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Open Access
Characterisation and evaluation of indegenous ducks of Kerala
(Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1997) Mahanta, J D; KAU; Ramakrishnan, A
A basic study was conducted to characterise the two distinct indigenous types of ducks, namely Chara and Chemballi of Kerala and to evaluate their production potential. Five hundred sexed day-old female and 100 male ducklings each from Chara and Chemballi type were brought from M/s Susan Roy Hatchery of Chennithala. The ducklings were reared on deep litter system of management under identical conditions till 8 weeks of age. Thereafter they were switched over to semi- intensive system. The ducklings were wing banded and weighed individually at day-old, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 30, 40 and 52 weeks of age. After 18 weeks of age, 300.females and 30 males from each type were selected for further studies. The females from each type were divided into three groups of 100 birds each. At 18 weeks of age, ducklings were wing badged and provided with individual laying nests to facilitate recording of individual performance. Drakes of each type were maintained separately to study the external morphology and growth traits. At 20 weeks of age, individual body measurements and plumage colour patterns of different body parts of both Chara and Chemballi were recorded. The age at first egg (AFE) of all individual ducks, the weight of first egg, egg weight at 30, 40 and 50 weeks of age, shape index and shell colour of eggs, age at 5, 10 and 50 per cent egg production, total egg production upto 52 weeks of age, per cent duck-day and duck-housed egg production at eight 28-day laying periods and at weekly mean basis of the flocks were calculated and recorded. Morphologically, Chara and Chemballi drakes were squat in posture and gait and they differed in the colour of plumage of the head region. It was lustrous greenish black in Chara and dull greenish black in Chemballi. The Chara females were usually blackish brown in the back, tail and wing. The Chemballi females in general were brownish black and brownish grey in the back, tail and wings. The average body weights and growth pattern of Chara and Chemballi males were almost similar upto 52 weeks of age, whereas the Chara females tended to be heavier in body weights at all ages except 4 and 12 weeks. Significantly higher body weights at day-old and 20 weeks of age was recorded in Chara females over the Chemballi. The average age at first egg (AFE) in Chara and Chemballi was 148.59 and 147.50 days respectively. The ages at 5, 10 and 50 per cent egg production were 144, 153 and 187 days in Chara, while those in Chemballi were 141, 148 and 184 day respectively. The average egg number per duck upto 50 weeks of age was 116.09 in Chara and 124.95 in Chemballi. The corresponding mean per cent duck-day production in Chara and Chemballi was 44.49 and 48.68 respectively. The mean per cent duck-housed egg production to 50 weeks of age in Chara and Chemballi was 41.78 and 42.91 respectively. The mean weekly per cent egg production of Chara and Chemballi upto 52 weeks of age widely fluctuated from week to week. It was also found that during the production period upto 52 weeks of age there were two peaks in per cent egg production in both Chara and Chemballi type. The overall mean egg weight of Chara (69.69 g) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of Chemballi (68.08 g) . In the laying periods of Chara and Chemballi there were no discernible clutch size/pause. Broodiness as a trait was almost absent in both the types.
