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Open Access
Incorporation of resistance to fruit cracking in a bacterial wilt resistant genetic background in tomato
(Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1995) Sadhan Kumar, P G; KAU; Rajan, S
An investigation on “Incorporation of resistance to fruit cracking in a bacterial wilt resistant genetic background in tomato” was undertaken in the Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during the period from January, 1991 to March, 1994. The findings are succinctly mentioned below. Evaluation for bacterial wilt resistance revealed that Sakthi and LE 79 – 5 are consistently resistant to bacterial wilt. Four addition sources of bacterial wilt resistance were identified viz., LE 214, CAV – 5, LE 415 and LE 382 – 1. Resistances to bacterial wilt in these lines was governed by recessive genes. Screening for resistances to fruit cracking resulted in the identification of fifteen tomato genotypes which were found to be resistant to both radial and concentric cracking. Resistances to concentric fruit cracking in these lines were found to be dominant. All the bacterial wilt resistant genotypes had a higher content of total phenols, O.D. phenol and ascorbic acid than the susceptible line pusa Ruby. The crack resistant varieties had a higher content of insoluble solids and pectin, lower content of acidity, total sugar and reducing sugar in fruits, thick fruit skin and pericarb as compared to susceptible variety. The elasticity of skin was also higher in crack resistant genotypes. Crack resistant varieties had a compact arrangement of parenchymatous cells when compared with crack susceptible variety. The resistant lines had a thicker cuticle also. The F1 S developed by line x tester crossing were susceptible to bacterial wilt. All the same, they were resistant to both radial and concentric fruit cracking indicating dominant gene action for crack resistance. The F2 segregants with combined resistance to both bacterial wilt and fruit cracking were selected for further improvement.
Open Access
Economising planting material in ginger (zingiber officinale R.) using mini-seed rhizome
(Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1995) Nizam, S R; KAU; Jayachandran, B K
An experiment was conducted at the College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the year 1993-1994 to explore the possibility of reducing the size of planting material in ginger using mini-seed rhizomes. The field experiments were laid out in a split plot design with four varieties (Kuruppampady, Maran, Nedumangadu and Rio-de-Janeiro) and three rhizome sizes (5,10and 15g) replicated four times both under open and intercropped conditions. The pot culture study to standardize a soaking treatment for ginger rhizomes revealed that “soaking rhizomes in water for 24 hours, 10 days prior to planting”, to be the best treatment. Increasing the size of rhizomes resulted in increased sprouting percentage. Under open and intercropped conditions, rhizomes weighing 15g recorded the highest sprouting. Size of seed rhizomes influenced the growth parameters namely, plant height, number of tillers and number of leaves per plant, LAI, DMP, NAR, CGR, BR, HI, UI and top yield. It is seen that the performance of plants raised from 10 and 15g with respect to growth parameters were not significantly different. Green ginger yield increased with increasing rhizome size both under open and intercropped condition. Plant raised from rhizomes weighing 5g recorded the smallest yield and was inferior to other treatments. Plants from rhizomes weighing 15g recorded the highest green ginger yield. The difference in yield between plants obtained from 10 and 15g was marginal and statistically insignificant. Plants raised from rhizomes weighing 10 and 15g gave higher dry ginger yields in all the four varieties compared to plants from 5g. However, the difference in yield between plants raised from 10 and 15g rhizome bits were insignificant. The size of rhizomes did not cause difference in quality components like volatile oil and starch in all varieties but it induced small variations in NVEE and crude fibre. The study suggested that the size of rhizomes, varieties and shade influenced the growth, yield and quality of ginger. Throughout the crop period the plants raised from 10 and 15g gave similar performance. Green ginger and dry ginger yield obtained from 10 and 15g rhizome bits were statistically on par under open and intercropped conditions. The study revealed the possibilities of reducing the seed size from 15 to 10g. The cost benefit analysis indicated that use of mini-seed rhizome, weighing 10g, is more profitable under shade. Using a smaller seed size will also help to contribute more produce to the market.
