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Subject: Veterinary Anatomy and Histology × Author: KAU × End date: 2006 × Start date: 2006 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Morphological and histological studies on the skin of the pig (sus domesticus)
    (Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2006) Sumena, K B; KAU; Lucy, K M
    Studies on the skin of Large White Yorkshire pigs were conducted using 12 animals of six to ten months of age. The project was undertaken to study the morphology, morphometry, histology and the distribution of hair and to compare the sex differences if any, in the skin of pig. Skin samples were collected from eight areas of the body viz., the snout, dorsal nasal, dorsal neck, ventral neck, dorsal abdomen, lateral abdomen, ventral abdomen and carpal regions. After recording gross parameters, material was fixed in 10 per cent neutral buffered formalin and standard procedures were adopted for histoarchitectural and histochemical studies. In general, skin of male animals was slightly thicker than that of the females. Maximum thickness for the skin, epidermis and the dermis was noticed in the snout and minimum in the ventral abdomen. Skin was thicker on the dorsal surface of the body than on the ventral surface. Contribution of the epidermis to the total skin thickness was maximum in the snout region. Subcutaneous fat layer was slightly thicker in females. A highly significant positive correlation was noticed between the skin thickness and the thickness of the epidermis in the snout, dorsal nasal and carpal regions in both male and female animals. Among the five layers of the epidermis, stratum basalis, spinosum and corneum were always present and formed continuous layers throughout the body surface. The stratum granulosum was not continuous in ventral neck and lateral and ventral abdominal regions. A definite stratum lucidum was seen only in the snout, dorsal nasal and ventral abdominal areas. The rete pegs and the dermal papillae were most abundant in the snout region and minimum in the lateral abdominal region. Stratum basalis was made up of a single layer of columnar to cuboidal cells. Clear cells could be located in the stratum basalis and stratum spinosum. Stratum spinosum was the thickest layer of the epidermis consisting of large, irregular and polyhedral cells with distinct boundaries. Prekeratin granules were detected in the upper layers of stratum spinosum. Thickness of this layer was maximum in the snout. Stratum granulosum consisted of two to four rows of flattened, diamond-shaped cells. Cytoplasm showed keratohyalin granules. Stratum lucidum appeared as a clear, bright, homogenous, strongly eosinophilic layer. Stratum corneum consisted of keratinized, scale-like polygonal, clear cells. There was a significant positive correlation between the thickness of the skin and that of dermis in all regions under study in both sexes. Papillary layer of the dermis was made up of collagen fibres predominantly, which were finer and more closely arranged. Reticular layer consisted of large, coarse and loosely interwoven bundles of collagen fibres. Glomi were most numerous in the snout. Hair arrangement in swine was simple, but grouping of hairs was evident. Maximum hair density was noticed in the dorsal nasal area. Density of hair distribution was more in the male animals. Hair shaft was composed of a cuticle, thicker cortex and slender medulla. Hair follicle was composed of four parts, viz., hair papilla, hair matrix, inner root sheath and outer root sheath. Largest arrector muscles were noticed in the abdomen dorsal region. Interfollicular muscle connected adjacent hair follicles of its characteristic hair group. Sweat glands were of apocrine type in all the regions under study except in the snout and dorsal nasal regions where it was of eccrine type. In the latter, both clear and dark cells were identified. Sebaceous glands appeared as large, lobulated, sac-like structures associated with the hair follicles. The secretory units consisted of a solid mass of epidermal cells. Maximum subcutaneous fat thickness was noticed at the neck dorsal region. The subcutaneous tissue was composed of a loose meshwork of connective tissue fibres, cells, blood vessels and nerve fibres. PAS - alcian blue positive areas were detected in middle region of the epidermis and ground substance of the dermis. Cells of stratum corneum, stratum spinosum, sebaceous glands, their ducts and clear cells of eccrine sweat glands showed a positive reaction to Oil Red O. Most of the layers of the epidermis and the dermal papillae, blood vessels surrounding the hair follicles and the sweat glands showed a positive reaction to alkaline phosphatase. Epidermis and sebaceous glands showed a positive reaction for acid phosphatase.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Comparative efficacy of xylazine-ketamine premedication on propofol anasthesia for caesarean section in dogs
