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Theses

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1991 - 19938
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Subject: Poultry Science × End date: 1993 × Start date: 1991 ×
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Now showing 1 - 8 of 8
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Performance of desi x exotic cross-bred layers
    (Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary Science, Mannuthy, 1992) Jayanthy, M V; KAU; Leo, Joseph
    Data were collected on egg production performance of two cross-breds viz. desi X Austra White (DAW) and desi X New Rock (DNR) from 20 to 40 weeks of age. The birds in each cross consisted of naked neck and normal neck varieties. DNR cross birds were significantly heavier at 20 and 40 weeks of age than DAW cross birds. The body weight in Naked neck and normal neck varieties comparable in both crosses. Age at sexual maturity was 184 and 189 days in DNR and DAW crosses respectively. Hen housed and hen day egg numbers were similar in both crosses (37.61 and 47.61 vs 34.40 and 47.81), while the naked neck birds in both crosses showed higher hen housed and hen day egg number between the varieties in DAW cross was significant (53.82 Vs 34.86). The eggs were significantly heavier in DNR cross than in DAW cross (46.74 Vs 44.88) whereas the varieties with in both crosses laid eggs of similar size. The mean daily feed consumption and feed efficiency were also similar in both crosses (106.61 g and 4.09 Vs 104.95 g and 4.93). In DAW cross, the naked neck birds registered a better feed efficiency. While DNR birds were multicolored and laid brown eggs, DAW crosses consisted of only black, grayish white with black patches and grey birds which laid tinted eggs. Broodiness was observed in both the crosses. Egg quality was excellent in both the crosses and varieties with in crosses, at 32 weeks of age. Livability was also similar in both crosses though it was poor. Considering the overall performance, the DNR cross was adjudged as a better cross for the backyard.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of floor density on production performance in Japanese quails reared in cages and deep litter
    (Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1993) Padmakumar, B; KAU; Reghunathan Nair, G
    To suggest a suitable system of rearing and optimum floor space allowance for Japanese quail rearing, so as to reduce housing cost and to achieve batter efficiency, a study was carried out to evaluate the production performance of quails reared in cages and deep litter with different floor densities. In cage system of rearing the floor densities evaluated were 100, 150, 200 and 250 sq. cm and in deep litter system, 150, 200 and 250 sq. era per bird. The experiment was carried out from the fifth week of age to 50th week of age each group with four replications. Except for the difference in floor densities, ail the managemental practices followed were the same and the data war. recorded for nine, 35-day periods. The system of housing had no effect on the body weight, but an increase in floor space resulted in a hike in the body weight. Age at first egg, IQ per cent production and 50 per _cent production were not influenced by the type of housing. in deep litter system, they were signifieantly affected by the different floor densities?, but not. in cage system of rearing, System of housing did not affect the egg production. But in cages, different flour densities significantly affected the egg production. This was not seen in deep litter system of rearing. The mean daily feed consumption was not affected by the system of housing. But the different floor densities in cages and deep litter had significant effect on feed consumption. System of housing and floor density variation had no effect on feed -efficiency. The percent Livability also has shown a similar trend. System of housing significantly affected the weight of eggs. The treatment groups in cages significantly affected the egg weight, but not in deep litter. Egg quality traits were neither affected by system of housing nor the floor density variations. Based on correlation of part year and full year productions, 35 weeks of age was found advantageous for selection of breeders. In cage system, it was found to be 15 weeks and in deep litter 35 weeks . The returns over feed cost was found to be better in cage system of rearing compared to deep litter. Between the different floor density allowances, 200 sq.cm floor space per bird surpassed all the other treatments. So it is concluded that the floor space allowance of 200 sq. cm per bird in cages is ideal for Japanese quail rearing.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Requirements of protein and energy for broilers during summer season
    (Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1992) Amritha Viswanath; KAU; Ramakrishnan, A
    An experiment was designed and conducted to establish the requirements of protein and energy for broilers during the summer season in the hot and humid atmosphere of Kerala. Four trials were conducted in a span of two years. In each trial the following energy-protein combinations at starter, and subsequent finisher diets were tested in a completely randomised design. Treatment Starter Finisher Diet 1 22% CP:2900 Kcal ME/kg 19% CP:3000 Kcal ME/kg Diet 2 24% CP:2900 Kcal ME/kg 19% CP:2900 Kcal ME/kg Diet 3 26% CP:2900 Kcal ME/kg 19% CP:3000 Kcal ME/kg Diet 4 26% CP:2900 Kcal ME/kg 19% CP:2900 Kcal ME/kg Trials corresponding to the same period for the two years were pooled and the results were presented as Period A (started in early summer and ended in peak summer) and Period B (started in peak summer and ended in late summer). Except for the difference in nutrient intake, all the management practices followed were uniform for the differenttrials and treatment groups. Feed and water were given ad lib. The chicks were fed with starter diet upto six weeks of age and finisher diet upto eighth week of age. Results of the study revealed that body weight at eighth week of age was not influenced by different- energy protein levels in the diet during both Period A and Period B. But difference between periods was statistically (P < 0.01) significant. Broiler chicks reared during Period A showed significantly lower mean body weight at eight week than Period., B. Dietary combination of 22:2900 in the starter and 19:3000 in the finisher stage upto eight weeks of age was found to be optimum for growth of broilers in summer months in Kerala. Body weight gain was not influenced by the dietary. treatments and by periods upto sixth week of age. Thereafter body weight gain was influenced by season. Broiler chicks reared during Period B showed higher body weight gain than Period A. Maximum body weight gain was recorded at fifth week of age in both Period A and Period B. Feed consumption was not affected by dietary treatments in both Period A and Period B, but was significantly affected by periods at seventh and eighth week of age. Feed efficiency was also not affected by different dietary treatments upto eight weeks of age. Broiler chicks reared during Period A showed poorer feed efficiency from sixth week onwards.