Open Access
Evaluation of production performance in F strain of white Leghorn
(Department of Poultry Science,College of Veterinary Science, Mannuthy, 1995) Beena, C Joseph; KAU; Peethambaran, P A (Guide)
A study was carried out with ‘F’ strain of White Leghorn maintained at University Poultry Farm, Mannuthy in order to evaluate the production potential of the particular strain based on the part year performance. At the age of 18 weeks, 400 pullets belonging to four consecutive hatches were taken and housed in 100 multiple-bird cages of identical size at the rate of four hens per cage at random. Feed and water were given ad lib and the managemental practices were uniform for all cages. The production performance as well as meteorological observations were studied for five, 28-day periods from 21 to 40 weeks of age during the period from February through August 1994. Body weight at 20 and 40 weeks of age were recorded individually and the respective mean values were found out to be 944.05+ 8.86 g and 1346.67+ 12.19 g. The first egg in each cage was recorded and the mean age at first egg was 174.67+ 0.95 days. The mean ages at 10 and 50 per cent production in the flock were 178 and 196.5 days respectively. These values indicated very late maturity in the strain. The egg production was recorded as 56.73 eggs with 40.52 per cent on hen-housed basis and 57.09 eggs with 40.79 per cent on hen-day basis. The peak production was obtained at 32 weeks of age. The mean daily feed consumption was worked out as 93.83 g per bird. Feed efficiency worked out in terms of dozen eggs and kilogram egg mass were 2081 and 5.01 respectively. Egg weight at last three days in each period were indivitualy recorded and the overall mean egg weight for 21 to 40 weeks of age was 46.21 g. The total egg mass out put in the flock up to 40 weeks of age was 1044.07 kg with an average output of 2.61 kg per hen housed. Livability was found to be excellent (95.5 per cent ) in the strain. The mean of the maximum and minimum temperature recorded in the experimental house were 32.50 C and 26.120 C respectively. The mean per cent relative humidity was 76.67 in the F.N. and 69.18 in the A.N. On analysis of results, it was found that the body weight, egg production, feed consumption and egg weight are considerably low in this strain. There was poor uniformity in pullet body weight and also in age at sexual maturity. These traits can be improved if independent culling levels are fixed for body weight as well as for minimum rate of pay per bird. This strain can be improved further by applying selection for body weight at 20 weeks of age.
Open Access
Influence of pullet body weight on production traits in white leghorns
(Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 1995) Sudheesh Kumar, A S; KAU; Leo Joseph
A study was carried out at All India Co-ordinated Research Project on poultry for eggs, Mannuthy, to evaluate the influence of pullet body weight on egg production performance in IWN and IWP strains of White Leghorn. The experimental birds consisted of six body weight classes starting from 1000 g with a class interval of 100 g. Body weight at 20 weeks of age was considered as pullet body weight. The observations recorded were body weight at 20 and 40 weeks of age, age at first egg, hen housed number and per cent, egg weight at 32 and 40 weeks of age, livability and egg quality traits. The mean pullet body weight was 1304.7+4 g in IWN strain and 1335.2+3.5 g in IWP strain. Age at sexual maturity lowered as pullet body weight increased. A higher egg number was observed in heavier body weight classes. The peak production was delayed in lower body weight classes. Though egg weight at 32 weeks of age did not vary significantly among classes, higher egg weight at 40 weeks was recorded in heavier classes. Birds which were heavier at 20 weeks of age were also heavier at 40 weeks of age. But the gain in weight was lesser for higher body weight classes. The classes were similar for livability and egg quality parameters. The results revealed that an optimum pullet body weights an important requirement for IWN and IWP strains. Birds with pullet body weight below 1200 g were poor in most of the production traits in both IWN and IWP strains and therefore may be culled. Optimum managemental conditions may be provided during growing period to enable the pullets to attain good pullet body weight.
Open Access
Genetic studies on serum alkaline phosphatase and haemoglobin in two strains of white leghornserum
(Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1997) Sankaralingam, S; KAU; Unni, A K K
The present investigation was undertaken to identify the Serum Alkaline Phosphatase (SAP) and haemoglobin (Hb) polymorphism and also aimed to find their association with production, egg quality and reproduction. Four hundred and ninety seven hens of two different strains of White Leghorn Viz. IWP (168 and 100) and IWN (129 and 100) belonging to S15 and S16 generations, respectively were typed by Horizontal Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE). Two phenotypes, Fast and Slow were determined. Higher frequencies of Fast phenotype were observed in IWP strain (0.66 and 0.58) than IWN strain (0.15 and 0.24) in both S15 and S16 generations, respectively. Hundred hens each of IWP and IWN strains were tested for haemoglobin polymorphism with Agar gel electrophoresis, which revealed no polymorphism. Two alleles namely AkpF and Akps with two phenotypes Fast and Slow were identified as SAP locus. AkpF allele had the frequency of 0.42 and 0.35 in IWP strain and 0.08 and 0.13 in IWN strain of S15 and S16 generations, respectively. Different matings between Fast and Slow moving types revealed that the Fast band is determined by an autosomal completely dominant gene over Slow band bird. The mean SAP level for the F and S birds revealed that the SAP activity was more in F type birds (97.54 and 88.96 KA units per 100ml serum) than that of S type birds (93.03 and 68.24 KA units per 100ml serum) in both IWP and IWN strains respectively. The association between SAP types and egg quality traits revealed no significant difference between them except shell thickness. The eggs from F type birds had significantly higher shell thickness than S type in IWP and IWN strains of White Leghorn. Correlation between different SAP type matings and reproduction traits revealed that the fertility of F x F and F x S matings were highest followed by S x Sand S x F. The hatchability (on fertile egg set) was high in F x F followed by F x Sand S x F, the least hatchability was observed in S x S cross. The findings tend to conclude that the birds having gene AkpF perform better in respect of egg production, egg quality and reproduction traits. The egg production at the later stage of life was found to be high in F type birds and hence it is desirable to follow selection on extended testing periods than relying on 40 weeks egg records.
