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ThesisItem Open Access Postnatal Development of the Oviduct in the Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)(Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1994) Lucy, K M; KAU; Harshan, K RThe structure and postnatal development of the oviduct in quails were investigated using 72 birds aged from day-old to 60 days. The growth, morphology and histology of the oviduct were studied using six birds at each age group. In the day-old quail chick, the oviduct could seen as a narrow white translucent tube towards the left side of the coelom connected by dorsal and ventral ligaments. The sign of coiling was evident from 25 days of age. In the initial stages, the increase in weight and length of oviduct was in accordance with the growth of the bird. Rapid changes in the development of the organ occurred between 30 and 4 0 days of age and a spurt in growth was noticed from 40-60 days of age. In the day-old chick, the cranial regions of the oviduct corresponding to the infundibulum, magnum and isthmus were undifferentiated. Throughout the length of the oviduct, histological appearance was the same. The mucosa was thrown into low primary folds lined by simple columnar epithelium and there was subepithelial connective tissue containing densely packed cells with fine collagen and reticular fibres. The large number of luminal epithelial cells and the increase in height of the mucosal folds indicated entry into a rapid growth phase which started between 30 and 40 days of age. In the adult bird, the innermost epithelium of the different segments of the oviduct consisted of ciliated columnar cells and secretory goblet cells. Lamina propria was packed with tubular glands except in the funnel of infundibulum, magnum-isthmus junction and vagina. Bundles of collagen and a few elastic and reticular fibres constituted the core of the mucosal folds. Mucosal folds also contained lymphocytes in diffuse form and nodular aggregates. Thickness of the tunica muscularis increased from the anterior to the posterior end of the oviduct. Externally there was a typical serosaThesisItem Open Access Postnatal development of upper digestive tract in the duck(Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1990) Shyla Paulose; KAU; Ommer, P AThe structure and postnatal development of the upper digestive tract of ducks at different stages of growth was studied using 72 white pekin ducklings aged from day-old to 180 days for the proper understanding of their functional peculiarities. The growth, morphology and histology of the tongue, pharynx, oesophagus and crop, proventriculus and gizzard were studied using six birds at each age group. The oesophagus and the gizzard attained the maximum growth by 75 days whereas the tongue, pharynx, and the proventriculus at 150 days of age. The tongue, pharynx and oesophagus were lined by stratified squamous epithelium. Herbst’s, Grandry’s and Meissaner’s corpuscles, ganglion cells and encapsulated spherical bodies were present in the tongue. Filiform, fungiform and conical papillae, many taste buds, anterior and posterior lingual holocrine mucous glands were observed in the tongue. The tip of the entoglossal bone remained cartilaginous and showed signs of ossification from eighth day of age. Within the choanal slit, cavernous tissue covered by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium was present. In pharynx, pharyngeal tonsils, palatine, sphenopterygoid and laryngeal salivary glands were noticed. At the inlet of the larynx, the epithelium changed to pseudostratified ciliated columnar. The laryngeal cartilages were cricoids, procricoid and paired arytenoids. The oesophagus consisted of longer cervical part, spindle shaped crop and short thoracic part. The longitudinal mucosal folds were more at the crop and the microscopic papillae appeared on the crop and thoracic oesophagus from 15 days of age. The mucous glands were present throughout the esophagus and crop. The muscularis mucosa and submucosa were absent. Tunica muscularis consisted of inner longitudinal and outer circular layer of smooth muscles. The adventitial cost was replaced by a layer of serosa in the thoracic part. A well developed oesophageal tonsil was present at the oesophage –proventricular junction. The elongated proventriculus had narrow cranial and wider caudal ends with numerous small papillae containing the opening of the proventricular gland. The mucosal folds were lined by cuboidal to columnar cells. The superficial proprial glands showed zonation. The unilobular compound tubular glands were lined by oxyntico-peptic cells which had a dentate appearance. In the day –old ducklings, the lobules were elongated in the anterior and middle part and in the posterior portion they were small and polygonal in shape. From 15 days onwards, most of the gland lobules were round or polygonal in cross section. The central cavity of the gland and the duct were lined by tall columnar cells which were PAS positive. The muscularis mucosa as a distinct layer was not seen and the