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ThesisItem Open Access Breeding hotset indeterminate tomato (Solanumlycopersicum L.) resistant to bacterial wilt suitable for protected cultivation(Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, 2021) Archana, K A; KAU; Pradeep Kumar, TThe present investigation was undertaken to develop an indeterminate hotset tomato with bacterial wilt resistance through line × tester analysis. The experiment was conducted at the Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, Kerala Agricultural University, during the year 2018- 2020. The first experiment was the performance evaluation of 35 tomato genotypes for two seasons in the year 2018, summer evaluation from January 2018 and rainy season evaluation from July 2018, in two protected structures viz., polyhouse and rainshelter. Genotypes exhibited significant variation for vegetative, flowering, fruit, yield and biochemical traits under both growing structures across season. Under polyhouse during summer the genotypes EC- 164263, EC-620387, EC-620401, EC-620406, EC-620410, and EC-620417 performed better for hotset traits (flowers with exerted stigma, pollen viability and fruit set per cent) and yield traits (average fruit weight, number of fruits per plant and yield). In rainshelter, the genotypes EC-165395, EC-165690, EC- 538153, EC-620401, EC-620406, EC-620410 were superior. During rainy season, EC-164263, EC-538153, EC-620401, EC-620406, EC-620410, EC-631369 were superior under polyhouse, and EC-620395, EC-620401, EC-620406, EC-620410, EC-631369 and EC-631379 inside rainshelter, for hotset traits and yield traits. The pooled data of flowers with exerted stigma, pollen viability, fruit set per cent, number of fruits per cluster, days to first fruit set, average fruit weight, pericarp thickness, number of fruits per plant and yield per plant were subjected to multivariate analysis for discrimination of genotypes into clusters. Under polyhouse seven clusters and inside rainshelter five clusters were observed. The selection index was also applied for ranking of genotypes based on the hotset distinctions and yield attributes. The hotset genotypes with high yield potential, identified suitable for protected cultivation were EC-164263, EC-538153, EC- 620387, EC-620389, EC-620401, EC-620406, EC-620410, EC-620417 and EC-631369. The genotypes EC-620401 (1), EC-620406 (2) and EC-620410 (3) were selected as hotset line for the line × tester analysis. In the second experiment the genotypes were tested for bacterial wilt resistance. The 35 tomato genotypes were sown in 98 well pro-trays holding sterilised soil medium. Another set of pro-trays holding the same medium were drenched with bacterial suspension with OD adjusted 0.8 to 1.3 at 600 nm and kept as the sick pro-trays. The twenty-one days old seedlings were used for inoculation through root dip method. With the help of sterilized scissors the tertiary roots of the seedlings were sectioned. The root clipped seedlings were dipped in bacterial suspension for thirty minutes. The inoculated seedlings were transplanted in the sick pro-trays. The entire experiment was conducted inside rainshelter with three replications. Each replication had five plants per genotype. Periodical observation on bacterial wilt symptom expression was taken from third day onwards. The disease index has revealed EC-620382 (0.20) and Arka Abha (0.20) as highly resistant. Nine genotypes viz: EC-165395 (0.24), EC-165700 (0.25), EC-521067 B (0.25), EC-620376 (0.30), EC-620378 (0.28), EC-620427 (0.21), EC-620429 (0.23), Akshay (0.21), Anagha (0.28) were resistant. From these EC-620382 (4), EC-620427 (5), EC-620429 (6) and Arka Abha (7) were selected as testers. In the third experiment, the identified lines and testers were crossed and seeds were collected for twelve cross combinations. The fourth experiment was the evaluation of F 1 hybrids from third experiment during summer in two protected structures viz., polyhouse and rainshelter. The cross combinations were laid along with the parents and two checks viz., one check hybrid (Abhilash) and one check variety (Akshaya). The mean performance, relative heterosis (RH), heterobeltosis (HB), standard heterosis (SH) and combining ability studies were conducted. For vegetative traits, the cross combination 3 × 7 exhibited superiority in the mean performance with significant positive sca effects in both the structures. For flowering traits, the cross 2 × 5 exhibited significant positive sca effects for pollen viability and significant negative sca effects for flowers withexerted stigma with significant RH, HB and SH in both the structures. In the case of fruit and yield traits, the cross combination 2 × 5 exhibited negative significant sca effects for days to first fruit set and positive significant sca effects for pericarp thickness, average fruit weight and yield per