prefer hairy areas of the body for attachment, and they did not attach at the hairless and exposed areas. The engorged females were found to drop off quickly when green grass was spread on the floor of the experimental animal’s shed. The life-cycle patter could be summarised as: Pre-oviposition : 1 to 6 days Oviposition : 5 to 9 days Incubation period : 16 to 30 days Larval fasting : 2 to 5 days Larval feeding : 4 to 7 days Larval moulting : 8th to 12th day of infection Nymphal feeding : 3 to 6 days Moulting of Nymph : 15 to 19th day of infection Adult feeding : 5 to 10 days Detatchment of female : From 20th day of infection onwards Four organophosphorous compounds viz. Malathion, Fenitrothion, Dichlorvos and Phosalone were tested for their action on ticks. The ovicidal and larvicidal actions and the lethal effects on nymphas and engorged females of B. annulatus, R sanguinius and H. bispinosa were studied in the laboratory. Cythion (malathion 50%) 0.5 to 1%, Sumithion (Fenitrothion 50 %) 0.5 to 1%, Dichlorvos (Nuvan) 0.1 to 0.2%, and Zolone (Phosalone 35 %) 0.2 to 0.3% were found effective at different degrees. The efficacy was directly proportional to the concentration of compound and the duration of treatment. Phosalone showed maximum efficacy followed by Dichlorvos. In field trials, all the four compounds gave satisfactory results. But phosalone showed maximum efficacy and least toxicity to animals. Nuvan was also effective but was the most toxic among the four compounds. Thus the acaricide of choice for routine use in Kerala was determined to be Phosalone (35%) at a concentration of 0.3% to be used as a spray or wash.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the incidence , pathogenicity and control of gastro- intestinal nematodes In crossbred calves in Kerala with special reference to strongyloidosis(Department of parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1980) Sukumara Pillai, G; KAU; Chandrasekharan, KThe non – descript and cross bred Calves of Kerala were infected with eight species of gastro – intestinal nematodes viz. Strongyloides papillosus, Neoascaris vitutorum, Cooperia sp., Haemonchus contortus, Bunostomum phlebotomum, Oesophagostomum radiatum, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, and Trichuris globulosa and of which Strongyloides papillosus was the commonest. Incidence of namatodes was more in cross bred calves (64.8 per cent) as compared to non – desctipt calves (51.52 per cent). Out of the cross bred calves, Jersey cross bred calves were found to more susceptible to nematodiasis. Nematodiasis was observed more during the rainy season of the State (June to August). Morphological features of adult worms and infective larvae were redescribed in detail. Strongyloides papillosus produced catarrhal enteritis and frequent diarrhoea in naturally infected cross bred calves. Thiophanate at 100 mg per kg body weight, Mebendazole at 15 mg per kg body weight, Levamisole at 15 mg per kg body weight., Thiabendazole at 100 mg per kg body weight, Tetramisole hydrochloride at 20 mg per kg body weight, Morantel tartrate at 15 mg per kg body weight and parbendazole at 45 mg per kg body weight exerted 100 per cent efficacy against Strongyloides papillosus, whereas, Fenbendazole at 5 mg per kg body weight showed only 83 to 100 per cent efficacy against Strongyloides papillosus, 78 to 100 per cent against ascariasis, 85 to 100 per cent against Strongylosis and 50 to 100 per cent against Trichuriasis.ThesisItem Open Access Pathogenicity of acuaria hamulosa to chicken(Department of parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1980) Ganeswara Rao, Y; KAU; Kalyanasundaram, RControlled experiments were conducted with commonly occurring spirurid worm of chicken, Acuaria hamulosa, in two breeds of chicken, namely the White Leghorn (an egg strain) and the White Plymouth Rock (a broiler strain). The blood changes conducted revealed an initial leucocytosis from 14th day to 36th day, followed by heterophilia from 43rd day to 70th day post infection, and a mild eosinophilia throughout the experimental period. The infected White Plymouth Rock birds lost considerable amount of their body weight. In White Leghorn layers, there was great delay in sexual maturity and poor feed efficiency as indicated by reduced egg production. The percentage of establishment in the experiment was found to be not correlated to the infective dose. The pathological changes in the affected gizzards indicated an acute inflammation during the invasive phase of juveniles, followed by a chronic reaction, which by 60th day post infection was well established indicating the development of a host – parasite balances, towards the later stages of infection.ThesisItem Open Access Incidence and treatment of cestodes of dogs in Kerala with special reference to the taenid species(Department of parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1982) Narendran Nair, P; KAU; Pythal, CFive species of cestodes, viz., dipylidium cenium, Taenia hydatigens, Echinococcus granulosus, Joyeuxiella pasqualei and Diphyllobothrium latum were encountered in dogs in Kerala, of which diphylidium ceninum was the commonest. The incidence of Dipylidium caninum was the highest in animals of the age group of above 5 years, while that of joyeuxiella pasqualei was highest in animals of the age group of above 6 months and upto one year. Echinococcus granuloscus and Taenia hydatigens were most prevalent in the age group of above 5 years. Examination of faecal samples of dogs also revealed that Dipylidium caninum was the most prevalent cestode of dogs. Albendazole at 25 mg/kg body weight. Fenbendazole at 10mg/kg body weight. Hexachlorphene at 15mg/kg body weight, mebendazole at 15 mg/kg body weight repeated for 3 days , niclosamide at 62.5 per Kg body weight and praziquantel at 2.5 mg/kg body weight could remove taenia hydatigena completely. Fenbendazole at 20 mg/kg body weight had an efficacy of only 40% against Ecinococcus granulosus. Fenbendazole at 