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Open Access
Resource management in urban co-operative banks in Thrissur district
(Department of Co- operative Management, College of Co- operation and Banking,Vellanikkara, 1993) Babu, C V; KAU; Sukumaran, A
Study on resource management in urban cooperative banks in thirssur district was conducted with the objective of examining the resource management practices of urban cooperative banks with special reference to the management of sources and use of funds, to identify problems and to suggest remedial measures thereof. Study observed that deposits constituted the lions share of total sources of funds of banks. The borrowings of the banks were negligible. Thre strong capital base of the banks helped to retain the credibility of the depositors, Reserves which contribute the major chunk of the owned funds, increased the total source of funds. The high proportion of fixed deposits in the funds mobilized caused to rise the interest liability of the banks. Since there are limits to control the interest cost, banks have to bring down their manpower and other expenses, improve revenue by the profitable deployment of funds, besides enhancing the mobilization of deposits for short periods. Among the three types of loans and advances, short term loans and advances occupied highest place. However, banks may further improve the share of short term loans in the funds deployment, which can ensure frequent recycling of funds, maximize profit and keep the liquidity needs met. The major part of investment in short term loans and advances were financed through fixed deposit mobilization. Funds were not rationally allocated from the view point of periodicity. Yielding lesser income to the banks, the investments increased enormously. The disproportionate growth of equity and debts of the banks intensified the risk exposure of funds portfolio. There had no direct relationship between risk and return of the banks and a proper risk return trade off is lacking in majority of the banks. Banks had kept excess liquid assets and liquid cash over and above the statutory requirements. This necessitated scientific evaluation of the liquidity needs to identify the funds blocked as idle and utilize the excess fund kept for profitable deployment. Credit deposit ration of the banks was below the desirable level and this affected the profitability adversely. The lending efficiency of the banks had also affected by the poor recycling of funds. Therefore, steps may be taken to improve, the credit deposit ratio, reduce mounting over dues, and ensure efficient management of risk and return which in turn calls for the scientific management of funds.
Open Access
Performance of Rubber Clones in Pullengode estate in Ernad Taluk of Malappuram district
(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture,Vellanikkara, 1994) Ravindra Das, K; KAU; Prassannakumari Amma, S
The study aimed at evaluating the performance of three clones of rubber viz. RRII 105, RRIM 600 and PB 235 in Ernad taluk of Malappuram district. Ten identical units in each clone were selected and details on girth and yield characters were gathered. The secondary characters such as resistance to diseases, tapping panel dryness, wind damage, yield depression during summer, dry rubber content, colour of latex etc. were studied. The study was conducted through personal visits and with the help of a pre – tested questionnaire. Some of the details were collected from the Rubber Board Regional Officer, Nilambur and from the records mainted in the Pullengode estate. The results of the study showed that the over all performance of the clones RRII 105 and RRIM 600 were satisfactory under the prevailing agro – climatic conditions in Malappuram district and in the hilly tract of Pullengode area. Available information from the estate showed that the highest yield was recorded for the clone RRII 105. It showed a fair degree of tolerance to abnormal leaf fall and pink disease than the other clones, but was susceptible to brown bast. The trees are being kept under the low frequency tapping system to control the occurrence of tapping panel dryness. The clone showed the lowest depression in yield of 16.19 per cent during summer. The clone recorded a dry rubber content of 39.65 per cent. The clone RRIM 600 occupied the second place in the overall performance and yield. The incidence of abnormal leaf fall and pink disease was not so severe. The powdery mildew and brown bast incidence were low. The yield depression during summer was 18.88 per cent. It recorded the highest dry rubber content of 39.75 per cent. Since the trees of the clone PB 235 were opened only in 1992, the yield pattern is not possible to be explained as it has not reached the stable stage. More data are required for a realistic comparison with the other clones. The susceptibility to abnormal leaf fall and powdery mildew was high. Incidence of pink disease was low. Tapping panel dryness was also not observed, perhaps being in the second year of tapping under low frequency system. The clone had light yellow latex of low dry rubber content of 31.45 per cent. In general Pullengode estate maintains the clones, RRII 105, RRIM 600 and PB 235 selected for the study under scientific and uniform conditions. The performance of the clones, except the slight variations inherant with each clone in growth, yield, susceptibility and tolerance to disease incidence, is found to be excellent. The clones are suitable for this region under the existing agro – climatic conditions and the recommended cultural practices.