plant with significant RH, HB and SH. Inside rainshelter, 3 × 5 and 3 × 7 noted significant sca effects and positive significant heterosis for fruit and yield traits. For biochemical traits, the cross combination 2 × 5 exhibited positive significant sca effects and positive significant RH, HB and SH for TSS, ascorbic acid and acidity under polyhouse. In the seedling stage, all cross combinations exhibited resistance reaction to bacterial wilt in the challenge inoculation. Depending on the mean performance, heterosis and sca effects, the cross combination 2 × 5 was recommended for polyhouse and the crosses 3 × 5 and 3 × 7 were recommended for rainshelter. None of the parents revealed significant and desirable gca effect for all traits studied. The comprehensive assessment of the parents by considering gca estimates revealed that among lines EC-620406 is a good general combiner for vegetative, fruit and yield characters under polyhouse, and EC-620406 and EC- 620410 could be regarded as good general combiners for vegetative, reproductive, fruit and yield, quality characters and shelf life inside rainshelter. In the case of testers EC-620427 and Arka Abha were good combiners for vegetative, reproductive, fruit characters and shelf life in both the growing structures. Dominant gene action was observed predominantly for characters studied under both the structures. Plant height at harvest, days to 50% flowering, days to first fruit set, days to first fruit harvest, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, yield per plant, yield per plot, lycopene, ascorbic acid, shelf life, flowers with exerted stigma, pollen viability, number of flowers per cluster, number of fruits per cluster and fruit set per cent exhibited dominant gene action under both the structures. Pericarp thickness exhibited complete dominance inside rainshelter.In the fifth experiment, available SSR markers were validated for bacterial wilt resistance. Two SSR markers, SLM6124 and SLM6-110, produced polymorphism between resistant and susceptible genotypes, two distinct bands for resistant genotypes and four bands (two distinct and two fainted) for susceptible genotypes. In conclusion, the work indicates the change in the behaviour of genotypes under different protected structures in different seasons. Hence the selection of genotype and structure depending on the season is important. The heterosis breeding is effective in improving hotset traits in tomato. The hybridisation involving one resistant parent can generate bacterial wilt resistant off-springs. The application of molecular markers can effectively reduce the time and labour intensive field evaluation.ThesisItem Open Access Breeding for resistance to fruit fly (Zeugodacus spp.) in oriental pickling melon (Cucumis melo(L.)var.conomon Mak.)(Department of vegetable science,College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2020) Silpa, Ramachandran.; KAU; Anitha, P“Breeding for resistance to fruit fly (Zeugodacus spp.) in oriental pickling melon (Cucumis melo (L.) var. conomon Mak.) ABSTRACT Melon fruit fly (Zeugodacus spp.) is one of the major pests in cucurbits and it causes a loss of 32-100 per cent depending upon seasons and prevailing climatic conditions. The developing resistant varieties either by selection from germplasm lines or through backcross breeding is an economical way to reduce fruit loss in oriental pickling melon. Keeping this in view, the present investigations entitled “Breeding for resistance to fruit fly (Zeugodacus spp.) in oriental pickling melon (Cucumis melo (L.) var. conomon. Mak.)” was undertaken to identify sources of resistance to fruit fly infestation form germplasm; to incorporate fruit fly resistance into high yielding genotypes and to study the genetics of inheritance. Two separate experiments were designed for the study. Fifty three oriental pickling melon accessions were catalogued as per Minimal Descriptor of Vegetable Crops- Cucumis melo (L.)- NBPGR (2000). High variability was observed for all the morphological traits except flower colour. Oblate followed by globular and elongate were the predominant fruit shapes. White, creamy white, white with orange shade were observed for flesh colour. Fruit taste was sour, sweet; none of the accessions had bitterness. The traits viz., node of first female flower, vine length, number of seeds per fruit, number of fruits per plant, days to last harvest and percentage of fruit fly infestation exhibited high GCV, PCV, heritability and GA which indicated that these traits were highly heritable and could be improved through selection. Yield per plant was positively, significantly correlated with number of branches per plant, fruit diameter, fruit girth, fruit length, fruit weight, seed cavity length, seed cavity breadth and number of fruits per plant. High heritability was exhibited by all these traits. Therefore, simultaneous