10mg/kg bodyweight, Mebendazole at 15 mg/kg body weight repeated for 3 days. Niclosamide at125 mg/kg body weight and praziquantel at 5 mg/kg body weight had also 100% efficacy against Dipylidium caninum.ThesisItem Open Access Investigation on certain aspects of coccidiosis of goats(Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1987) Lucy Jacob, K; KAU; Madhavan Pillai, KExamination of 786 faecal samples collected from goats of Kerala Agricultural University Goat Farm, Government Goat Farm, Kommeri and those brought to the Veterinary hospitals of Kerala Agricultural University revealed that the species of Eimeria had an overall prevalence of 63.23 per cent. Eight species of Eimeria could be encountered either as pure or mixed infection. The species recorded were E. arloingi. E. Christenseni. E. alijevi. E. Jolchilevi. E. ninakohlyakimovae. E. apsheronica, E. kocharli and E. caprina. The more common species were E. arloingi and E. christenseni. The occurrence of E. Caprina in goats in India is reported for the first time. Circumscribed greyish – white areas slightly raised above the mucous surface and clearly visible from the serosa were seen in the intestine of kids died of coccidiosis. These areas were found to be groups of hypertrophic villi and hyperplastic glandular epithelium containing gametocytic stages of Eimeria. Many villi were enlarged due to the presence of schizonts in the lacteals. Schizonts were also observed rarely in the submucosa. Small schizonts and gametocytic stages were seen in the epithelium of the villi and glands. The endogenous stages were present throughout the small intestine. The results of haematological studies of ten kids suffering from natural coccidiosis revealed a lesser value for haemoglobin content and erythrocyte count as compared to the normal values for goats. Packed cell volume, erythrocyte, leukocyte and differential counts did not show any significant difference from the normal values for goates. Amprolsol at the rate of 100 mg per kg body weight was found to be the most suitable drug for treatment of natural coccidiosis in goats giving an efficacy of 100 per cent. Sulmet at the rate of 30 ml per 23 kg body weight had an efficacy of 87.5 per cent while, Coxysol – AK at the rate of 40 mg per kg body weight and metronidazole at the rate of 20 mg per kg body weight were found unsatisfactory in the treatment of coccidiosis in goats.ThesisItem Open Access Biology, pathogenesis and control of syngamus trachea infection in chicken(Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1987) Devada, K; KAU; Sathianesan, VIn a study conducted for a period of one year on the biology, pathogenesis and control of Syngamus trachea infection in chicken, it has been found that the infection was more in very young birds below 1 to 2 months of age, reared under the free range system and during the monsoons. The egg cultures became infective on the seventh day of culturing. A dose of 3,000 infective eggs or larvae was found to be suitable for a successful establishment of infection in chicks. Experimental infection could be set up by the direct feeding of the infective eggs or larvae without the necessity of the intervention of any transport hosts like earthworms. A detailed study on the stage to stage development of the parasite was carried out. They established in the trachea by the eighth day and attained patency 18 to 22 days following infection. Gaping movements, nodular growths on the tracheal mucous membrane, haemorrhage and production of mucus in the trachea, consolidation and ecchymosis of the lungs were the chief clinicopathological symptoms observed. Anthelmintic efficacy of mebendazole, thiabendazole, albendazole and ivermectin was assessed on the basis of the reduction of ova in the droppings, disappearance of worms from the trachea and gain in body weight of the treated birds. Mebendazole administered at 40 mg per kg body weight was found to be the most effective among the drugs tried closely followed by albendazole given at 15 mg per kg body weight and then thiabendazole at 500 mg per kg body weight. Ivermectin dosed at 200 micrograms per kg body weight subcutaneously was found to be the least effective. Assessment of the effect of irradiation at 5 KR on the development of S. trachea in chicken was attempted twice with no conclusive results.ThesisItem Open Access Fresh water cercarial fauna of Trichur(Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1982) Ambika Prasad, Sarmah; KAU; Raja Mohan, KAn investigation on the cercarial fauna of fresh water snails in Trichur was conducted for a period of one year (1981 – 1982). Three species of snails viz. Indoplanorbis exustus (Deshayes), Lymnaea luteola f. australis and Thiara (Melanoides) tuberculata were collected from different areas in Trichur. Snails were found to thrive throughout the year if water is available. Seven different types of cercariae could be identified in the present study. They were – 1. An amphistome cercaria of the pigmentata group referable to Cercaria indica XXVI Sewell, 1922 2. An echinostomatid cercaria, further confirmed as cercaria of Hypoderaeum conoideum 3. A xiphidiocercaria resembling Cercaria indica X Sewell, 1922 4. A brevifurcate, non – ocellate, apharyngeal cercaria referable to cercaria of Schistosoma spindale 5. A longifercate cercaria referable to Cercaria hardayali Dutt, 1970 6. A gymnocephalous cercaria resembling Cercaria indica XIV Sewell, 1922 7. Amonostome cercaria comparable to Cercaria indica VII Sewell, 1922 The maximum incidence of cercarial infection in snails was found in the month of August, Mixed infection of cercariae was observed in one Indo plannorbis exustus (Deshayes) and one Lymnaea luteola f. australis snails. The emergence character and detailed morphology of all these cercariae were studied and compared with the available literature. Experimental infection to raise the adults from the larval stage of a trematode was successfully carried out using cercaria of Hypoderaeum conoideum.