submucosa was absent, Tunica muscularis consisted of inner and outer longitudinal and middle circular layer of smooth muscles and invested by the serous layer. At the isthmus, the proventricular glands and the outer longitudinal muscle layer were absent and the lamina propria contained glands similar to gizzard glands. The gizzard had greater dorso-ventral diameter than cranic –caudal diameter except in day-old ducklings in which the reverse was true. The tendon layer was thickest at the tendinous aponeurosis and absent in the blind sacs. The lateral muscle consisted of single layer of circular smooth muscle whereas the blind sacs had inner longitudinal and outer circular layers of smooth muscle. Submucosa was dense and the muscularis mucosa was absent. The simple tubular gizzard gland was lined mainly by chief cells. The chief cell granules and the luminal contents showed similar reactions in PTAH and trichrome staining. The surface epithelium showed papillary projections and were lined by tall columnar cells which showed supranuclear PAS positive reaction. The thickness of the glandular layer and the gizzard lining consisted of arrays of vertical columns secreted by the tubular glands and the matrix produced by the surface cells. The lining was strongly adherent to the musculature and could not be peeled off. The blood and nerve supplies to these organs were studied using embalmed carcasses and angiograms.ThesisItem Open Access Postnatal development of the oviduct in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)(Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1994) Lucy, K M; KAU; Harshan, K RThe structure and postnatal development of the oviduct in quails were investigated using 72 birds aged from day-old to 60 days. The growth, morphology and histology of the oviduct were studied using six birds at each age group. In the day-old quail chick, the oviduct could seen as a narrow white translucent tube towards the left side of the coelom connected by dorsal and ventral ligaments. The sign of coiling was evident from 25 days of age. In the initial stages, the increase in weight and length of oviduct was in accordance with the growth of the bird. Rapid changes in the development of the organ occurred between 30 and 40 days of age and a sprut in growth was noticed from 40-60 days of age. In the day-old chick, the cranial regions of the oviduct corresponding to the infundibulum, magnum and isthmus were undifferentiated. Throughout the length of the oviduct, histological appearance was the same. The mucosa was thrown into low primary folds lined by simple columnar epithelium and there was subepithelial connective tissue containing densely packed cells with fine collagen and reticular fibres. The large number of luminal epithelial cells and the increase in height of the mucosal folds indicated entry into a rapid growth phase which started between 30 and 40 days of age. In the adult bird, the innermost epithelium of the different segments of the oviduct consisted of ciliated columnar cells and secretary goblet cells. Lamina propria was packed with tabular glands except in the funnel of infundibulum, magnum-isthumas junction and vagina. Bundles of collagen and a few elastic and reticular fibres constituted the core of the mucosal folds. Mucosal folds also contained lymphocytes in diffuse form and nodular aggregates. Thickness of the tunica muscularis increased from the anterior to the posterior end of the oviduct. Externally there was a typical serosa. Mucosal ridges of the thin walled funnel of the infundibulum were narrow and at the bases of these ridges were the glandular grooves. Tunica muscularis consisted of circularly arranged fibres and scattered bundles. Within the neck of the infundibulum, height of the mucosal ridges was more. Lining cells of the tubular glands showed PAS +ve reaction. Magnum was the longest and most coiled component of the oviduct, the wall of which was thicker due to the greatest development of tubular glands. Mucosal ridges of the isthumus were angular in appearance. Apex of the lining epithelium presented glycogen granules. Tunica muscularis consisted of inner circular and outer poorly developed longitudinal smooth muscle separated by loose connective tissue and blood vessels. Uterus was wider and thinner than the cranial portions in day-old bird itself. Secondary mucosal folds and scattered muscle fibres could be noticed at 15 days of age. In the adult bird, mucosal was thrown into numerous long, flat, discontinuous, spatula – shaped folds lined by alternating spical and basal cells. Lamina propria was loosely packed with tubular glands. Tunica muscularis was better developed with inner circular and irregular bundles and outer longitudinal muscle layer. Ultero – vaginal junction was characterized by the presence of sperm – host glands. In the vagina, mucosal folds were narrow and regular. Lining epithelium was higher . Musculature was thickest in this region. Acid and alkaline phosphatase activities were detected throughout the oviduct, the greatest activity being in the uterine region.