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ThesisItem Open Access Characterization of betel vine (piper betle L) types of Malappuram district(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2014) Preethy, T T; KAU; Elsy, C RThe present investigation on “Characterization of betel vine (Piper betle L.) types of Malappuram district” was carried out at the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Horticulture, KAU, Vellanikkara and farmer’s field in Malappuram district during 2013 – 2014 aiming to study the diversity of betel vine types in Tirur and nearby areas of Malappuram district and to characterize the types based on morphological and biochemical features. Puthukodi, Chelan, Karinadan and Nadan were the betel vine cultivars recorded from Malappuram District. Puthukodi and Nadan were the most common cultivars whereas Chelan and Karinadan were the cultivars conserved by few farmers. Morphological characterization revealed distinctness of Karinadan and Chelan from other cultivars. Karinadan had dark green leaves with even leaf margin, short petiole, mostly ovate lanceolate leaf lamina, high brittleness and medium pungency. Leaf characters including leaf length, leaf width, leaf area and leaf weight per unit area were comparatively high in this cultivar. Orthotropic shoots of this cultivar showed uniform purple – green color. It produced hanging lateral branches. The plant growth parameters like plant height, total number of leaves, number of lateral branches and number of leaves per lateral branch were significantly low in this cultivar. On the other hand, Chelan had light green leaves with wavy leaf margin, long petiole, ovate leaf lamina and round leaf base. Leaf characters including leaf length, leaf width, leaf area and leaf weight per unit area and brittleness were significantly low in this cultivar leading to low market preference. In this cultivar, internodes of orthotropic shoots showed light green colour with purple tinge. Lateral branches of Chelan were semierect in nature. The plant growth parameters like plant height, total number of leaves, number of lateral branches and number of leaves per lateral branch were significantly high in this cultivar, resulting in higher number of leaves per plant. Nadan, Puthukodi and Muvattupuzha Local cultivars had green leaves with even margin and medium brittleness. Puthukodi recorded maximum leaf weight per unit area and optimum leaf parameters, making it as the most preferred cultivar in Malappuram district. Profuse flowering was observed in all cultivars during the study period. Chelan was identified as male cultivar and all others were female cultivars. Spikes produced on Chelan were long, slender with short peduncle. Female cultivars produced medium lengthy spikes having medium diameter. Spikes were axillary and opposite to leaf. Sessile naked florets were compactly arranged on the inflorescence axis. A bract subtended each floret, both in male and female spikes. Female spike was very distinguishable with the presence of 6 - 9 white coloured sessile stigmatic lobes on each floret. Male spikes were yellow in color and at the stage of anthesis, two black stamens protruded from each floret protruded. Essential oil content was maximum in Muvattupuha Local, a cultivar with high pungency and it was low in Chelan. GC studies revealed that, eugenol was the major component of essential oil in all cultivars with high content (20.80 per cent) in Chelan. Possible compounds identified from the chromatograms of oil from different cultivars were hydroxychavicol, β caryophyllene and 5-(2-propenyl)-1, 3- benzodioxole. Karinadan was rich in biochemical constituents whereas Chelan was significantly low in biochemical constituents. Puthukodi with optimum leaf characters recorded medium pungency. Studies on genetic parameters revealed that most of the characters were less affected by environmental factors. Many of the characters under study showed high heritability with high genetic gain, indicating additive gene effects and selection must be effective. Correlation studies showed that the highest significant positive genotypic correlation of total number of leaves was with number of leaves per lateral branch followed by plant height and number of lateral branches. Number of leaves per lateral branch showed highest positive direct effect and all other characters showed negative direct effect on total number of leaves.ThesisItem Open Access Identification of the donors for blast resistance from traditional rice varieties of Kerala using functional markers(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2014) Henry, Nickolas; KAU; Jayalekshmy, V G (Guide)The research project entitled “Identification of the donors for blast resistance from traditional rice varieties of Kerala using functional markers” was carried out in the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and farmer’s field at Pattambi, Palakkad district during 2012 - 2014. The major objectives of the study were to identify the traditional rice varieties with blast resistance genes (Pi 1, Pi 2, Pi kh) using associated functional markers and the field scoring of the lines under disease stress condition. In the present study, thirty traditional rice varieties of Kerala were taken for resistance gene source identification and field level evaluation. The selected rice varieties were screened for the presence of the reported blast resistance genes Pi 1, Pi 2 and Pi kh using three SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) markers RM224, RM527 and RM206 respectively. C101Lac (Pi 1), C101A51 (Pi 2) and Tetep (Pi kh) from DRR, Hyderabad were taken as the resistant gene source check. Functional marker analysis showed the presence of gene Pi 1 in nine varieties. Twenty varieties showed the presence of gene Pi 2 and six varieties showed the presence of gene Pi kh. Among these, three varieties were having a gene combination of Pi 1 and Pi 2. Three varieties were having genes Pi 2 and Pi kh and two varieties had Pi 1 and Pi kh gene combination. Five varieties did not show the presence of molecular marker linked to any of the genes under study. Field screening was done for scoring the varieties for blast disease resistance by growing in the disease prone farmer’s field at Pattambi. From screening, ten varieties were found to be moderately resistant and fifteen varieties displayed moderately susceptible response. Analysis of variance of the infection index calculated from disease score showed that, nine varieties were having low index and they were on par. All the remaining varieties showed susceptible response. None of the varieties