Open Access
Evaluation of F1 hybrids in snakegourd
(Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1995) Sudevkumar, V; KAU; Rajan, S
An investigation on “Evaluation of F1 hybrids in Snakegourd” was conducted at College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, during 1992 – 1994. Ten F1 hybrids were evaluated along with their parents and a standard check variety TA – 19 for two seasons. Heterosis was estimated in different seasons for different characters like days to first male flower anthesis, days to first female flower opening, days to first fruit picking maturity, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, yield per plant, fruit length, fruit girth, flesh thickness, number of seeds per fruit, hundred seed weight, seed weight/fruit, total crop duration, fruit fly incidence, crude fibre content of fruit, crude protein content of fruit and ash content of fruit. The heterotic behaviour of all the ten hybrids was studied for season 1, season 11 and pooled over seasons for each character. Heterosis was estimated in terms of relative heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard beterosis. Cost of production of F1 seeds of snakegourd was also worked out. All the ten hybrids recorded significant heterosis in terms of relative heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis for characters like days to first male flower opening, days to first female flower opening, days to first fruit picking maturity, number of fruits/plant and total yield/plant in both the seasons. The number of days taken for flower opening, fruit picking maturity as well as the total crop duration were found to be lower in second season (summer). Seasonal variation was significant in number of days taken to first fruit picking maturity, total yield, number of seeds/fruit, seed weight/fruit and total crop duration. The hybrids which exhibited high heterosis for yield in terms of relative heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis were P4 x P3 (146.05%, 128.03% and 71.00% respectively), DFH 15 x DfH 58 (124.27%, 124.24% and 67.36% respectively) and P13 x P4 (113.10%, 110.83% and 61.57% respectively). The per se performance for yield was high for P4 x P3 (13.02 kg), DFH 15 x DFH 58 (12.75 kg), P13 x P4 (12.31 kg) and P9 x P5 (12.24 kg). Earliness for 6-8 days was also manifested by P4 x P3, DFH 15 x DFH 58 and P9 x p5. The time taken for production of one kg of F1 hybrid seed was 10.29 hours for preparatory operations and crossing work and the cost incurred was Rs. 103/kg of seed.
Open Access
Regulation of leaf pruning to optimise leaf and bunch harvest in musa (AB Group) njalipoovan and (AAB Group) palayankodan
(Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1995) Bindu, C S; KAU; Jayachandran Nair, C S
The investigation on Regulation of leaf pruning to optimise leaf and bunch harvest in Musa (AB group) Njalipoovan and (AAB group) Palayankodan was conducted at the Department of Horticulture College of Agriculture Vellayani Thiruvananthapuram during 1993 94 in order to study the effect of leaf pruning on growth yield and fruit quality of Njalipoovan and Palayankodan bananas Studies revealed that the plant height in Njalipoovan was comparatively less affected by leaf pruning than Palayankodan Plant height in both the varieties was higher with less severe pruning treatments The plant girth total number of leaves per plant and phylachron were not influenced by the leaf pruning regimes imposed Leaf longevity increased slightly with the severity of pruning Njalipoovan responded more to leaf pruning than Palayankodan with regard to leaf longevity The functional leaf area leaf area index and leaf area duration decreased significantly with the severity of leaf pruning in both the cultivars Leaf pruning after 15 days of unfurling less adversely affected the relative growth rate in both the cultivars The time taken for bunch emergence increased and the time taken for bunch maturity decreased when the extent of lamina removed was more or the period of retention was short in both Njalipoovan and Palayankodan The crop duration in Njalipoovan decreased when the period of retention of leaves was longer The sucker production and dry matter production in both the cultivars were higher with lesser severity of pruning The bunch characters of Njalipoovan were less adversely affected by the leaf pruning treatments imposed than Palayankodan The number of hands fingers bunch weight and yield per hectare in both the cultivars decreased with the increase m the severity of pruning The finger length finger girth finger weight peel weight pulp weight and pulp/peel ratio of the fruits were also adversely affected by severe pruning treatments Abnormalities in fruit shape and fruit filling were observed as a result of the leaf pruning treatments in Palayankodan The fruit quality of cv Palayankodan was more affected by severe pruning than that of cv Njalipoovan In both the cultivars severe pruning treatments resulted in decreased quality m terms of TSS reducing sugars total sugars and sugar/acid ratio The acidity of the fruits was not significantly affected in Njalipoovan The non reducing sugar content and the green life of the fruits decreased with Increase m the extent of leaf area removed but the time of pruning had no significant influence on these characters The content of major nutrients in the plant parts decreased with the increase m the severity of leaf pruning The cost of cultivation was higher in the treated plants The returns from fruits and the total returns per hectare was highest m the control plants The net returns was higher in Njalipoovan compared to ‘Palayankodan The studies thus indicated that in general leaf pruning was not a desirable practice from the economic point of view in Njalipoovan and Palayankodan However the loss of lamina upto 50 per cent after 30 days of unfurling had less deleterious effects compared to more severe loss of leaf area Njalipoovan exhibited more ability to withstand the adverse effects of leaf pruning than Palayankodan
Open Access
Growth pattern, flowering and yield potential of tissue cultured plants of banana "Musa (AAB Group) Nendran" and standisation of fertilizer schedule
(Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1995) Sheela, V L; KAU; Ramachandran Nair, S
The present study was under taken with the objective of comparing the growth pattern flowering and yield potential of tissue cultured plants of Nendran banana with that of plants produced from suckers and to formulate a suitable fertilizer schedule for the tissue cultured plants Two separate experiments were conducted for this purpose in the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani for two seasons from March 1991 to February 1993. The first experiment was laidout in split split plot technique and the second in confounded factorial design in RBD. Tissue cultured plants recorded an increase in yield of 25.63 per cent compared to plants from suckers. The highest yield were obtained in both seasons with the application of 300g nitrogen and 450g potash per plant NK interaction on yield was also significant . Treatments with fertilizer application exceeding six splits did not enhance yield . The optimum nitrogen and potash for the two seasons was 299. 5g and 465. 5g per plant respectively.
