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Open Access
Input management in dairy co-operatives of Ollukkara Block
(Department of Co- operative Management, College of Co- operation, Banking and Management,Vellanikkara, 1994) George Thomas, KAU; Mani, K P
The study entitles input Management in Dairy Co-operatives of Ollukkara Block was undertaken to examine the input management of dairy co operatives, identify the farmers preference for input services, and identify the problems as also constraints in input management by dairy co operatives. Three Anand pattern dairy co operatives, falling respectively in the classes of well performing societies satisfactorily performing societies and poorly performing societies, were selected from Ollukkara block of Thrissur district. Thirty farmers each were drawn at random from these societies for gathering primary data. While the primary data were collected in 1993, the secondary data pertain to a nine year period from 1984. Simple averages, percentages, tabular method, priority index, satisfaction index and direct reporting comprised the methodology. The supply of concentrate cattle feed was the major input service in the sample societies. Despite this, about 80 per cent of the estimated demand for feed was met by the private sector. The societies too depended more on the private sector for procuring feed, thanks to the inadequate production and irregular supply of feed by the co operative union. The farmers were less satisfied over this input service because of reasons like un preferred brands supplied, quality deterioration, stock out situations, inconvenient time schedule for feed supply, non availability of feed in small lots etc. But as regards price, and mode of payment, they were satisfied. Private traders outdid the societies on preferred brand, brand choice, continuous supply of feed, supply in small quantities and at convenient time. Only 56 per cent of the farmers were aware of the provision of veterinary service, and 31 per cent alone availed of the service. Mismatch between need and time of service, procedural complexities, irregularity of doctors, difficulty in bringing animals to societies etc. deterred farmers from using thi service. Supply of fodder seeds too did not yield much response from farmers because of scarcity of land, poor crop, higher crop etc., besides the abundance of natural fodder. The input management is to be made efficient by improving upon the various services in the interest of the farmers.
Open Access
Studies on tractor mounted paddy reaper
(Department of Farm Power Machinery and Energy, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology,Tavanur, 1993) Sujatha Elavana, KAU; Sivaswami, M
A tractor front mounted 2.2 m paddy reaper-windrower was jot fabricated from Punjab. Medications were carried out to suit to Kerala conditions. Power is drawn from the PTO shaft of the tractor through the intermediate shaft to the auxiliary gearbox of the reaper. From the gearbox power is transmitted to cutterbar and conveying assemblies. The reaper assembly is connected to the hydraulic link of the tractor through wire ropes and ‘A’ frames for lifting and lowering of the reaper. The crop is cut by the reciprocating knife and is conveyed through crop row dividers, starwheels pressure springs and lugged conveyor belts and is discharged as a neat windrow. The weight distribution of tractor with and without the reaper on all the four wheels were studied. It was found that in addition to the weight of the reaper at the front axle, a weight of 85 kg is transferred from the rear axle to the front axle when the reaper is mounted at the front of the tractor. The weight of the reaper is equally shared by the left and right wheels without effecting the stability. The idle power requirement of the cutterbar, conveyor belts, universal joints, intermediate shaft and the total power requirement are found to be 0.625 hp, 2.595 hp, 0.09 hp, 0.185 hp and 3.495 hp respectively. The cost of the reaper is Rs.20,000. the average field capacity is found to be 0.37 ha/hr. The circuitous pattern of harvesting is found economical compared to the reverse pattern. The preharvest loss, sickle loss, uncut loss, shattering loss and total cutterbar loss were found to be 0.004 per cent, 0.87 per cent, 2.2 per cent and 2.28 per cent respectively. Manual harvesting costs Rs.1625/ha whereas reaper needs only Rs. 400/ha having a saving of Rs.1225/ha in addition to timeliness of work and saving in manual labour upto 186 man-h/ha. It is established that the tractor front mounted paddy reaper-windrower is an appropriate agricultural machine which suites technically and economically to Kerala conditions and helps to reduce the cost of cultivation of paddy and is recommended for popularization.