were immune or resistant. Popular rice varieties Uma and Jyothi showed a high infection index. Comparing the disease score and the presence of genes, it was inferred that, genes Pi 1 and Pi kh in combination, imparted moderate resistance under Kerala condition. Varieties Parambuvattan and Kavunginpoothala having these two genes showed low infection index in the field screening. Considering single gene effect, gene Pi 1 imparted moderate resistance. Varieties Thekkan chitteni and Njavara from Kunnathoor are having this gene showed a low infection index. Pyramiding of genes Pi 1 and Pi kh can impart durable resistance to rice varieties of Kerala. Parambuvattan and Kavunginpoothala having these two genes in combination can be used as donors for the genes.ThesisItem Open Access Diallel analysis in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)(Department of plant breeding and genetics, College of agriculture, Vellayani, 2014) Palli Rajasekhar; KAU; Wilson, DThe present study entitled “Diallel analysis in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)” was conducted at College of Agriculture, Vellayani during kharif –rabi 2013-14 with major objective to estimate heterosis, combining ability and gene action and to identify superior hybrids. The experimental material consists of eight parents and 28 hybrids. The hybrids were produced in a half-diallel pattern. The hybrid Neelima released from KAU was used as check for the estimation of standard heterosis. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. Heterosis and combining ability was estimated for days to first flowering, days to first harvest, fruit length (cm), fruit girth (cm), fruit weight (g), calyx length (cm), fruits per cluster, fruits per plant, primary branches per plant, plant height (cm) and yield per plant (kg) Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits. Six hybrids exhibited standard heterosis for yield per plant, fruits per plant and fruits per cluster. On the basis of per se performance and estimates of heterosis, hybrids Wardha local x Vellayani local (4.16 kg per plant), Swetha x Vellayani local (3.88 kg per plant) and Wardha local x Palakurthi local (3.38 kg per plant) were found to be the most promising for fruit yield and other desirable traits. The general and specific combining ability variances were significant for all the traits. The σ2gca and σ2sca ratio indicated that non-additive gene action was predominant for the inheritance of all the traits. The estimates of general combining ability effects suggested that parents Wardha local was good general combiner for yield per plant, fruits per plant and fruits per cluster, while Vellayani local and Selection Pooja were good general combiners for yield per plant. The estimates of specific combining ability effects indicated that cross combinations viz., Swetha x Vellayani local, Wardha local x Vellayani local, Wardha local x Palakurthi local, NBR-38 x Vellayani local, Gopulapur local x Surya, Surya x Vellayani local, Surya x NBR-38 and NBR-38 x Selection Pooja were most promising for yield per plant. These hybrids could be further evaluated to exploit the heterosis to obtain desirable segregants for the development of superior genotypes in future breeding programme.ThesisItem Open Access Heterosis and combining ability analysis to leaf curl virus in chilli(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2014) Darshan, S; KAU; Seeja, GAn experiment on “Heterosis and combining ability analysis to leaf curl virus in chilli” was carried out in the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala Agricultural University during the period 2012-2014 to identify the best general combiners and specific combiners for developing superior cross combinations, the inheritance pattern of yield, yield attributes and qualitative traits and resistance to leaf curl virus disease. Six parents viz, Ujwala, Anugraha, Vellayani Athulya, Jwalasakhi, Pant C1 and Pusa Sadabahar were crossed in a diallel pattern and the resultant 30 hybrids were evaluated in full diallel fashion. The field experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits. Measurement of heterosis was carried out considering parent Ujwala (P1) as check and results revealed that standard heterosis was positive and significant in the combinations, Vellayani Athulya x Pusa Sadabahar (P3 x P6), Pusa Sadabahar x Vellayani Athulya (P6 x P3), Pusa Sadabahar x Jwalasakhi (P6 x P4) and Vellayani Athulya x Jwalasakhi (P3 x P4) for all the traits. The crosses, Vellayani Athulya x Pusa Sadabahar (P3 x P6), Pusa Sadabahar x Ujwala (P6 x P1), Jwalasakhi x Pusa Sadabahar (P4 x P6) were exhibited positive and significant standard heterosis for yield and yield related traits. The cross Pant C1 x Vellayani Athulya (P5 x P3) exhibited negative and significant standard heterosis for incidence of leaf curl virus disease. Combining ability analysis showed significant gca, sca , rca variances and gca, sca effects for all the traits. Moreover gca/sca variance ratio indicated preponderance of dominance / non-additive gene action for the inheritance of all traits. Among parents, Pusa Sadabahar exhibited positive and significant gca effect for plant height, branches per plant, number of fruits per plant, yield per plot, total soluble protein, total carbohydrate, poly phenol oxidase, vitamin C, oleoresin and negative and significant effect for incidence of leaf curl virus disease. Among crosses, Vellayani Athulya x Pusa Sadabhar (P3 x P6) exhibited positive and significant sca effect for fruit weight and yield per plot whereas; Ujwala x Vellayani Athulya (P1 x P3) exhibited negative and significant sca effect for leaf curl virus disease incidence. Among the biochemical parameters studied, membrane integrity in terms of % leakage had positive association with LCV disease. Total soluble protein content, phenol content, total CHO content, poly phenol oxidase, vitamin C and oleoresin had negative association with LCV disease. Artificial screening was carried out in insect proof cage to confirm the resistance/tolerance to leaf curl virus disease among the superior crosses identified in the field experiment. Crosses Vellayani Athulya x Pusa Sadabahar (P3 x P6) and Pant C1 x Vellayani Athulya (P5 x P3) were exhibited tolerance for leaf curl disease incidence. From the present study Vellayani Athulya x Pusa Sadabahar (P3 x P6), Pusa Sadabahar x Vellayani Athulya (P6 x P3) and Pant C1 x Vellayani Athulya (P5 x P3) were identified as superior crosses and these can be used for improving yield and quality trait like resistance to leaf curl virus disease in future breeding programme.