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Subject: Poultry Science × End date: 2006 × Start date: 2006 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of dietary supplimentation of azolla (Azolla pinnata) on production performance in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
    (Department of Poultry Science,College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 2006) Raseena Karim; KAU; Jalaludeen, A
    The utility of dried Azolla in the production performance of Japanese quails were evaluated using one hundred and ninety two layer quails for a period of 20 weeks. They were randomly allotted to four treatment groups with four replicates of 12 quails each. Quail layer ration containing 22 per cent crude protein, 2650 kcal per kg metabolisable energy, 3.0 per cent calcium and 0.45 per cent phosphorus formed the basal diet (T1). Dried Azolla was included in the basal diet at levels of 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 per cent to form the treatments T2, T3 and T4, respectively. All the rations were made isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Data collection was done for five periods of 28 days each from 7 to 26 weeks of age. At the end of the trial, blood was collected from two birds per replicate and was utilised for serum profile studies. The body weight at 6 and 26 weeks of age and the body weight gain during experimental period did not differ significantly between dietary treatments. Age at sexual maturity, 10 and 50 per cent production were not influenced by inclusion of Azolla in quail diets. The quails fed with Azolla recorded numerically higher feed intake than control group. The cumulative feed conversion ratio was numerically higher in Azolla fed groups. Eventhough the cumulative mean quail housed and quail day egg number and per cent production were statistically comparable among the dietary groups, the groups T2 and T4 performed better than the control (T1). The cumulative mean egg weight from 7 to 26 weeks of age was highest for T3 followed by T2, T4 and T1. Cumulative egg weight was significantly (P<0.05) higher in 3.0 per cent Azolla fed group. The statistical analysis of the overall mean values of egg quality traits revealed no significant difference between dietary groups with the exception in yolk index. The cumulative mean yolk index was significantly (P<0.01) lower in Azolla fed birds. The mean yolk carotenoids level was significantly higher (P<0.01) with Azolla supplemented groups in all individual periods and for the whole experimental period taken together. Mean per cent giblet and ovary and oviduct weight were numerically higher for Azolla supplemented groups. The group fed with 1.5 per cent Azolla (T2) recorded numerically higher dressed yield (83.73 %) and the group fed with 4.5 per cent Azolla (T4) recorded numerically higher ready-to-cook-yield (60.07 %). While the statistical analysis of the mean values of these traits showed no significant difference. Mean serum total cholesterol was significantly (P<0.01) lower in 3.0 and 4.5 per cent Azolla fed groups compared to control. Serum total protein, creatinine, and uric acid were not influenced due to Azolla inclusion. Livability was comparatively better in Azolla fed birds. The cost of feed per egg was lowest in T4 followed by T1, T2 and T3. Overall evaluation of the results of the study indicated that incorporation of the dried Azolla at 4.5 per cent level in quail layer ration was beneficial.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of dietary supplementation of lysine and methionone on production performance of japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
    (Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2006) Preethymol, Joseph; KAU; Peethambaran, P
    An experiment was carried out to study the effect of dietary supplementation of lysine and methionine on production performance of Japanese quail layers. Two hundred and fifty six Japanese quails at 6 weeks of age were allocated randomly to four dietary groups with four replicates of sixteen quails each. Quail layer ration containing 22 per cent crude protein, 2650 kcal ME per kg feed with 1.0 per cent lysine and 0.45 per cent methionine formed the basal diet T1. The other three diets were formulated by supplementing the basal diet with 0.25 per cent L-lysine (T2), 0.25 per cent DL-methionine (T3) and a combination of both at 0.25 per cent level (T4). The experiment was carried out for five periods of 28 days each from 7 to 26 weeks of age. The mean body weight of the quails in all the dietary groups was comparable at the beginning of the experiment, but at 26 weeks of age the group T3 (215.04 g) had significantly lower mean body weight than that of T1 and T2 (225.83 and 225.60 g). Even though the age at first egg in the flock in each dietary group was 42 days, the group T3 attained 50 per cent production early (49 days) and T2 late (54 days). The overall mean quail housed and quail day number and per cent production were statistically comparable among the dietary groups. The mean EW in the group T1 (11.17 g) was significantly (P≤0.05) lower than that of amino acid supplemented groups. The cumulative mean egg mass per quail on quail day basis did not differ significantly between groups. The overall daily feed consumption per quail was numerically higher in T2 (31.53 g). Feed conversion ratio per dozen eggs as well as per kg egg mass did not show any significant difference among dietary groups. Statistical analysis of the overall mean values of egg quality traits revealed no