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Theses

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2004 - 20103
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Subject: Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology × Author: KAU × Start date: 2004 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Screening of dogs for leptospira using sandwich dot elisa
    (Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2004) Rahul, S Nair; KAU; Saseendranath, M R
    An investigation was carried out in 210 dogs of Thrissur district to assess the prevalence of leptospirosis using diagnostic techniques like darkfield microscopy, Sandwich dot ELISA for Leptospira antigen detection, Sandwich plate ELISA for Leptospira antigen detection and Polymerase chain reaction. Sera and mine samples were collected from dogs brought to University Veterinary Hospitals, Kokkalai and Mannuthy that included 109 diseased animals and 101 healthy dogs. Out of the 210 sera samples tested 26 (12.38 per cent) samples, six (5.94 per cent) out of the 101 samples from healthy dogs and 20 (18.35 per cent) out of the 109 serum samples from diseased dogs were found positive. Out of the 210 urine samples tested 22 samples (10.48 per cent), eight (7.34 per cent) from diseased dogs and 14 (13.86 per cent) from healthy dogs were found positive for pathogenic leptospires. Prevalence of leptospirosis was found higher in male dogs and in dogs aged from six months to three years. The present finding of healthy carriers for leptospirosis among dogs shows the need of checking dogs more carefully for inapparent leptospirosis because of the human health hazard. Evaluation of the comparative efficacy of the four diagnostic tests revealed darkfield microscopy inferior in detecting leptospires in dogs and the newly developed, easy to perform and cost effective sandwich dot and plate ELISA for Leptospira antigen detection that was showing hundred percent agreements with polymerase chain reaction can be adopted as an effective diagnostic tool for canine leptospirosis even at field level where sophisticated infrastructure is lacking.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Epidemiology of certain bacterial and viral diseases causing neonatal mortality in pups
    (Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2004) Indu, S Namputhiri; KAU; Tresamol, P V
    The present study was conducted to assess the role of bacterial and certain viral etiology, to conduct antibiogram and to estimate the nonspecific factors associated with neonatal mortality in pups.The bacterial isolates from milk of bitches were identified as Staphylococcus aureus (29 per cent) Staphylococcus intermedius (six per cent), Klebsiella pneumoniae (47 per cent), Proteus vulgaris (12 per cent) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (six per cent). Antibiogram of the isolates showed that majority of the isolates from milk were sensitive to ciprofloxacin (71 per cent), followed by amoxycillin (65per cent), gentamicin (41per cent), enrofloxacin (59 per cent), norfloxacin (18 per cent) chloramphenicol (12 per cent) and amoxy-clav (6 per cent).Blood samples taken from two bitches yielded bacterial growth, which were identified as Staphylococcus aureus (50 per cent) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (50 per cent). The bacterial isolates from blood were lOOper cent sensitive to ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol, 50 per cent to gentamicin, 50 per cent to amoxycillin and resistant to enrofloxacin and norfloxacin. The bacteria isolated from the vaginal samples were identified as Hafnia alvei (Enterobacter alvei)(six per cent), Klebsiella pneumoniae (35 per cent), Staphylococcus aureus (12 per cent), Escherichia coli (12 per cent), Proteus vulgaris (23 per cent), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (six per cent) and Staphylococcus intermedius (six per cent). The vaginal isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin (88 per cent), gentamicin (53 per cent), amoxycillin (59 per cent), enrofloxacin (71 per cent), chloramphenicol (59 per cent) and norfloxacin (35 per cent). None of the milk, blood or vaginal swabs taken from the control group yielded any bacterial growth. Isolates were obtained from heart blood and from liver and lung of pups. These included Proteus vulgaris(20 per QQnt)yPseudomonas aeruginosa(40 per cent) and Klebsiella pneumoniae(A0 per cent). Fourty per cent of the bacterial isolates from pups were sensitive to gentamicin and chloramphenicol, 80 per cent to ciprofloxacin, 60 per cent to amoxycillin and 20 per cent to norfloxacin and enrofloxacin. The role of parvovirus as a causative agent for neonatal mortality was studied by subjecting the liver, lung,intestine spleen and kidney tissue of dead pups to AGID and HA for detection of parvoviral antigen and one sample was positive by HA. This was confirmed by haemagglutination inhibition test. None of the serum from the bitches gave positive result for antibodies against parvoviral antigen in agar gel immunodiffusion test. The titre of antibodies of bitches were assessed by HI. HI titre of the vaccinated bitches ranged from eight to 64.0nly one bitch was having the protective titre. All the unvaccinated bitches were not having any titre of antibodies against parvo by HI test.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Epidemiological and clinico-therapeutic studies on bacterial skin infections in dogs
    (Department of Veterinary Epidemology and Preventive Medicine,College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2010) Shyma, V H; KAU; Vijayakumar, K
    The present study was mainly focused on epidemiological, diagnostic and clinico-therapeutic aspects of bacterial skin infections in dogs. A total of 42 animals were observed and diagnosed bacterial skin infection by culture of exudates or touch swab from skin lesions, out of the 933 animals brought to the University Veterinary Hospitals at Kokkalai and Mannuthy from February 2009 to January 2010 with different dermatological problems. More incidence of bacterial skin infections was observed in female dogs and in German shepherd breed. Detailed clinical examination of infected animals revealed pruritus, alopecia, ulcer, erythema and papule as the major clinical signs. Infected animals showed statistically significant reduction in mean values of packed cell volume and total RBC count in infected animals. Serum biochemical examination revealed significantly higher mean value for serum albumin and hypoglycemia in infected dogs. Serum mineral estimation of infected animals showed lower mean value for copper and higher mean value for zinc. Out of the 34 bacterial isolates, Staphylococcus epidermidis (32.35 per cent) was the most commonly isolated organism followed by Staphylococcus hyicus (20.58 per cent), Staphylococcus intermedius (14.7 per cent), Staphylococcus aureus (8.82 per cent) and Micrococcus spp (2.94 per cent). Gram negative organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.76 per cent), Klebsiella pneumoniae (5.88 per cent) and Pseudomonas fluorescence (2.94 per cent) were also obtained. In vitro antibiotic sensitivity analysis revealed that gatifloxacin is the most effective antibiotic in the treatment of bacterial skin infections in dogs and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid combination and cephalexin could be used as a second choice based on the antibiogram. But highest rate of clinical cure (100 per cent) was showed in group treated with cephalexin, followed by groups treated with amoxicillin clavulanic acid combination and gatifloxacin. 16srRNA riboyping was used to type seven isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis, the most commonly isolated pathogen in this study. Three different genotypes were identified among which type b was predominated. Based on the severity of lesions and less response to treatment, it can be concluded that type a is the most pathogenic strain.