selection for these traits would improve yield. Significant negative correlations to fruit fly infestation were observed for traits viz., fruit diameter, fruit rind thickness, flesh thickness, marketable yield per plant, days to fruit fly infestation after anthesis. These traits exhibited high heritability hence, direct selection of higher mean values would improve yield and fruit fly resistance. Mahalanobis D2 analysis grouped the 53 accessions into 8 clusters. Cluster I had maximum number of accessions (12) followed by cluster II (9). The maximum inter cluster D2 value was between cluster VI and cluster V. Cluster mean for yield contributing traits were high in cluster V which consisted the promising accessions viz., CM022, CM045, CM047 and CM051. Cluster mean for fruit fly resistance contributing traits were high in cluster IV and cluster VI, where the promising accessions with respect to fruit fly resistance viz., CM012, CM033, CM034 and CM056were distributed. Two species of fruit fly were identified viz., Zeugodacus cucurbitae and Zeugodacus tau during the crop seasons. Hybridization was undertaken to incorporate fruit fly resistance into high yielding accessions from wild as well as resistant genotypes. Accessions viz., CM022, CM033, CM045, CM047, CM051, CM060, CM061 and CM062 selected as female parents; fruit fly resistant genotypes (Cucumis melo var. agrestis (W-10), Cucumis melo var. agrestis (W-51), Cucumis melo ssp. callosus and CM033) were selected as male parents. Thirty one F1’s were evaluated for morphological characters and resistance to fruit fly. High variability was observed for all the morphological traits except flower colour. Oblate followed by elliptical and elongate were the predominant fruit shapes. White, creamy white, white with orange shade were observed for flesh colour. Fruit taste was sour, sweet and bitter. Based on yield, quality, absence of bitterness and resistance to fruit fly, four F1’s were selected viz., CM045 x CM033(3.04kg) (Cross I), CM061 x CM033 (3.26kg) (Cross II), CM051 x Cucumis melo ssp. callosus (2.34kg) (Cross III), CM033 x Cucumis melo ssp. callosus (1.96kg)(Cross IV) for generation mean analysis. Generation mean analysis revealed that earliness traits were predominantly determined by dominance (h) gene effects coupled with duplicate epistasis. Hence improvement of earliness in flowering, fruiting and harvesting may be achieved by heterosis breeding. Yield contributing traits were governed by additive x additive (i), additive x dominance (j) and dominance x dominance (l) coupled with duplicate epistasis which indicated that hybridization followed by selection is appropriate. Fruit fly resistance traits were largely determined by additive x additive (i), additive x dominance (j) and dominance x dominance (l) effects coupled with duplicate epistasis. Selection and or hybridization followed by selection can be used. Number of fruits per plant, fruit rind thickness (Cross I), fruit girth (Cross II), fruit diameter (Cross II & III), day to last harvest (Cross III) exhibited complementary epistasis with significant additive (d), additive x dominance (j) and dominance x dominance (l) gene effects revealed that selection from segregating population could improve these traits. Correlations of biochemical traits of six generations to fruit fly infestation revealed that lower content of total soluble solids, total soluble sugars, total sugars; higher content of crude protein, total phenols, silica and tannins favoured resistance to fruit fly infestation. Evaluation of sensory qualities of fresh, cooked fruits of six generations in four crosses revealed that highest overall acceptability for fresh, cooked fruits was in CM045 (P1) Cross I and CM061 (P1) CrossII. The present investigations revealed that high variability was observed for all the morphological traits and resistance to fruit fly in oriental pickling melon accessions. Two species of fruit fly viz., Zeugodacus cucurbitae and Zeugodacus tau were identified during the crop seasons which infested different accessions. High heritability was observed for yield and fruit fly resistance. Fruit diameter, fruit rind thickness and flesh thickness exhibited high heritability, significant positive correlations with yield and significant negative correlations with fruit fly infestation. Simultaneous selection based on these traits would improve yield as well as fruit fly resistance. High magnitude of fruit rind thickness, flesh thickness and days to fruit fly infestation after anthesis along with hairiness on stem and fruit contributed to fruit fly resistance. High crude protein, total phenols, tannins and silica content of fruits contributed resistance to fruit fly whereas, high sugars, total sugars, total soluble solids favored fruit fly infestation. Generation mean analysis revealed that selection from segregating generations, heterosis breeding would be appropriate to improve yield along with fruit fly resistance.