Open Access
Resource management in urban co-operative banks in Thrissur district
(Department of Co- operative Management, College of Co- operation and Banking,Vellanikkara, 1993) Babu, C V; KAU; Sukumaran, A
Study on resource management in urban cooperative banks in thirssur district was conducted with the objective of examining the resource management practices of urban cooperative banks with special reference to the management of sources and use of funds, to identify problems and to suggest remedial measures thereof. Study observed that deposits constituted the lions share of total sources of funds of banks. The borrowings of the banks were negligible. Thre strong capital base of the banks helped to retain the credibility of the depositors, Reserves which contribute the major chunk of the owned funds, increased the total source of funds. The high proportion of fixed deposits in the funds mobilized caused to rise the interest liability of the banks. Since there are limits to control the interest cost, banks have to bring down their manpower and other expenses, improve revenue by the profitable deployment of funds, besides enhancing the mobilization of deposits for short periods. Among the three types of loans and advances, short term loans and advances occupied highest place. However, banks may further improve the share of short term loans in the funds deployment, which can ensure frequent recycling of funds, maximize profit and keep the liquidity needs met. The major part of investment in short term loans and advances were financed through fixed deposit mobilization. Funds were not rationally allocated from the view point of periodicity. Yielding lesser income to the banks, the investments increased enormously. The disproportionate growth of equity and debts of the banks intensified the risk exposure of funds portfolio. There had no direct relationship between risk and return of the banks and a proper risk return trade off is lacking in majority of the banks. Banks had kept excess liquid assets and liquid cash over and above the statutory requirements. This necessitated scientific evaluation of the liquidity needs to identify the funds blocked as idle and utilize the excess fund kept for profitable deployment. Credit deposit ration of the banks was below the desirable level and this affected the profitability adversely. The lending efficiency of the banks had also affected by the poor recycling of funds. Therefore, steps may be taken to improve, the credit deposit ratio, reduce mounting over dues, and ensure efficient management of risk and return which in turn calls for the scientific management of funds.
Open Access
In Virto Multiplication and Standardisation of Hardening Techniques in Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.)
(Department of pomology and floriculture, College of horticulture,Vellanikkara, 1993) Prabha J; Keshavachandran R
Studies were conducted on in vitro multiplication and standardization of hardening techniques in pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) at the Tissue Culture Laboratory of the All India Co – ordinated Floriculture Improvement Project attached to the Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during 1991 – 1993. Surface sterilization treatment was standardized for crown explants. Among the different treatments tried, treatment with Emisan 0.1 per cent for 30 minutes followed with mercuric chloride 0.1 per cent for 10 minutes was found to be the best. Explants collected in the months of January and February gave the least contamination and maximum survival percentage. MS medium with BA 5.0 mg/1 inche alone or in combination with NAA 1.0 mg/1 inche gave maximum establishment of the explants. The globular structures were formed at maximum intensity within the shortest time of 5.96 days in MS medium supplemented with BA 5.0 mg/1 inche and NAA 1.0 mg/1 inche. Among the three cytokinins tried, the fastest response and the highest intensity of globular structures was obtained with BA followed by KIN and 2ip. Maximum shoot proliferation (11.9 per culture) was obtained with basal MS medium in which cent per cent of the cultures developed vigorous dark green shoots. Rooting