Thumbnail Image

Theses

Browse

19934
Reset filters
Subject: Land and Water Management Engineering × Author: KAU × End date: 1993 × Start date: 1993 ×
Reset filters

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 4 of 4
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Infilitration and water advance studies under surage flow furrow irrigation
    (Department of Land and Water Resources and Conservation Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology,Thavanur, 1993) Rema, K P; KAU; Xaviour Jacob, K
    Furrow irrigation necessitates the wetting of only a part of the surface of land, thus reducing evaporation losses, lessening the puddling of heavy soils and making it possible to cultivate the soil sooner after irrigation. Surge irrigation in furrows possesses the capability to increase irrigation efficiency, by ensuring water saving, better uniformity and reduced tail water losses in different soil and site conditions. To assess the suitability of the system for use in the sandy loam soils of Tavanur region, and to obtain suitable management parameters for surging in the area, a study was conducted at the Instructional Farm of KCAET, Tavanur. Continues flow was compared with surge flow of cycle ratios ½, 1/3 and 2/3 with cycle times 6.9 and 7.5 minutes for discharges of 1.3, 1.7, and 2.1 lps. Data of advance time, depth of flow and inflow-outflow measurements were collected during field irrigation runs. Surge flow in all cases advanced faster compared to continuous flow. For cycle ratio ½ the reduction in advance time ranged as 14.59, 22.8 and 14.77 per cent for the three discharge rates. In the case of cycle ratio 1/3, the reduction was 37.6, 41.94 and 38.01 per cent respectively, whereas for cycle ratio 2/3, the reduction was 34.29, 32.83 and 22.73 per cent respectively. Infiltration variability was lesser under surge flow and the values of infiltrated volume and infiltrated depth at various sections along the furrow length was lesser. Surging with cycle ratio 1/3 and a discharge of 1.3 lps showed the least variability in infiltrated depth and the greatest uniformity of application. Infiltration rate was found to decrease significantly along the length of the furrow and between consecutive surges. The lowest intake rate was obtained for surge flow of cycle ratio 1/3. Surging with cycle ratio 1/3, and a discharge of 1.3 lps required only 1.11 m3 of water to complete the advance. This was the least value compared to continuous flow and other surge flow cases. Analysis of variance of the volume required to complete the advance indicated significant difference between flow types at 5 per cent and 1 per cent levels. The variation between discharges was also significant at 5 per cent and 1 per cent levels. Thus surge flow proved advantageous compared to continuous flow in the sandy loam soils of Tavanur region and surging with cycle ratio 1/3 and a discharge of 1.3 lps was chosen as the best out of the selected treatments for the study.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of land use on water yield from small agricultural watersheds of western ghats
    (Department of Land and Water Resources and Conservation Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tavanur, 1993) Abdul Hakkim, V M; KAU; Xaviour Jacob, K
    Effect of deforestation and other land use changes brought about by human activities of hydrologic cycle continues to be of great concern. A study was conducted to assess the effect of land use on water yield from small agricultural watersheds of Western Ghats of Kerala. Four small watersheds planted with cashew, rubber, coffee and tea were selected for the study. To get information regarding rainfall, temperature, humidity and daily evaporation; raingauges, thermometers and USWB class A Pan evaporimeters were installed in each watershed. The runoff which is of specific concern was measured using stage level recorders along with weirs and flumes. Infiltration measurements were done using double cylinder infiltrometers. Soil samples were collected from each watershed and were analysed for grain size distribution, soil pH and organic carbon content. Different geomorphological characteristics of the watersheds were also worked out. Analysis of rainfall and runoff data indicated that nearly 50 per cent of the total rain fall leaves these watersheds as runoff except in the case of rubber watershed. The infiltration studies indicated that all these watersheds have high infiltration rates even after saturation, thereby absorbing even the most intense storms of the study period. From the hydrograph analysis of these watersheds it was observed that the hydrographs attain a sharp peak immediately as the rainfall and there is a baseflow which is folowing through the 3 watersheds, except in the case of rubber watershed. The rubber watershed is very small and lies adjacent to the Kuttiadi reservoir. The interflow from the rubber watershed was observed to join the reservoir avoiding the measuring channel. From the soil profile analysis of Western Ghat region it was observed that there is an impermeable clay layer lying below the laterite having an average thickness of 3.5 m located at 7 to 10.5 m below the ground surface. The results of the study leads to the conclusion that the infiltrated rain water meets the impermeable layer and there it flows laterally through the soil. This lateral interflow reaches the valley portion of the watersheds where it saturates the soil. This saturated area acts like an impervious layer producing 100 per cent surface runoff and it is responsible for the sharp peak of hydrographs. Runoff is generated from these source areas and Hortanian overland flow is a rare phenomenon in these watersheds. Thus from the study it was concluded that land use has no significant effect on water yield from the selected small agricultural watersheds of Western Ghats of Kerala.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Design fabrication and testing of a rainfall simulator