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of floor density on production performance of commercial hybrid layers
    (Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1992) Geo, A G; KAU; Amritha Viswanath
    In order to prescribe optimum floor space allownace for the commercial hybrid layer ClLM-90) released from Mannuthy Centre of the 'AICRP on Poultry for Eggs' with the ultimate objective of reducing housing cost and achieving better labour efficiency, a study was carried out to evaluate its production performance on three different floor densities under "deep litter system of rearing. The floor densities evaluated were 1350/ 1575 and 1800 sq. cm. per bird. Each group was assigned to five replicates I and mean body weight at 20 weeks of age were kept uniform for all the replicates. Except for the difference in floor densities, all the managemental practices followed were uniform for the different treatment groups. Feed and water were given ad lib. The data were recorded for five, 28 day periods. Body . weight at 44th week of age and Age at fifty per cent production were not significantly influenced by the difference in floor densities- There was an increase in egg production as the floor space allowance per bird was increased and this increase was significant (P < 0-05) for the group provided with 1800 sq. cm. per bird than that of group provided with 1350 sq.cm. per bird. Feed consumption progressively increased as the floor space allowance increased and this increase was highly significant (P < 0.01). But/ the differences in feed efficiency among different groups were not statistically significant- Egg weight and other egg quality parameters such as shape Index, shell thickness. Albumen Index, Haugh Unit and Yolk Index were not affected by difference in floor space allowances. Mortality was also not found to be influenced by the difference in floor densities. Though the birds reared with a floor space of 1800 sq.cm. per bird showed higher egg production, the lower feed consumption, numerically higher efficiency of feed conversion and positive returns in terms of economics of production indicated that a floor density of 1350 sq.cm. per bird is more economical for the hybrid layer ILM-90 under Kerala condition.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of housing system on protein and energy requirements of white leghorn
    (Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1991) Anitha, P; KAU; Jalaluddin, A
    An experiment was designed to study the influence of housing system on protein and energy requirements of strain cross White Leghorn chicken (ILM-90) from one day old to seventy two weeks of age. Seven hundred and twenty, one day old female chicks of ILM-90 (IWNxIWP) of the Mannuthy Centre of All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Poultry for eggs, were randomly divided into two groups of 360 chicks each, one group for floor and other for cage experiment. They were randomly alloted to 12 dietary protein energy combination groups with each treatment having three replicates and each replicate having ten chicks in both housing systems
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Dietary protein and energy requirements of ducks for growth
    (Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1991) Peethambaran, P A; KAU; Ramakrishnan, A (Guide)
    A detailed study was undertaken to establish the dietary protein and energy requirements of ducks for growth and also to ascertain the optimum age at slaughter in white pekin ducks. An attempt was made to study the general trend of growth in pekin ducks fed with different levels of protein and energy. An exhaustive review of literature has been presented on the effects of dietary protein and energy levels on growth and associated traits in pekin ducks. Five hundred and four (504) one-day old ducklings of white pekin breed were used for the study. Two feeding trials each for a period of ten weeks were carried out using nine experimental diets containing three levels of protein (17,20 and 23 per cent) and three levels of metabolisable energy (2400, 2600 and 2800 K Cal ME/kg). In each trial, the diets were fed to nine groups consisting of 28 ducklings in four replicates of seven ducklings each. The effects of protein and energy on production traits revealed the following: The requirements of dietary protein for optimum growth of white pekin ducks were 23 per cent until third week, 20 per from fourth to sixth week and 17 per cent from seventh to tenth week of age. The metabolisable energy requirement for optimum growth was proved to be 2400 K cal ME/kg diet from day-old to ten week of age throughout. The weekly body weights of ducklings receiving 20 and 23 per cent protein were significantly better until sixth week. Even though, ducklings receiving 17 per cent dietary protein were significantly lighter until sixth week, they recouped body weights by compensatory growth from seventh week onwards. The ducklings receiving dietary energy level 2600 K cal ME/kg have shown significantly higher weight gain and live body weight at first week. The second and third week gains and body weights were significantly higher in ducklings receiving 2400 and 2600 K cal ME/kg diet. The ducklings receiving 2800 K cal ME/kg showed significantly lower body weights and gains until third week. The weekly gains and body weights at sixth week were statistically comparable among the three energy levels studied. Rapid growth at early ages with 20 and 23 per cent protein was observed until fourth week. The growth was slow with 