Open Access
Formulation and shelf life of duck meat stick
(Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 1997) Sangilimadan, K; KAU; Narayanankutty, K
A study was conducted to examine the feasibility of formulation of duck meat sticks from deboned minced meat of desi spent ducks and to evaluate its shelf-life. The ready-to-cook yield, total loss and meat to' bone ratio averaged 70.94 ± 0.40 per cent, 29.06 ± 0.40 per cent and 2.47 ± 0.02 respectively for desi spent ducks (Two years of age) used for the study. The mean per cent abdominal fat was 0.63 ± 0.02. The duck meat sticks prepared as per two recipes were kept under frozen (-15°C) storage upto 60 days. Representative samples were analysed qualitatively and evaluated organoleptically by a taste panel at zero, 15, 30, 40, 50 and 60 days of storage under frozen conditions. It was observed that under different days of storage the proximate components viz., moisture, protein, fat and total ash of the product remained unaltered. At -15°C the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) number increased as the storage period increased. The total bacterial count decreased significantly (P>0.01) at -15°C with increase in the duration of storage. The duck meat sticks prepared by both the recipes were found to be equally good and acceptable organoleptically. The mean per cent of the cooking loss decreased with increase in the length of storage. It was observed that 15.25 and 15.50 meat sticks could be made from each 1000 g of deboned minced duck meat using recipes I and 11 respectively. The cost of each duck meat stick weighing 100 g was found to be Rs.5.63 and Rs.5.73 for recipes I and 11 respectively. From the above findings it was concluded that a highly acceptable, nutritious, ready-to-cook duck meat product could be prepared from deboned minced spent duck meat. Under frozen (-15°C) conditions, the product could be stored upto 60 days without any quality deterioration and consumer acceptance did not vary on storage of the product.
Open Access
Cellulase supplementation in high fibre diet on the performance of layer chicken
(Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary Science, Mannuthy, 1996) Ponnuvel, P; KAU; Jalaludeen, A
The effect of three levels of cellulose enzyme viz., 0.06, 0.12 and 0.18 per cent in high fibre layer rations on production performance and on nutrient availability of egg type chicken was evaluated using one hundred and fifty ‘F’ strain of Single Comb White Leghorn Pullets of 21 week of age for a period of 20 weeks. The birds were divided in to five dietary treatment groups viz., Standared layer ration (T1), high fibre layer ration (T2), high fibre layer ration with 0.06 per cent cellulase (T3) high fibre layer ration with 0.12 per cent cellulase(T4), high fibre layer ration with 0.18 per cent cellulase(T5). Standard layer ration (SLR) was formulated as per BIS (1992) specification for chicken layers. The high fibre layer ration was similar to SLR except the level of crude fibre which was enhanced to 12 per cent. The inclusion level of undecorticated sunflower cake was enhanced in order to obtain the desired level of crude fibre in the high fibre layer ration. The mean daily feed intake per bird was significantly (p<0.01) higher in birds fed high fibre diet with out enzyme and was different from all other groups. A numerical improvement in per cent hen-day and hen-housed egg production was noticed among enzyme supplemented groups. However, the increase was not statistically significant. Numerically superior feed efficiency was observed with all the enzyme supplemented groups when compared with standard layer diet as well as high fibre diet without enzyme. However, the differences among various treatments in feed per dozen eggs were not statistically significant. The gain in body weight of birds fed on high fibre diet with 0.12 per cent cellulase was significantly (p<0.05) higher than unsupplemented high fibre diet. Body weight gain was statistically comparable among birds fed on high fibre diet supplemented with different levels of cellulase and those fed with SLR. Cellulase supplementation did not have any significant influence on mean egg weight. Cellulase addition did not improve the dry matter digestibility. The apparent metabolisable energy (AME) values were significantly (P<0.01) higher