of the in vitro derived shoots was obtained in in vitro as well as ex vitro conditions. Hundred per cent in vitro rooting was obtained in basal MS medium as well as in media supplemented with various concentrations of IBA and NAA. The fastest rooting (in 8.54 days) was obtained in the basal medium. Rooting was also faster in liquid medium compared to solid medium. In solid medium, early root initiation and the maximum length of roots were observed with 0.65 per cent agar concentration. Among the ex vitro rooting treatments tried, treatment with the rooting powder Rooton resulted in the fastest rooting and the maximum length of the roots. Profuse rooting of the shoots was obtained without using growth regulators by keeping them in a mist chamber. Treatments were standardised for successful transfer of the plantlets to the outside environment. Hundred per cent survival of the plantlets was obtained by immersing the roots of the plantlets in sterile water for 18 hr prior to transplanting. Among the different containers tried, plantlets grown in plastic pots, in general showed maximum vigour with respect to the number of leaves, height and width of the largest leaf, followed by those in mud pots and poly bags. The maximum percentage increase in these parameters was observed for the plantlets in pro-trays. Potting mixes such as cocopeat, soilrite, biofibe and vermiculite were found to be better in inducing vigorous growth of the plantlets. Plantlets grown in plastic pots with cocopeat or plastic bags with soilrite mix, in general, grew more vigorously. A nutrient starter solution of NPK fertilizer solution once a week or one fourth strength basal MS salts was found to be sufficient to induce healthy growth of the transplanted plantlets in the early stages of growth. To induce better growth of the plantlets in the later stages, application of the NPK fertilizer solution twice a week or Hoagland’s solution once a week was found to be better. Encapsulated beads were successfully formed with the differentiating globular bodies formed from the primary explants. The globular bodies could be encapsulated using 2.5 per cent sodium alginate and 75 mM calcium chloride with a complexation time of 30 minutes. The plantlets after 90 days of growth in the greenhouse with a minimum height of 10 cm and 12 leaves were successfully transferred to soil.
Open Access
Effect of landslope on uniformity of water distribution of sprinklers
(Department of Land and Water Resources and Conservation Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology,Thavanur, 1996) Jigimon T; Joby V Paul
A study was conducted at Keleppaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tavanur to find out the effect of land scope on sprinkler uniformity. A single nozzle sprinkler was used for the study. The study was carried out over an artificial platform. The water distribution pattern for three slopes viz; 12.5 %, 10.0 % and 7.5 % was studied for three riser positions viz; vertical, mid way and perpendicular to the land. Isohytes were drawn for the various positions in wind and no wind conditions for the three slopes. The uniformity coefficient, Cu values were evaluated and the spacing between the sprinklers for good overlap was found out. It is found that the water distribution is decreasing as the land slope is increasing. The perpendicular position was the ideal position for all the slopes. The optimum riser angles for various slopes are found to be 70 7 ‘30’ ‘for 12.5 % slope, 50 42 ‘38’ ‘for10.0 % slope and 40 17 ‘21’ ‘for 7.5 % slope with respect to the vertical position. The rpm of the sprinkler head for three riser positions was studied. In vertical position the rpm was almost same in all the slopes. It was decreasing as the riser position was changing from vertical to perpendicular in every slope. The rpm was less in wind conditions than in no wind conditions. The erosivity was also measured. The amount of soil collected for the various positions was evaluated. It was found that the amount of soil loss is increasing with the increase in land slope. It was maximum in vertical position, less in mid way position and least in perpendicular position for all the land slopes.