Open Access
Comparative Study of The Contribution of Biometric Characters on Yieldin Dessert and Culinary Varieties of Banana
(Department of Statistics, College of Veterinary,Mannuthy, 1981) Vijayaraghava Kumar; KAU; George, K C
Investigations on the different morphological characters were undertaken from the crop raised at the University Banana Research Farm, Kannara. The plants were grown in Randomised blocks of 3 replications. There were 58 varieties in dessert type and 30 in culinary varieties of bananas. The important morphological characters studied were height, girth, number of leaves, weight of hands, weight of fingers, number of fingers, length of fingers, thickness of fingers, number of hands, number of fingers per hand, length of peduncle and the yield. In both of the groups all of these characters were shown high significant difference among varieties. In many characters and in yield the ‘average values’ were slightly greater in culinary varieties. The correlation studies revealed that the phenotypic and genotypic correlations of all these characters with yield is positive. The path coefficient analysis on dessert varieties has shown that the character having maximum contribution to yield is weight of hands. The weight of fingers and number of fingers also influences the yield indirectly. In the case of culinary varieties of bananas the number of fingers had the maximum direct contribution to yield. In this group the conclusion made was that when the number of hands increases, the number of fingers per hand decreases which will bring down the yield. Studies on the discriminant function were also carried out in both the varieties. The genetic advance through discriminant function didn’t reveal any worth significance as the genetic advances through these functions were less than that calculated by straight selection (in both groups). Thus straight selection is enough for such purposes in these banana varieties. By fixing index values for all the varieties in the two groups selection was made easy. The best varieties obtained by this method were Chenkadali and Red Banana in dessert group and Peykunnan and Walha in the culinary varieties. The results from the path analysis has revealed that there is no need of putting any restriction on the dessert varieties. In the other group after putting restriction on ‘girth’ the genetic advance were calculated individually for the significant (the ones taken in this analysis) morphological characters. It has seen that ‘number of fingers’ had the maximum genetic advance. Finally by combining all the varieties in the dessert and culinary groups a combined selection index was also fitted. The genetic advances of this index was found to be nearer to that obtained from the analysis of culinary varieties.
Open Access
Regulation of flowering and post _harvest behaviour of Anthurium andreanum Cv . Hawaiian red
(Department Of Pomology And Floriculture,College Of Horticulture,Vellanikkara, 1999) Abdussamed, K P; KAU; Valasalakumari, P K
Open Access
Nodulation Behaviour Of Acacia Mangium Wikd.In Response TO Rhizobium Inoculation
(Department of Tree Physiology and breeding, College of forestry,Vellanikkara, 1998) Dhaneshkumar, P; KAU; Ashokan, P K
An investigation was carried out during April 1996 to December 1997 at the College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara to study the nodulation characteristics of Acacia mangium Willd. plantation and to isolate and compare the efficiency of rhizobia from different agroclimatic regions of Kerala. The efficiency of these rhizobial isolates under varying conditions of soil fertility and acidity were also evaluated. Survey conducted throughout the state showed rhizobial association and nodulation in all mangium plantations. The soil of these plantations were acidic with pH values ranging from 4.9 to 6.2. Experiments conducted to study the rhizobial characteristics indicated that, the fast growers (Rhizobium spp.) as well as the slow growers tBradyrhizobium spp.) are involved in nodulation of A. mangium in Kerala. The efficiencies of different rhizobial isolates were studied in polypots using sterilized and unsterilized soil - sand mixture. Two other polypot experiments were conducted to study the response of the rhizboial isolates to liming and Nand P application. The experiments were laid out in C.R.D with three replications. Seedlings raised in unsterilized soil performed better as compared to seedlings in sterilized soil. However, the response to inoculation was more prominent in sterilized soil. In sterilized soil, seedlings inoculated with Rhizobium isolates from mangium ;MRh-3 (Mananthavadi), MRh- 2(Perambra), MRh-13 (Trivandrum), MRh-6 (Vellanikkara) and MRh-lO (Mavelikkara) and commercial mangium culture (" Agroforester - Group A") showed superiority in nodulation and growth characteristics while the isolates from A. auriculijonnis and commercial culture of A. auriculijonnis, ("Agroforester - Group C") were not much effective. Seedling - response to inoculation varied with rhizobial isolates, and mangium showed its specificity in Rhiozbium requirement for nitrogen fixation. The application of lime adversely affected nodulation capacity of the rhizobial isolates of mangium from Kerala, indicating the adaptations of these isolates to acidic soils. The nodulation efficiency of commercial culture "Agroforester - Group A" was improved by lime application, indicating that this strain is adapted to soils of higher pH. The nodulation and nitrogen fixing efficiency of the isolates were improved by supplementating fertilized N and P. The need for a starter dose of Nand P for effective nodulation and efficient Ny-fixation in mangium seedlings. MRh-6 (Vellanikkara) performed poorly in unfertilized soil, but showed superiority when applied with N and P fertilizers, indicating the sensitivity of this isolate to site conditions. As the rhizobial isolates from different agroclimatic regions of Kerala responded differently under varying soil pH and doses of Nand P, inoculation of selected strains of rhizobia depending on site conditions may be needed for successful establishment of mangium seedlings.