in birds fed with high fibre diet supplemented with 0.12 and 0.18 per cent cellulase than unsupplemented high fibre control. The AME values of standard and enzyme fed groups were statistically comparable. Cellulase supplementation significantly (p<0.01) improved the apparent protein digestibility and ether extract digestibility when compared with high fibre control. Though numerical increase in the digestibility of fibre fractions viz., ADF and NDF was observed due to cellulase supplementation, differences were not significant among treatments, supplementation of cellulase enzyme significantly (P<0.01) reduced the moisture content of droppings when compared with unsupplemented high fibre diet. The viscosity of intestinal contents was significantly lower (p<0.01) in birds fed with high fibre diet supplemented with varying levels of cellulase. Cost of production of eggs was lower in all enzymes supplemented groups when compared with standard layer diet and high fibre diet without enzyme addition. Based on the above findings, it can be concluded that cellulase supplementation in high fibre later ration is beneficial especially when fibrous agricultural by-products are used as alternate feed ingredients in the chicken diet.
Open Access
Egg weight profile in three strains of white leghorns
(Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary Science, Mannuthy, 1996) Prabhakaran, K B; KAU; Jalaludeen, A
An experiment was conducted to study the egg weight profile in three strains of White Leghorn viz., IWN, IWP and control population (CP) maintained at the All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Poultry improvement, Mannuthy Centre. One hundred pullets from each strain chosen at random at 18 weeks of age were used for the study. The body weight at 20 and 40 weeks of age, average age at first egg, per cent hen housed production, weekly egg weight, 28-day period-wise egg weight, weight of first egg, magnitude of variation in egg weight, per cent variation in egg weight, distribution of eggs under different weight classes and correlation of egg weight with body weight and production were studied from 19 to 52 weeks of age. The mean body weight at 20 weeks of age was 1.339, 1.421 and 1.229 kg in IWN, IWP and CP respectively. The corresponding values at 40 weeks of age for the above strains were 1.539, 1.546 and 1.445 kg respectively. The results indicated a statistically significant difference between three strains at both the periods. Mean age at first egg was 149.53, 136.41 and 153.85 days in IWN, IWP and CP respectively. The overall mean hen housed egg production from 19 to 52 weeks of age was 65.48, 60.50 and 64.42 per cent for the above strains respectively which were statistically comparable. The overall mean egg weight from 19 to 52 weeks of age was 49.02, 48.14 and 45.10 g respectively for the strain IWN, IWP and CP. The difference in egg weight between weeks within each strain was statistically significant. Statistical analysis of period-wise mean egg weight showed a significant difference between strains. It was significantly higher in IWN strain, lower in control population and medium in IWP strain. The weights of first ranged from 29.8 to 57.1 g in IWN strain, 29.8 to 63.2 g in IWP strain and 29.7 to 51.0 g in CP. The net gain in egg weight from 20 to 52 weeks was 20.5, 15.33 and 18.8 g for strain IWN, IWP and CP respectively. Per cent variation in weekly mean egg weight was higher in the initial period in all the strains. As compared with CP pullets, the IWN and IWP strains laid heavier eggs from 19 to 52 weeks of age. Per cent marketable eggs were higher in IWN strain, lower in control population and medium with IWP strain. Correlation between egg weight and bodyweight indicated that 20 and 40 week body weight had significant correlation with 40 week egg weight in IWN and CP strain. Weekly egg weights were significantly correlated from 28 to 52 weeks in IWN and CP while from 24 to 36 weeks in IWP strain. Twenty four week egg weight with 24 to 52 week egg number had significant correlation in IWN and CP strain but in IWP, the values were negative. Considering the overall egg weight profile in the above strains, the ideal period for the measurement of egg weight for selection purpose in IWN strain was found to be 29 to 30 weeks of age and 28 weeks of age in IWP strain.