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of the nutritive values of pulse proteins with and without supplementation of amino acids(Department of Nutrition Laboratory, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1975) Sivaraman, E; KAU; Chandra Menon, KThree series of feeding trials were carried out using growing albino rats as experimental subjects during the present investigation in order to assess (1) the comparative effects of feeding raw and autoclaved cowpea and raw and autoclaved tur dhal incorporated in the diet each at 10% protein level on nitrogen basis on specific physiological functions such as growth, nitrogen balance, blood formation, liver fat, liver protein and liver and serum enzymes (2) the relative merits of these diets on feeding on the various physiological functions on supplementation with methionine and tryptophane and (3) the improvements brought about in respect of the various physiological functions when autoclaved pulses are incorporated in the diets at 18% protein level on nitrogen basis and fed. These experiments were performed in continuation of the work carried out by the author for the M.Sc. degree on the nutritive values of the two pulses, viz., turdhal and cowpea. The salient observations made during the course of the three series of experiments carried out during the course of the present investigation and the obviously important inferences drawn from the results obtained are given below, series wise:- FIRST SERIES OF EXPERIMENTS (1) Diets containing raw cowpea and raw tur dhal each containing 10% protein on nitrogen basis do not support somatic growth in rats. (2) Both autoclaved cowpea and autoclaved tur dhal diets each containing 10% protein on nitrogen basis promote growth of rats, the average gin in weight in both instances being essentially the same. (3) Autoclaved cowpea and autoclaved tur dhal diets are inferior to the control diet in promoting growth response. (4) Growth rate is not influenced by food consumption as little variation is shown in this respect between the animals fed the different diets. (5) Autoclaved cowpea and autoclaved tur dhal diets give significantly higher protein efficiency values than the corresponding raw pulse diets, both these registering essentially identical values in this respect, but significantly lower values as compared with the control diet. (6) In regard to nitrogen retention the results show the same trend as protein efficiency values. (7) Digestibility coefficients of nutrients in the xx autoclaved cowpea and tur dhal diets are significantly higher than of those in the respective raw pulse diets but less so as compared with the control diet, the raw pulse diets showing no significant difference between them. (8) The diets used in the present study do not show any significant difference between them in their ability to support red cell, haemoglobin and plasma protein concentrations. (9) Glutamic oxalo acetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase concentrations in serum and liver are not significantly influenced by any one of the diets used in the present study, although on the raw cowpea diet and on the raw tur dhal diet comparatively lower values for glutamic pyruvic transaminase are obtained. (10) Liver glycogen is not significantly influenced by any of the diets used in the present study. (11) Diets containing raw cowpea and raw tur dhal bring about on feeding significantly higher liver fat content as compared with the control diet and the autoclaved tur dhal diet. As between the autoclaved pulse diets no significant difference is observed. (12) As regards the liver protein content no significant difference is discernible between the diets used in the present study. (13) The autoclaved pulse diets increase significantly the weight of liver, kidney and heart as compared with raw pulse diets. (14) The raw cowpea and raw tur dhal diets bring about on feeding significantly higher caecal weight in rats as compared with the control diet, the raw tur dhal diet bringing about significantly higher caecal weights than the autoclaved tur dhal diet. (15) On the autoclaved pulse diets, significantly lower weights for pancreas are obtained as compared with the raw pulse diets. While no significant difference is observed in pancreatic weights between animals fed raw cowpea diet and autoclaved cowpea diet, significantly higher pancreatic weight is observed in the case of animals maintained on the raw tur dhal diet as compared with the diet containing autoclaved tur dhal. SECOND SERIES OF EXPERIMENTS (1) Diets containing raw cowpea and raw tur dhal both supplemented with methionine and tryptophane promote growth in rate in contrast with the results observed in the first series of experiments with raw cowpea and raw tur dhal without supplementation