Open Access
Seed invigoration and dormancy studies in snake gourd
(Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture,Vellanikkara, 2005) Mohan, N; KAU; George, T E
“Seed invigoration and dormancy studies in snake gourd (Trichosanthes anguina L.)” were carried out at Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur during 2004-2005. This study aimed at standardizing seed invigoration techniques in snake gourd that can break dormancy and improve seed vigour and studying the impact of invigoration techniques on storability as well as field performance. Among the different invigoration treatments tried, mechanical scarification by way of seed rupturing was the most effective one followed by acid treatments (5N H2SO4, 5N HCl and 5N HNO3 for 10-20 minutes), hot water soaking (400 C for 5 minutes) and treatment with 1 % KNO3 for 12 hours. These treatments could break the dormancy of snake gourd seeds from the freshly extracted state onwards and improve the seed vigour. From the fourth month onwards, untreated seeds also showed higher germination. Treatments such as water soaking, GA3 250 / 500 ppm, NAA 100 ppm, 0.5 % NaH2PO4 and 0.5 % KH2PO4 did not show any positive influence on dormancy release. It is evident from the present study that dormancy in seeds of snake gourd is due to water impermeable seed coat and this is naturally broken only four months after extraction and if the seeds are to be used immediately after extraction or till three months afterwards, an invigoration treatment is inevitable. An insight in to the changes in the anatomy of seed coat thickness revealed the differences in the layer wise coat thickness of invigorated seeds, stored seeds and fresh seeds. The stored seeds had lesser coat thickness as in the case of invigorated seeds. In contrast, untreated fresh seeds had higher coat thickness and this acts as a mechanical barrier for water imbibition. The study on moisture imbibition rate revealed that the seeds subjected to mechanical scarification imbibed water more rapidly after 24 hours and resulted in higher and early germination and high speed of release of dormancy. The stored seeds as well as seeds invigorated with acids and hot water also displayed high imbibition rate due to reduced seed coat thickness and opening of specialized cracks in seed coat. On the other hand, untreated seeds showed lesser water imbibition. There was a gradual reduction in quality parameters like germination percentage, speed of germination and vigour indices during storage of invigorated seeds. This indicates that the invigorated seeds can be supplied to farmers only for immediate use and they are not amenable to storage beyond one to two months. Electrical conductivity of seed leachates was significantly influenced by the invigoration treatments during the period of storage. The EC values showed increasing trend with increase in duration of storage. This confirms the usefulness of electrical conductivity study as a rapid and effective indicator of seed deterioration during storage. The seeds subjected to mechanical scarification and seeds from previous Kharif crop were found to have maximum field emergence and the seeds treated with 1 % KNO3 recorded highest fruit set, earliness, higher yield, maximum fruit weight as well as higher seed yield followed by stored seeds from previous Kharif crop. All other treatments were also superior in field performance when compared to untreated fresh seeds. Thus it can be seen that the initial advantage gained through seed invigoration has been sustained to a larger extent in the field performance as well.