Open Access
Quality evaluation of quail meat patties under storage
(Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary Science, Mannuthy, 1994) Kamna Barkataki; KAU; Narayanankutty K
A study was conducted to examine the feasibility of formulation of quail meat patties from deboned minced meat of Japanese quails and to evaluate it shelf-life. The ready-to-cook yield, total loss and meat to bone ratuio averaged 69.11+ 0.45, 30.80 + 0.45 and 2.04 + 0.03 per cent respectively for quails (25 weeks of age) used for the study. The quail meat patties prepared as per the recipe was kept at 50 C for six days and at -150 C upto 60 days. Representative samples were analysed qualitatively and evaluated organoleptically by a taste panel on zero, four and six days under refrigeration (50 C) and zero, 15,30,45 and 60 days of storage under frozen condition (-150 C). It was found that irrespective of different temperatures and duration of storage the proximate components viz., moisture, protein, fat and total ash of the product remained unaltered. The thiobarbituric acid (TBA) number remained unaffected at 50 C irrespective of different days of storage. At -150 C the TBA number increased as the storage period increased. The total bacterial count increased at 50 C and decreased significantly (p<0.01) at -150 C with increase in the duration of storage. The quail meat patties prepared as per the recipe was found to be well acceptable organoleptically. It was observed that 12 quail meat patties could be made from each kg of deboned minced quail meat patty weighing 100 g was found to be Rs. 7.84. From the above findings it was concluded that a highly acceptable, nutritious, ready-to-cook quail meat product could be prepared from deboned minced quail meat. Under refrigeration (50 C) and frozen (-150 C) conditions the product could be stored upto six and 60 days respectively without any quality deterioration or consumer acceptance of the product.
Open Access
Influence of cellulase supplementation on the performance of broilers fed low energy diet
(Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1997) Muthukumar, S P; KAU; Elizabeth, V K
The effects of different levels of cellulase supplementation viz., 0.03 and 0.06 per cent in low energy broiler ration on production performance and nutrient availability in broiler chicken were evaluated using one hundred and ninety two commercial one-day old broiler chicks for a period of eight weeks. The birds were divided into four dietary treatment groups viz., standard broiler ration (T1), low energy ration (T2), low energy ration with 0.03 per cent cellulase (T3) and low energy ration with 0.06 per cent cellulase (T4). Standard broiler ration was formulated as per BIS (1992) specification for broiler chicken feed. Inclusion of wheat bran and deoiled rice bran was made to formulate the low energy ration. The enzyme supplemented groups showed a significantly higher body weight than the standard and low energy diet without enzyme. The feed intake was significantly higher in the low energy ration without enzyme. A positive response was observed in feed efficiency by enzyme addition which was statistically significant. The feed efficiency was best when the level of enzyme was 0.06 per cent. A non-significant improvement was noticed in digestibility of dry matter, protein and ether extract due to enzyme supplementation. A significantly higher metabolisable energy and crude fibre digestibility was observed in enzyme added groups. The enzyme treatment significantly reduced the moisture content of the excreta. The processing yields and abdominal fat percentage did not show any significant difference among treatments. The intestinal viscosity was significantly lower in birds fed enzyme supplemented diets. Cost of production of broilers in both the cellulase supplemented groups was lower when compared with other groups fed standard control and low energy ration without enzyme. Based on the above findings, it can be concluded that cellulase supplementation in low energy diet is beneficial especially when low energy, less digestible agricultural by-products are used as feed ingredients in the chicken diet.

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