significant difference between dietary groups. The per cent dressed yield excluding skin was significantly higher in T3 (86.63) compared to T2 and T4 while per cent of skin and feather put together showed the opposite trend. The per cent losses of blood and ovary and oviduct were comparable among the dietary groups. The per cent yield of eviscerated carcass and ready-to-cook yield excluding skin, liver and giblet did not show significant difference between the dietary groups. The mean value of serum protein was comparable in all groups. Serum total cholesterol was significantly higher in T4 (248.62 mg/dl) compared to T1 and T2 and was comparable to that of T3. The overall livability per cent did not differ significantly among dietary groups. The cost of feed per egg was significantly lower in T1 (35.21 paise) compared to T4 (39.92 paise) and was intermediate in T3 (37.06 paise) and T2 (38.91 paise). The critical evaluation of the results revealed that the supplementation of 0.25 per cent L-lysine, 0.25 per cent DL-methionine or its combination significantly improved mean egg weight in cage reared quails. The quail layer ration containing 22 per cent crude protein with 1.0 per cent lysine and 0.45 per cent methionine was the most economical without supplementation of crystalline amino acids. The supplementation of the ration with 0.25 per cent DL-methionine was the next cost-effective, followed by the ration with 0.25 per cent L-lysine supplementation. The combined supplementation of L-lysine and DL-methionine was economically not feasible in quail layer diets.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of garlic (allium sativum) powder and neem (azadirachta indica) seed cake on cholesterol content in broiler chicken
    (Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2006) Lonkar Vijaysing, Dhansingh; KAU; Jalaludeen, A
    An experiment was conducted at the Department of Poultry Science to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of garlic (Allium sativum) powder and neem (Azadirachta indica) seed cake and their combination on the performance and cholesterol content of meat and serum in broiler chicken. Two hundred and ten day-old straight run commercial broiler chicks were reared under seven different treatments with three replicates of ten chicks each. The T1 was control with standard broiler ration and garlic powder (GP) and neem seed cake (NSC) were supplemented in the basal diet to form diets T2 to T7. The experiment was carried out with two levels of GP supplementation, 0.5 per cent (T2) and 1.0 per cent (T3), two levels of NSC supplementation, 1.0 per cent (T4) and 2.0 per cent (T5) and two levels of GP and NSC combination, 0.5 per cent GP and 1.0 per cent NSC (T6) and 1.0 per cent GP and 2.0 per cent NSC (T7). The rations were made isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Chicks were reared under standard managemental conditions up to six weeks of age. The broiler starter ration was fed from zero to four weeks and finisher ration from five to six weeks of age. Results of the study revealed that, supplementation of GP at 0.5 or 1.0 per cent and NSC at 1.0 or 2.0 per cent levels and a combination of 1.0 per cent GP and 2.0 per cent NSC significantly (P≤0.05) depressed the final body weight, while a combination of 0.5 per cent GP and 1.0 per cent NSC did not influence final body weight of broilers. The cumulative body weight gain up to sixth week of age was significantly (P≤0.05) lower by supplementation of GP or NSC alone or their combination in broiler diet. The cumulative feed intake up to sixth week of age did not reveal any significant difference between treatments. But numerically lower feed consumption was recorded in T5 and T7 where NSC was included at 2.0 per cent level. Cumulative feed efficiency up to six weeks of age was significantly (P≤0.05) inferior in T7 and was superior with control group (T1) and groups T1 to T6 was in a homogenous comparable group. The per cent dressed yield, eviscerated yield, ready-to-cook yield, blood loss, feather loss and total loss in broilers were not influenced by dietary supplementation of GP and NSC alone or in combination. The per cent giblet yield of birds supplemented with 0.5 per cent GP and 1.0 per cent NSC (T6) was significantly (P≤0.05) lower, while other levels of GP and NSC and their combination did not influence the same. The weight of bursa of fabricious and spleen at sixth week of age was increased by supplementation of GP and NSC and their combination in broiler diet. The dietary supplementation of GP at 0.5 per cent and NSC at 1.0 per cent level numerically reduced the serum total cholesterol level, while in T3, T5, T6 and T7 there was significant (P≤0.05) reduction in serum total cholesterol. The supplementation of GP and NSC alone and in combination significantly (P≤0.05) reduced the breast and thigh meat total cholesterol in broilers. Supplementation of GP and NSC alone and in combination in broiler diet did not influence the serum total protein and breast and thigh meat crude protein. Livability of all treatment groups was 100 per cent. It shows that dietary supplementation of GP, NSC and their combination at the levels employed in this study had no deleterious effect in broilers. Net profit per kg body weight was reduced as a result of inclusion of GP and NSC alone and their combination in broiler diet. The results of the present study suggest that supplementation of garlic powder and neem seed cake in broiler rations is beneficial for substantial reduction in the cholesterol content of poultry meat.