Open Access
GxE interaction of semi-erect cowpea genotypes
(Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture,Vellanikkara, 2005) Ampily, M; KAU; Salikutty Joseph
Experiments on “G x E interaction of semi-erect cowpea genotypes” were carried out at the Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur during Kharif, Rabi and summer 2004-2005. Fifty accessions of cowpea collected from various parts of Kerala were used for the study. The study was aimed at identification of stable high yielding and dual purpose semi-erect cowpea accessions over different seasons. With regard to yield and yield contributing characters, summer season was found to be best. The performance of all the accessions during Rabi was inferior as compared to Kharif and summer. The accessions VS-1177, VS-1025 and VS-1179 performed better with a green pod yield of 9.5 tonnes, 6.9 tonnes, 6.2 tonnes per hectare respectively and a seed yield of 3.3 tonnes, 2.1 tonnes, 2.3 tonnes per hectare respectively tonnes per hectare. Along with these three accessions during summer the accessions VS-1172 and VS-1170; during Kharif the accessions VS-1174 and VS-1042 during Rabi the accessions VS-1175 and VS-1015 were also superior. The pest and disease infestation scenario during cultivation showed that the accession VS-1111 had a pod borer infestation below 2 per cent and can be recommended as a resistant variety. The coreid bug infestation was maximum during summer followed by Kharif and was nil during Rabi. None of the accessions were found to be resistant to coreid bug. The incidence of aphids was lowest during Kharif followed by summer and Rabi. The accessions VS-1230 and VS-1231 were free from aphid attack during all the seasons and can be considered as resistant varieties. There was no incidence of anthracnose during Rabi season. Considering all the seasons, the accessions VS-1294, VS-1047, VS-1171, VS-1286 (Varun), VS-1276 (Kanakamony), VS-1179, VS-1213, VS-1160, VS-1263, VS-1032, VS-1266 (Kairali) and VS-1248 were free from anthracnose. The incidence of collar rot was lowest during summer followed by Kharif and Rabi. There was no incidence of mosaic during Rabi. The study on analysis of variance revealed the presence of considerable variability for most of the characters among the genotypes. The magnitude of PCV was higher indicating a higher degree of environmental fluctuation in the case of green pod yield per plant (42.13), number of pods per plant (35.75) and seed yield per plant (35.33). GCV also revealed the same pattern of genetic variability as shown by the PCV for all the characters. High heritability of more than 60 per cent was noticed for characters like 100 seed weight followed by pod length, seed yield per plant, green pod yield per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and number of clusters per plant. The estimates of genotypic correlation coefficient were higher than the phenotypic correlation coefficient. Considering the G x E interaction, the accessions VS-1177, VS-1025 and VS-1179 were highly adaptable for green pod yield and seed yield per plant during all the seasons. Hence these accessions can be recommended as dual purpose, adaptable semi-erect cowpea for large scale cultivation throughout the year in Kerala.
Open Access
Export performance of tea industry in south India in the context of economic liberalization
(Department of Rural Banking and Finance Management,College of Co Operation Banking and Management,Vellanikkara, 2005) Radha Mani, A; KAU; Molly Joseph
The present study entitled “EXPORT PERFORMANCE OF TEA INDUSTRY IN SOUTH INDIA IN THE CONTEXT OF ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION” was conducted with the following objectives. 1) To analyse the export performance of tea industry in South India during pre and post liberalisation period in terms of volume and direction; and 2) To examine the adequacy of policies, financial and other institutional supports in order to comply with the liberalisation agreements regarding Indian tea industry. Secondary data have been used to study the trends in area, production, productivity and export of tea in South India along with price behaviour and examination of competitiveness. Time series data were collected from various publications of Tea Board for the period 1981-82 to 2002-03. An informal discussion with the exporters of Coimbatore Tea Trade Association was undertaken to examine the adequacy of policies, institutional and financial supports and constraints faced by the exporters. The trends in area, production, productivity and export of tea in South India as also all India were estimated using the kinked exponential model. Coppock’s instability index, residual based index and coefficient of variation were used to find out instability. The quinquennial averages, Annual Average Growth Rates were also supplemented to find the growth in above variables. An analysis of area under cultivation, production, productivity and export performance of tea industry at the global level for the period 1981 to 2002 points out to some fundamental issues facing the Indian tea industry. The area under cultivation and production have been increasing in absolute terms throughout the period. The AAGR has been positive for both for all years except during 2002 for production. But the productivity, which stood at a relatively higher level in the early 1990s, has drastically declined, the AAGR being negative since 1991. The exports have declined tremendously even in absolute terms, the AAGR sliding to –11.6 per cent in 2001. The trends in area under cultivation of tea revealed that there had been a significantly higher growth rate at the all India level during the post liberalisation period. It has to be noted that the growth rates were above the national level in South India in the post liberalisation period, which is contributed by Tamil Nadu. The instability analysis revealed that coefficient of variation was relatively higher for South India compared to all India. Among the tea producing states of SI, Tamil Nadu occupies the