17 per cent level and peak gain occurred at fifth week. Protein x energy interaction effects on weekly body weights were non-significant. The interaction effects were significant in respect of sixth week weight gains, and feed intake at first week, fifth and sixth week of age. The feed intake at second and third week showed significant increase with increasing levels of protein. The energy level 2800 K acl ME/kg diet reduced feed intake markedly until third week. The cumulative feed intake at tenth week ranged from 7.879 to 9.423 kg per duckling, among experimental diets. The weekly feed-gain rations and cumulative feed efficiencies revealed poor conversion rates beyond eighth week of age. The cumulative efficiencies at sixth week were 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 with protein levels 17, 20 and 23 per cent respectively. The ready-to-cook yield at fifth, eight and tenth week were 66.39, 68.76 and 69.69 per cent respectively. The processing yields and losses, serum protein and haemoglobin levels; and the moisture, crude protein and ether extractives in liver and thigh meat were not significantly influenced by dietary protein and energy levels, and ages at slaughter. The marketing age in pekin duck was found optimum at sixth week on the basis of live body weight, feed conversion efficiencies and economics. Based on the above findings it was concluded that white pekin ducks require 20 per cent protein and 2400 K cal ME/kg diet until sixth week of age. In this study, the highest margin of return over feeding cost recorded with the above diet was Rs. 10.11 per duckling, at sixth week. Therefore, age for marketing pekin ducks was found ideal at sixth week on feeding medium level of protein with low energy density diet.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Formulation and quality evaluation of chicken meat balls
    (Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Aniaml Sciences, Mannuthy, 1991) Rejikumar, T P; KAU; Narayanankutty, K
    A study was undertaken to examine the feasibility of formulation of chicken meat balls from deboned minced meat of broilers and to evaluate its shelf-life. The ready-to-cook yield, total loss and meat to bone ratio averaged 72.76 per cent, 27.24 per cent and 1.31 respectively for broilers used for the study. The chicken meat balls prepared as per two recipes were kept under refrigeration (50 C) upto six days and under frozen (-150 C) storage upto 60 days. Representative samples were analysed qualitatively and evaluated organoleptically by a taste panel on zero, four and six days under refrigeration and zero, 15, 30, 45 60 days of storage under frozen conditions. It was observed that irrespective of different temperatures and duration of storage, the proximate components, viz., moisture, protein, fat and total ash of the product remained unaltered. At 50 C the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) number and total bacterial counts were increased significantly with increase in the duration of storage. At -150 C the TBA number was found to increase, whereas the total bacterial counts decreased significantly as the storage period increased. The chicken meat balls prepared by both the recipes were found to be equally good and acceptable organoleptically. Twelve and thirteen chicken meat balls could be made from each 1000 g of deboned chicken meat of recipes I and II respectively. The cost of a chicken meat ball(100 g) prepared by recipe II was found to be less comparatively. From the above findings it was concluded that a highly acceptable, nutritious, ready-to-cook meat product could be prepared from deboned minced chicken meat. The optimum storage temperatures for its short-term storage up to a period of four days and that for long-term storage up to 60 days were found to be 50 C and -150 C respectively, without any quality deterioration of the product.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of housing systems on performance of broilers in summer
    (Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 1991) John Jacob, E; KAU; Peethambaran, P A
    A study was undertaken to quantamise the performance of broilers during three to eight weeks of age under three systems of rearing namely deep litter (DL), deep litter with fanned environment (DLF) and wire floor (WF) in a house with ACC roofing. The deep litter system of rearing broilers in a house with tile roofing (DLT) was also studied and compared with the above systems. Each system consisted of five replicates of 28 chicks each. Wood shavings were used as litter material in deep litter system. Plastic hexagonal mesh was used in wire floor system. Pedestal fan were used for providing fanned environment. Dry mash was fed throughout the study. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Standard managemental practices were followed identically in all systems of rearing. It was observed that the eighth week body weight and cumulative feed efficiency were numerically better with broilers reared in the house with tile roof. The cumulative feed intake per broiler during the period from zero to eight weeks of age was low during summer with all rearing systems studied. The cumulative feed efficiency was adversely affected by rearing broilers on DL with fanned environment. A marked reduction in maximum temperature inside the house, per cent relative humidity at the level of birds and cloacal temperature of birds were noticed in broilers reared with deep litter system in the house with tile roofing. The overall mean per cent relative humidity inside the house was found to be 82.5 per cent in the morning and 49.0 per cent in the afternoon during summer. Livability was not affected by any of the housing system. Among the different rearing systems, a reduction in ready to cook yield was observed in broilers reared with deep litter system in the house with ACC roofing. The returns over cost of feeding broilers revealed that it was Rs 7.99 per broiler with deep litter system of rearing in the house with tiled roof. In the house with ACC roofing, the returns over feeding cost in various systems were comparatively lower. From the above findings, it was concluded that rearing of broilers on deep litter system in a house with tiled roof was preferable in comparison with deep litter and wire floor system of rearing in a house with asbestos roofing, during summer season under hot humid environment.