    (Department of Land and Water Resources and Conservation Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tavanur, 1993) Kurien, E K; KAU; George, T P
    Rainfall simulators are considered as effective aids in soil conservation research. Simulators make it possible to produce predetermined storms at any desired time and location. A rainfall simulator suitable for soil erosion studies was designed and fabricated at KCAET Tavanur. The developed simulator was tested for its performance. Erosion studies on laterite soil was conducted using the developed simulator. The rainfall simulator designed and fabricated was of an oscillating, tubing tip type. The crop former unit consisted of 112 numbers of 18 gauge hypodermic needles fitted on a 1.8 cm GI pipe network. The speed of oscillation was 8 oscillations per minute. The drop former unit was supported at a height of 3 cm above ground level. Intensity of rainfall was varied by changing the pressure of water supply to the simulator. The simulator was tested for intensity, droplet size and uniforimity of application of the rainfall produced. The intensity of rainfall was related to the pressure of water supply as 1 = 6.0386 – 31.9152 P + 177.30 P2 The drop size obtained was 2.31 mm for an intensity of 4.77 cm/hr and the corresponding drop sizes for intensities of 5.60, 6.73, 6.99 and 8.80 cm/hr were 2.20, 2.18, 1.05 and 0.80 m respectively. Christiansen’s uniformity coefficients calculated for intensities ranging from 4.77 to 8.80 cm/hr varied from 82 to 88 per cent. Experiments were also conduced to study soil loss and runoff from laterite soil. The soil loss increased with the intensity of rainfall for all the slopes studied. Maximum soil loss of 1464 kg/ha/hr occurred from a slope 20 per cent at a rainfall intensity of 8.80 cm/hr. A general trend of increase in soil loss with slope was observed. At an intensity of 8.80 cm/hr the soil loss from 5 per cent slope was 940.2 kg/ha/hr whereas the soil loss from 20 per cent slope was 1464 kg/ha/hr for the same intensity. At 5.60 cm/hr intensity of rainfall the runoff from a slope of 5 per cent was 325.33 m3 /ha/hr whereas the runoff was 432 m3 /ha/hr at 6.73 cm/hr intensity for the same slope. Empirical equations were developed for estimating soil erosion and runoff for various intensities of rainfall and land slopes. The equations are : 1. E = -982.384 + 2834.63 S + 225.239 1 (R = 0.94) 2. Q = -216.174 + 1104.65 S + 79.375 1 (R = 0.92)
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of different tillage methods on percolation loss in rice fields
    (Department of Land and Water Resources and Conservation Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tavanur, 1993) Mini, P K; KAU; George, T P
    Water loss by deep percolation constitutes a major part of the total water loss from the rice fields. Puddling is widely carried out in rice field to create favourable soil condition for the growth of rice plant and to reduce the loss of water through percolation. An experiment was conducted in sandy loam soil to determine the effect of different tillage methods on percolation loss of water and to evaluate their effect on grain yield. The treatments choosen for the study were puddling with power tiller, puddling with tractor cage wheel, puddling with animal drawn puddler (TNAU helical blade type), compaction using roller and puddling with country plough along with planking (control). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with five replications. Seedlings of short duration rice variety ‘triveni’ were used for transplanting. The daily water loss from the experimental plots was measured using field hook guage. The water loss through percolation was obtained by subtracting the evapotranspiration from the total water requirement. The mean water requirement was highest in the plots puddle with country plough (1609.3mm) and was lowest in the plots puddled with tractor cage wheel (1510.3mm). The percolated water constitute 62 per cent and 64.34 per cent of the total water requirements in the plots puddled with tractor cage wheel and country plough respectively. The lowest mean percolation of 936.12 mm was recorded in the plots puddle with tractor cage wheel. It was followed by puddling with power tiller (949.92 mm), compaction using roller (966.02mm), puddling with animal drawn puddler (1025.02mm) and puddling with country plough (1035.12mm). However, the treatments did not differ significantly regarding the loss of water through percolation. The percentage variation of the percolated water for the different treatments over the control was maximum (17.66 per cent) during the vegetative phase. The variation from the control decreased during the latter two stages and was minimum during the ripening stage (3.89 per cent). The plots puddle with tractor cage wheel recorded the highest yield (11.26 kg/plot) compared to other treatments. The water use efficiency varied from 15.68 kg/ha-cm (puddling with country plough) to 18.64 kg/ha-cm (puddling with tractor cage wheel). The yield and water use efficiency also did not differ significantly among the treatments. The reason for the insignificant among the treatments regarding the loss of water through percolation, yield and water use efficiency could be attributed to the sandy loam nature of the soil since the response of rice plant to various tillage methods depends up on soil texture. It is known that the surface soil aggregates play a major role in controlling the infiltration rate of soil. Since the soil in the experimental field consists of 10 per cent gravel, 65 per cent sand, 12.5 per cent silt and 12.5 per cent clay, the amount of finer particles available for clogging of pores and surface seal development are less in these type of soil, which might be the reason for the treatments not showing any significant variation in the water loss through percolation. From the study undertaken, it was concluded that different tillage methods have no effect in light textured soil in controlling the loss of water through percolation.