first position during pre and post liberalisation period. Except for Kerala, all other states showed significant positive growth rates in production. Residual based index and Coppock’s index indicated that the instability in production is not very high. There has been a continuous decline during the post liberalisation period in Tamil Nadu and SI and the highest is in Karnataka. For Kerala, it was almost stagnant during this period. The Instability index estimates exhibited that variability was higher in all the South Indian states. The trend analysis in exports of tea from all India showed that there was a significantly higher decline compared to marginal decline in exports from SI. It may be noted that in the post liberalisation period, increase in export quantity from SI was higher than all India. In value terms, the country recorded a high growth rate in the pre liberalisation period. Though in the early 1990s the exports registered a positive growth rate, there was a significant decline in the late 1990s i.e. the post WTO period. Similar trend was observed in the case of South Indian tea exports. The instability analysis revealed the higher instability in case of South Indian exports compared to all India, both in terms of volume and value. Regarding the destination of exports, the share of U.S.S.R remained high during both the pre and post liberalisation period. It has not shown any change, except the decline in case of A.R.E, U.K and Sudan. The industry is also catching up in the Poland, U.S.A and U.A.E markets. The analysis of imports showed that there was a steady increase in the imports from 1992 to 2003 in terms of quantum as well as value. The price analysis showed that there was a sharper decline in the post liberalisation period in case of domestic prices. The domestic and international prices were following the same trend except in the late eighties. The magnitude of decline was lower in the case of international prices during the study period compared to domestic prices. The instability analysis for the whole period as well as sub periods showed lower variation in international prices than in the domestic prices. Among the South Indian markets, high instability was noticed in the case of Coonoor market. Compared to all India prices, the South Indian prices were showing higher instability. The results of NPC values are less than one during post liberalisation period when compared to pre liberalisation period, which depicted the existence of comparative advantage for tea. The taxation policies denoted that the present taxation structure is not feasible for the tea producers in general when compared with other producing nations. The GOI renewed the Tea (Marketing) Control Order in 2003, removing several shortcomings of the earlier Tea (Marketing) Control Order, 1984, which enriched the Tea Board to exercise stiff regulation including the provisions of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. UPASI has taken initiatives like Tea Futures Exchange with Forward Marketing Commission (FMC) and Consortium of Tea Producers in potential upcountry markets. For promoting tea exports, the Tea Board was established in 1953 under the Tea Act, 1953 during First Five Year Plan. During 1980’s the stress is given towards liberalisation of trade. From 1st August 1998, India unilaterally removed all Quantitative Restrictions (QRs) on imports of items from SAARC countries in order to promote trade among SAARC countries by South Asia Free Trade Area (SAFTA). As of 28th December 1998 a free trade agreement was concluded between India and Sri Lanka, which would result in zero import tariffs for most of the commodities on both sides by 2007. QRs were removed from 1st April 2000 for tea. The developmental allowance given under the Central Income Tax Act, 1961 is raised from the present level of 20 per cent to 40 per cent. The budget announced in 2002-03 increased the customs duty on tea and coffee to 100per cent. With a view to provide stability in terms of income for the small growers, from 2003-04 onwards, Government announced a Price Stabilization Fund of Rs.500 crore for the benefit of tea as well as other plantations. The budget 2004-05 has reduced the customs duty of 50 per cent to five per cent over some of the plantation machinery including that of tea. While reviewing WTO response strategies, it can be seen that the removal of QRs facilitated import of cheaper teas from Vietnam, Indonesia, China and Sri Lanka. The tea plantations are also faced with import threats from SAARC countries because of the lower CIF values. It would be desirable for the tea plantations to ensure that the tariff quota system is avoided. Otherwise it is difficult to insist the use of tariff quotas by the MFN principle. It is to be advised that GOI may adopt SSM for the import sensitive plantation crops like tea. The Board is also trying to preserve the Intellectual Property Rights of the growers of various forms of tea in foreign markets through Geographical Indication. To check the inflow of low quality substandard teas, there is a need for strict enforcement of PFA, ISO 3720, and ISO 9000 series and HACCP system for the domestic market. Tea industry in India is subjected to several legislations imposed by the GOI. To strengthen the base of the industry, the Tea Board, the central government and state governments as well as the plantation associations have actively taken part in assisting the producers of tea plantations by both institutional and financial supports. The Tea Board is in the process of implementing an IT based information dissemination plan for the industry, including the electronic trading at the auction centres. The discussion with the exporters revealed that the exporters are satisfied with the role played by the GOI, Tea Board and UPASI as well as the present policy resolutions undertaken by the Tea Board and GOI to a certain extent. They suggested for constructive efforts in generic promotion of tea in all the angles, through increasing production, consumption and exports in general.