Open Access
Impact Of Rubber Plantation Development Schemes Among Small Holders Of Rubber In Malappuram District
(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, Horticulture College,Vellanikkara, 1994) Vijayakumar VR; Nybe EV
Natural rubber is one of the crops enjoying Government patronage on account of the growing internal consumption and the strategic commercial importance. Efforts to increase indigenous production consisted of extensive cultivation and modernization of the existing plantations. For this, assistance was provided by the Rubber Board since 1957 with special consideration to the small holding sector. The present study intended the assessment and analysis of the impact of the RPD Scheme implemented by the Rubber Board in Malappuram district. The data collected from the rubber growers and additional details collected from the Rubber Board were analysed and the major findings are summarized as follows: From the study, it was found that 25 of the growers (41.67%) were having only landed property upto 1.00 ha out of which 12 growers (48%) have planted 100 per cent of the area with rubber. It was also revealed that 51 growers (85%) replaced other crops with rubber where cashew was the main crop (33.33%). All these 51 growers opined that they planted rubber as other crops were not profitable as rubber in Malappuram district. It was noticed that 44 growers (73.33%) have planted the clone RRII 105. This comes to 82 per cent if the growers under the RPDS alone are considered. It was also observed that 50 per cent of the growers under the RPDS have used polybagged plants. This means that majority of the growers are adopting the recommendation of the Board. The farmers have gained a fair amount of scientific knowledge of cultivation of rubber by undertaking own planting. Thirty six growers under the RPDS and 5 growers not under the RPDS have followed the recommended planting distances. So also, 11 growers (22%) have maintained a per hectare stand in between 400 to 500. In the case of intercropping, it was revealed that 30 per cent did not raise intercrop and 38 per cent maintained it upto the second year and only 2 per cent upto the third year. No one planted intercrop after the third year. The intercrop raised helped the growers to a very great extent to supplement their income during the immaturity period. This also means that the growers have adopted the recommendations of the Board which goes to the credit of the RPDS. The study further revealed that the polybagged plants do not have any advantage in the overall growth during the latter period of the immaturity phase. If budded stumps are planted in the ideal season/condition, they can also thrive well as the polybagged plants and attain equal girth by which the development cost can be reduced considerably. The study indicated that 68.33 per cent of the growers have adopted alternate daily tapping system which is normally recommended. Some growers gave rest during rainy and summer months which adversely affected the yield and productivity. The study has brought to light that the yield will be uneconomic if the number of tappings obtained are less than 100 per year. It was further noticed that it will be possible to get an yield of 2948 kg or more per hectare if planted with RRII 105 and if the scientific management practices and correct system of tapping are followed. It is noticeable that all the participants have expressed their appreciation in the implementation of the RPD Schemes. However, 28 growers have desired that imparting of technical assistance in the pre-planting period and after starting tapping would go a long way to improve proper management of areas planted under the RPD scheme. Scarcity of skilled tappers and labour in Malappuaram district needs immediate attention. It is suggested that the Rubber Board may strengthen the extension and advisory services so that the growers can get timely help especially before carrying out the pre-planting works. Better service may also be provided in the exploitation period. Scarcity of skilled tappers is due to low wage rate for tappers in rubber plantations. So, training programme may also be conducted in a phased manner and introduction of new systems of exploitation practiced in other countries which does not require much skill. May be thought of so that unskilled labourers can be effectively engaged. The impact of the implementation of the RPD Schemes, especially in the small holding sector, is clearly manifested in Malappuram district. The small holders share was 88.77 per cent in 1990-91. The rate of growth was 167.03 per cent in holdings having area up to 1.00 ha. Kozhikode district in South Malabar having the same agro-climatic conditions showed a lesser performance than that of Malappuram district Fig.4). This concludes that the RPD Schemes have created a positive impact among the rubber growers in Malappuram district which enabled them to develop good plantations realizing better profit as compared to other crops.
