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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on utrine pathology in repeat breeding cattle(Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1979) Aravinda Ghosh, K N; KAU; Bharathan, T RAn investigation was undertaken to study the uterine pathology in repeat breeding cows employing uterine biopsy as a diagnostic technique. The studies were carried out in 26 repeat breeding cross bred cows from the herd of University Livestock Farm, Mannuthy using a biopsy instrument which was a modification of one designed by Minocha et al. (1964). Four cows which settled at first insemination served as control animals for comparison. From all the animals biopsy was taken during the early part of heat and was inseminated 8 to 12 hours after biopsy followed by intrauterine antibiotic therapy after 12 to 24 hours. Seven out of 17 animals which failed to conceive even after biopsy and treatment were slaughtered and their genitalia were subjected to detailed studies. Nine out of 26 repeat breeders and all the four control animals conceived at inseminations in the same heat of biopsy explaining the fact that biopsy operation did not affect the functional status of uterus. Pathological changes in the endometrium were observed in 14 out of 26 (53.85%) repeat breeding cows. Changes in the uterus observed in the biopsy were significant and consisted of infiltration with various types of inflammatory cells, periglandular fibrosis, cystic dilatation of glands, glandular hypertrophy, stromal hyalinization and sclerosis. It was seen that endometritis constituted the most important lesion. The experimental animals were classified into three groups based on histological findings; group I showing normal or nearly normal endometrium, group II with more extensive inflammatory changes and group III with severe inflammatory and fibrotic changes. Group I and II had a conception rate of 58.33 and 25 per cent respectively. In group III, none conceived. Results of insemination revealed that uterine lesions characterized by severe cellular infiltration and glandular changes affected the changes of conception adversely. The lesions in the slaughtered animals correlated with biopsy findings in general.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the pathology of testis and epididymis of ducks(Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1976) Joseph, Mathew; KAU; Surendra, Varma Raja C KInfertility or sterility in bucks are almost always caused by testicular or epididymal affections. Hence a study on the pathological conditions of these organs might give an approximate idea of the nature and prevalence of sterility conditions in male goats. The present study was taken up with this object in view. Thousand pairs of testicles and epididymis of bucks, aged 6-18 months were collected at random from the abattoir and examined. The organs which revealed gross lesions and those which were suspected to be affected were subjected to detailed histopathological studies. Out of the thousand pairs of organs examined, 174 (17.4%) revealed various pathological lesions. The following pathological conditions were observed during the course of the present study: Testicular hypoplasia (5.8%), Cryptorchidism (2.9%), Ectopic testis (0.4%), Testicular degeneration (0.4%), Adhesion with tunics (1.8%), Testicular strophy (1.3%), Testicular haemorrhage (0.1%), Male pseudo hermaphroditism (0.1%), spermiostasis (1.1%) Spermatic granuloma (0.1%), Epididymal haemorrhage (0.4%), Epididymal melanosis (4.3%). In addition, 258 (25.8%) organs showed minor developmental aberrations such as cystic persistent mesonephric tubules (8.9%), appendix epididymis (14.7%) and cystic remnants of mullerian duct (2.2%).ThesisItem Open Access Effect of early weaning on the reproductive performance of sows(Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1977) Madhavan, E; KAU; Surendra Varma Raja, C KThe object of the study was to find out how early weaning of piglets could be practiced for a profitable swine industry. For this, two aspects were investigated; (1) Post weaning reproductive performance of the sow (2) the growth rate and survival capacity of weaned piglets. The experiment was conducted on 24 gilts of same age group selected at random from the University Pig Breeding Farm, Mannuthy. On farrowing, the sows (with their litters) were divided into four groups of six animals each. The piglets in groups I, II, III and IV were respectively weaned at 15th, 30th, 45th and 60th day of farrowing. The weaned piglets were maintained upto 60 days on creep feed of the same composition. The sows were fed on farm ration. The observations made and inferences drawn are summarized below: There was no significant verification in the onset of post – weaning heat, conception rate, litter size and litter weight in sows of different groups. At the same time, there was a significant reduction in the inter-farrowing period when weaning was done during early lactation. This was considered as an important criteria in favour of early weaning. As far as the post-weaning performance of the piglets were concerned, it was observed that the gain in weight of piglets weaned at 45th day was significantly higher than the other three groups. Probably, the low gain in body weight of the early weaned piglets could be improved by feeding them with creep feed of superior quality. Post-weaning mortality observed in early weaned piglets was well within the permissible limit. To sum up, it may be stated that weaning of piglets at 15th day of farrowing would be of advantage for the over all increase in the productivity of swine.ThesisItem Open Access Fertility studies of semen preserved in coconut milk extender(Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1978) George, P K; KAU; Neelakantan Iyer, C PThe object of the study was to assess the fertility of semen extended in CME at various periods of storage In comparison with semen extended in EYC. Semen samples collected from three breeding bulls maintained at the Artificial Insemination Centre, Mannuthy were diluted with CMSE and EYC using split sample technique and stored at room temperature and at 50C respectively. Both the samples were preserved upto 96 hours and utilised for the study, A total number of 1112 animals ware utilised for the fertility evaluation. Alternate animals were inseminated with semen extended in CME or EYC. Conception rates were estimated on the basis of rectal examination. Data from the field comprising of 18,245 first inseminations with CME from 55 artificial insemination centres in Kottayam district were also incorporated in the study. The overall conception rate did not vary significantly between CME and EYC extended semen. The conception rate in cows was significantly higher than in heifers both in CME and EYC. Within the same period of storage, conception rate between CME and EYC was not found significant. In EYC, a significant fall in the conception rate was observed after 48 hours of storage but in CME this was noticed only after 72 hours of storage. The variation in the fertility rate between the bulls was not found to be significant. Higher conception rate was observed in the experimental animals than in the field. Significant fall in the conception rate was observed in the field after 48 hours of storage. Seasonal variation in the conception rate was observed, with higher percentage conception in rainy season (June to October) and lower in winter (November to January). Highly significant difference in the fertility of bulls used in the field was also observed. In conclusion, it may be stated that semen preserved in CME can be used up to 72 hours of storage time without substantial reduction in the fertility.