    (Department of Veterinery Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 2006) Ranjith Mohan, M; KAU; Rajankutty, K
    A study was conducted to evaluate the comparative efficacy of xylazine and xylazine-ketamine premedication on propofol anaesthesia in twelve female dogs of different breeds subjected to caesarean section at the Veterinary College Hospitals at Mannuthy and Kokkalai. All the dogs were clinically examined and were randomly divided into two group’s viz. Group I and Group II, each consisting of six dogs. They were serially numbered from 1 to 6. To all the dogs, glycopyrrolate at the dose rate of 0.01 mg/kg bodyweight was administered intramuscularly, 15 minutes prior to the administration of preanaesthetic drug (s). In Group I, Xylazine at the rate of 0.5mg/kg bodyweight and in Group II, Xylazine at the rate of 0.5mg/kg and ketamine at the rate of 2.5mg/kg bodyweight as a combined injection was administered intramuscularly for premedication. In both the groups, fifteen minutes later, propofol 1% emulsion was administered by intravenous bolus injection for the induction of general anaesthesia. Thereafter, 20 ml 1% propofol emulsion was mixed with 180 ml of normal saline solution (i.e. 1 ml contains 1 mg propofol) and was administered intravenously at the rate of 6 drops / kg / min (0.4mg propofol / kg /min.) for maintenance of anaesthesia till the surgical manipulations were completed. Endotracheal intubation was carried out in all the dogs for maintaining the airway patency. The dogs were subjected to caesarean section. Following premedication with xylazine/xylazine-ketamine combination, clinical symptoms like winking of eyes, yawning and incoordination of movements with lowering of head were noticed in the dogs of both the groups. The other common symptoms noticed were vomiting (in three dogs), and licking (in seven dogs) during induction and urination (in seven dogs) during recovery. In both the groups, all the dogs assumed sternal recumbency with head down posture. In the present study, salivation was scanty in both the groups. The induction time was 2.23 ± 1.04 and 2.11 ± 1.08 minutes in Group I and Group II respectively. Duration of anaesthesia was 49.77 ± 1.01 and 50.35 ± 1.07 minutes in Group I and Group II respectively, depending up on the time taken for completing the surgical procedures. Degree of muscle relaxation was moderate to good in Group I and good to excellent in Group II. Quantity of propofol administered for induction was 76.66 ± 2.11 and 92.76 ± 3.21 and for maintenance it was 188.31 ± 5.06 and 193.58 ± 5.13 milligrams in Group I and Group II respectively. Time required for surgical operation was 52.00 ± 1.02 and 53.01 ± 1.11 minutes in Group I and Group II respectively. Recovery time was 17.66 ± 1.81 and 22.68 ± 2.01 minutes in Group I and Group II respectively. There was a decrease in rectal temperature, respiration rate, and heart rate following the premedication and after the administration of propofol in both the groups. But the pulse rate was decreased following the premedication and increased during propofol anaesthesia in both the groups. The conjunctival mucous membrane was congested before, after premedication and till complete recovery and was pale roseate by 24 hours after administration of propofol. There was a decrease in the volume of packed red cells, haemoglobin concentration, and total leukocyte count following the premedication and after the administration of propofol in both the groups. There was an increase in the neutrophil count with decrease in lymphocyte count after premedication and decrease in the lymphocyte count with increase in neutrophil count following administration of propofol in both the groups. The variations in monocyte and eosinophil counts were marginal in both the groups. The basophil count was zero throughout the period of study. There was a decrease in the serum sodium and serum potassium concentration after premedication and increase after the administration of propofol in both the groups. The changes were marginal and within the normal limits. There was an increase in the serum total protein content with decrease in albumin/globulin ratio after premedication and a decrease in serum total protein content with a gradual increase in albumin/globulin ratio after the administration of propofol in both the groups. Total number of puppies delivered was 65 from twelve female dogs subjected to caesarean section. Out of the 38 puppies delivered, 29 were live and nine were dead in Group I. Out of the 27 puppies delivered, 20 were live and seven were dead in Group II. In Group I, all the 29 live puppies were active and cried crying within two minutes. In Group II, out of the 20 live puppies, nine were active and cried immediately, but 11 puppies were sluggish and depressed and took 5-10 minutes for revival. But the four puppies delivered from pug died within 24 hours. All the dogs had an uneventful recovery from anaesthesia and were without any postoperative complications.