Open Access
Performance of Rubber Clones in Pullengode estate in Ernad Taluk of Malappuram district
(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture,Vellanikkara, 1994) Ravindra Das, K; KAU; Prassannakumari Amma, S
The study aimed at evaluating the performance of three clones of rubber viz. RRII 105, RRIM 600 and PB 235 in Ernad taluk of Malappuram district. Ten identical units in each clone were selected and details on girth and yield characters were gathered. The secondary characters such as resistance to diseases, tapping panel dryness, wind damage, yield depression during summer, dry rubber content, colour of latex etc. were studied. The study was conducted through personal visits and with the help of a pre – tested questionnaire. Some of the details were collected from the Rubber Board Regional Officer, Nilambur and from the records mainted in the Pullengode estate. The results of the study showed that the over all performance of the clones RRII 105 and RRIM 600 were satisfactory under the prevailing agro – climatic conditions in Malappuram district and in the hilly tract of Pullengode area. Available information from the estate showed that the highest yield was recorded for the clone RRII 105. It showed a fair degree of tolerance to abnormal leaf fall and pink disease than the other clones, but was susceptible to brown bast. The trees are being kept under the low frequency tapping system to control the occurrence of tapping panel dryness. The clone showed the lowest depression in yield of 16.19 per cent during summer. The clone recorded a dry rubber content of 39.65 per cent. The clone RRIM 600 occupied the second place in the overall performance and yield. The incidence of abnormal leaf fall and pink disease was not so severe. The powdery mildew and brown bast incidence were low. The yield depression during summer was 18.88 per cent. It recorded the highest dry rubber content of 39.75 per cent. Since the trees of the clone PB 235 were opened only in 1992, the yield pattern is not possible to be explained as it has not reached the stable stage. More data are required for a realistic comparison with the other clones. The susceptibility to abnormal leaf fall and powdery mildew was high. Incidence of pink disease was low. Tapping panel dryness was also not observed, perhaps being in the second year of tapping under low frequency system. The clone had light yellow latex of low dry rubber content of 31.45 per cent. In general Pullengode estate maintains the clones, RRII 105, RRIM 600 and PB 235 selected for the study under scientific and uniform conditions. The performance of the clones, except the slight variations inherant with each clone in growth, yield, susceptibility and tolerance to disease incidence, is found to be excellent. The clones are suitable for this region under the existing agro – climatic conditions and the recommended cultural practices.
Open Access
Comparative Study of The Contribution of Biometric Characters on Yieldin Dessert and Culinary Varieties of Banana
(Department of Statistics, College of Veterinary,Mannuthy, 1981) Vijayaraghava Kumar; KAU; George, K C
Investigations on the different morphological characters were undertaken from the crop raised at the University Banana Research Farm, Kannara. The plants were grown in Randomised blocks of 3 replications. There were 58 varieties in dessert type and 30 in culinary varieties of bananas. The important morphological characters studied were height, girth, number of leaves, weight of hands, weight of fingers, number of fingers, length of fingers, thickness of fingers, number of hands, number of fingers per hand, length of peduncle and the yield. In both of the groups all of these characters were shown high significant difference among varieties. In many characters and in yield the ‘average values’ were slightly greater in culinary varieties. The correlation studies revealed that the phenotypic and genotypic correlations of all these characters with yield is positive. The path coefficient analysis on dessert varieties has shown that the character having maximum contribution to yield is weight of hands. The weight of fingers and number of fingers also influences the yield indirectly. In the case of culinary varieties of bananas the number of fingers had the maximum direct contribution to yield. In this group the conclusion made was that when the number of hands increases, the number of fingers per hand decreases which will bring down the yield. Studies on the discriminant function were also carried out in both the varieties. The genetic advance through discriminant function didn’t reveal any worth significance as the genetic advances through these functions were less than that calculated by straight selection (in both groups). Thus straight selection is enough for such purposes in these banana varieties. By fixing index values for all the varieties in the two groups selection was made easy. The best varieties obtained by this method were Chenkadali and Red Banana in dessert group and Peykunnan and Walha in the culinary varieties. The results from the path analysis has revealed that there is no need of putting any restriction on the dessert varieties. In the other group after putting restriction on ‘girth’ the genetic advance were calculated individually for the significant (the ones taken in this analysis) morphological characters. It has seen that ‘number of fingers’ had the maximum genetic advance. Finally by combining all the varieties in the dessert and culinary groups a combined selection index was also fitted. The genetic advances of this index was found to be nearer to that obtained from the analysis of culinary varieties.
Open Access
Regulation of flowering and post _harvest behaviour of Anthurium andreanum Cv . Hawaiian red
(Department Of Pomology And Floriculture,College Of Horticulture,Vellanikkara, 1999) Abdussamed, K P; KAU; Valasalakumari, P K

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