Open Access
Swot analysis of agro-chemical distribution system in Thrissur district
(Department of Rural Marketing Management, College of Co-operation Banking &Management,Vellanikkara, 2004) Hena, M; KAU; Ushadevi, K N
The study on ‘SWOT Analysis of agro-chemical distribution system in Thrissur district’ was undertaken with the following objectives: 1. to analyse the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of agro-chemical distribution system, and 2. to suggest a strategy for streamlining it as a farmer friendly agro-chemical distribution system. The study was conducted in Pazhayannur and Wadakkencherry blocks in Thrissur district. Pazhayannur block was having the highest area under rice cultivation and the Wadakkencherry block was having the highest area under banana and vegetable cultivation. A ‘Padasekharam’ having highest area of rice cultivation and a ‘Harithasangam’ and a ‘Self help group’ having the highest area of banana and vegetable cultivation were selected respectively from these blocks. Thus, the ‘Pazhayannur padasekhara samiti’ from Pazhayannur panchayath in Pazhayannur block, Malakom Harithasangam and a KHDP Self Help Group from Thekkumkara panchayath in Wadakkencherry block were selected for the study. The sample group of farmers was fixed to 100, in which 40 farmers from a ‘Padasekharam’ and 30 each from a ‘Harithasangam’ and a ‘Self Help Group’. 25 co-operative outlets and 20 private traders from these blocks were also surveyed. The study made an explorative search in to the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of agro-chemical distribution system. Based on the distributors response towards agro-chemical distribution, the most popular fertiliser manufacturers among co-operative outlets and private traders were ‘FACT’ and among plant protection chemicals ‘Bayer India’, ‘Rallis India’ and ‘BASF’ were the most popular manufacturers. All the distribution outlets pointed out that they were providing credit facility to farmers for purchasing inputs. While the co-operatives were helping the farmers in marketing their produce. The distribution outlets used to recommend products to farmers and the major factor behind the recommendation was the availability of products in the outlets. In the opinion of farmers, majority of the respondents were using both organic materials and agro-chemicals for increasing crop yield and protecting the crops. Decision regarding the quality and type of agro-chemicals to be applied in the field was taken by the influence of the salesman. The major source of information to the respondents was private trader followed by Krishi bhavan. The farmers preferred private traders as their source of purchase and the major factor influenced the source preference of farmers towards the distribution outlet was credit availability. Majority of the respondents revealed that co-operative outlets were at a distance of more than 6 kms. while private traders were at a distance between 2 - 4 kms. SWOT Analysis of co-operative distribution outlets revealed that the major strengths which were existing in the system are credit facility to farmers, good farmer-supplier relationship and helps the farmer in marketing their produce. The major weaknesses were supply of subsidised products only and lack of promotional efforts. The identified opportunities which have to be tapped were insurance scheme for farmers and bio-fertliser supply. The threats for the co-operative distribution outlets in their view were interest is to earn high margin and supply of adulterated products. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats were identified for private traders also. The major strengths were credit facility to farmers, good farmer-supplier relationship and inform farmer about new products. Lack of sale point training was the major weakness to private traders among the other weaknesses. The identified opportunities were insurance scheme for farmers and bio-fertiliser supply and the threats were interest is to earn high margin and supply of adulterated products. From the results obtained from the SWOT Analysis, suitable strategies are formulated for both co-operative distribution outlets and private traders. The suggested strategy for co-operative outlets is to maximise strengths and opportunities and to minimise weaknesses ie., SO-W (maxi-maxi-mini) strategy. Similarly, probable strategy is suggested for private traders by taking into consideration of their strengths, opportunities and weaknesses. The strategy for the private traders is also SO-W strategy (maxi-maxi-mini) strategy, ie. to maximise strengths and opportunities and to minimise weaknesses.

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