with these limiting amino acids. Significantly higher growth rate is obtained in the present series of experiments, with diet containing tur dhal as compared with that containing cowpea. (2) As regards the amino acid supplemented autoclaved pulse diets, both promote significantly higher growth, diet containing autoclaved tur dhal exerting significantly higher influence than diet containing autoclaved cowpea. (3) Autoclaved pulse diets supplemented with the limiting amino acids, methionine and tryptophane promote significantly better growth in rats than the control diet. (4) Supplementation of diets containing raw or autoclaved cowpea and raw or autoclaved tur dhal, with methionine and tryptophane significantly enhances their protein efficiency values. (5) The autoclaved cowpea and tur dhal diets supplemented with methionine and tryptophane register significantly higher protein efficiency values as compared with the control diet, the amino acid supplemented tur dhal diet signalling and significantly higher value in this regard than the amino acid supplemented autoclaved cowpea diet. (6) Autocalving cowpea and tur dhal brings about with or without methionine and tryptophane supplementation a higher nitrogen retention in rats than the raw pulse diets, maximum nitrogen retention being obtained with the control diet. (7) As between the amino acid supplemented raw and autoclaved cowpea diets on one hand and the amino acid supplemented raw and autoclaved tur dhal diets on the other, no significant difference is observed in nitrogen retention. (8) Supplementation with methionine and tryptophane significantly enhances protein digestibility in diets irrespective of the fact, whether the diets contain raw or autoclaved cowpea or raw or autoclaved tur dhal. (9) Supplementation with methionine and tryptophane does not influence the digestibility of fat while carbohydrate digestibility is seen to be significantly increased in the case of the amino acid supplemented raw cowpea diet as compared with that in the amino acid supplemented tur dhal diet. (10) Supplementation with methionine and tryptophane does not bring about any beneficial effect on the digestibility of carbohydrate either in the case of autoclaved cowpea diet or in the case of autoclaved tur dhal diet. (11) As regards red cell and haemoglobin concentrations, no significant difference is observed between the animals maintained on the various diets. In respect of plasma protein concentration, however, a significantly higher concentration of plasma protein is observed in animals receiving the raw cowpea diet supplemented with methionine and tryptophane as compared with those maintained on the amino acid supplemented raw tur dhal diet. (12) In respect of maintenance of glutamic oxalo acetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase levels in serum and liver and liver glycogen content, the diets used in the present study do not show any significant difference between them. (13) On raw tur dhal diet supplemented with methionine and tryptophane, significantly higher liver fat content is observed as compared with that obtained on the raw cowpea diet supplemented with these amino acids. (14) As regards liver protein no significant difference attributable to the diet is observed. (15) A significantly higher increase in the weight of livers of rats maintained on the diet containing raw cowpea supplemented with methionine and tryptophane is discernible as compared with those of animals fed the tur dhal diet supplemented with the same amino acids. (16) The caecae with contents, of rats maintained on diets containing raw tur dhal supplemented with methionine and tryptophane show significantly higher weights as compared with those of animals fed the amino acids supplemented autoclaved cowpea and autoclaved tur dhal diets showing no significant difference in this respect. (17) Significantly higher pancreatic weights are observed in the case of rats maintained on diets containing raw cowpea supplemented with methionine and tryptophane as compared with the same of animals receiving an isoprotoimictur dhal diet. As between the amino acid supplemented autoclaved cowpea and tur dhal diets, there is no significant difference. THIRD SERIES OF EXPERIMENTS (1) Autoclaved cowpea diet at 18% protein level on nitrogen basis promotes a significantly higher growth response than an isoproteimictur dhal diet. (2) As regards protein efficiency, the two pulse protein diets do not show any significant difference between them. (3) Red cell and haemoglobin concentrations are not seen influenced by either of the diets. (4) The limited data obtained during the course of the present study do not indicate any appreciable difference between the diets in their ability to support physiological functions such as reproduction and lactation. The significance of the above influences is discussed briefly.