Open Access
Variability and hetrosis in green fruited brinjal
(Department of Olericulture, College of horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1995) Sathya Varma, P C; KAU; Nirmala Devi, S
The present investigation on “Variability and heterosis in green fruited brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)”was conducted at the Vegetable Research Farm, College of Horticulture, Thrissur during 1992 – 94. Twenty three genotypes of brinjal collected from different parts of the country were grown in a randomised block design with two replications to assess the extent of genetic variability for fifteen characters viz., plant height, plant spread, number of primary branches per plant, days to first flowering, number of flowers per cluster, days to first fruit set, days to first harvest, average fruit weight, total fruits per plant, percentage of productive flowers, fruiting period and fruit yield per plant. The genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation, heritability, genetic advance and genetic gain were estimated. Correlation studies and path coefficient analysis were conducted to study the association among yield and its component characters and to estimate the direct and indirect effects of component characters on yield. Based on genetic divergence the 23 genotypes were grouped into five clusters. Seven superior genotypes were selected from these clusters based on their field performance and bacterial wilt resistance. The seven genotypes were crossed in a 7 x 7 diallel pattern to get 21 F1 hybrides. These F1 hybrids were evaluated along with their parents to derive information on general and specific combining ability and heterosis. Significant variation was observed among the genotypes for all the 12 characters studied, indicating scope for improvement. High heritability along with high genetic advance was observed for the characters fruit yield per plant, total fruits per plant, average fruit weight and percentage of productive flowers, indicating the action of additive genes. From the correlation studies, it was observed that yield had positive significant correlation with total fruits per plant, fruiting period, average fruit weight and number of flowers per cluster and negative significant correlation with days to first flowering, fruit set and harvest. Path coefficient analysis revealed that the character total fruits per plant had the maximum direct effect on yield. From the combining ability analysis it was noticed that the parental lines SM 247, SM 246 and SM 6 – 6 were good combiners for yield. The best combination for yield was SM 246 x SM 262 and that for earliness was SM 6 – 6 x SM 141. Significant heterosis was observed in many of the hybrids for most of the characters. SM 141 x SM 262 was the hybrid showing significant positive heterosis for plant height, plant spread, number of primary branches, average fruit weight and fruit yield per plant. Similarly SM 6 – 6 x SM 141 was the earliest hybrid to flower, set fruits and be harvested. This also showed the lowest percentage of bacterial wilt incidence. Another hybrid which showed significant heterosis for total fruits per plant, fruit yield and percentage of wilt incidence was SM 6 – 6 x SM 197. The study of heterosis thus revealed that the three hybrids viz., SM 141 x SM 262, SM 6 – 6 x SM 141 and SM 6 – 6 x SM 197 are promising combinations showing superiority in most of the economic characters considered for the study.
Open Access
Standardisation of in vitro pollination and fertilization for generating genetic variability in Zingiber officinale (Rosc.)
(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1995) Valsala, P A; KAU; Sreekandan Nair, G
Investigations were carried out to standaridse in vitro pollination and fertilization technique for seed set in ginger, Zingiber officinale (Rosc.) at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory of Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during 1990-1993. Investigations to improve flowering showed that early planting (March- April) is an important factor, which induce flowering in ginger, when the crop is grown from rhizome bits of standard size i.e., 15 g. Cultivar difference was also found to exist with respect to flowering. But increasing the size of seed bit from 15 g to 200 g resulted in early flowering of all the seven cultivars. Maintaining the plants as biennial registered still earlier and more profuse flowering of all the cultivars. In biennial plants flowering started as early as in 1st July, while it was only on 17th September in annual plants from 15 g. In annuals the flowering season was for two months, while it was extended for four months in biennials. The application of growth regulators did not significantly influence the flowering of different ginger cultivars. The study of floral biology of ginger flowers showed that, an inflorescence of ginger took 30-32 days from initiation to blooming. The number of flowers per inflorescence ranged from 20 to 31 and the blooming period ranged from 15 to 22 days. The anthesis started by 3.00 pm and continued upto 4.30 pm. Anther dehiscence did not occur simultaneously with flower opening and took place only after ½ to 11/2 h after anthesis. The ginger flowers are characterized by a spiny stigma and a long style of mean length of 3.46 cm. The ovoid ovary measured a mean length of 2.71 mm and diameter of 2.59 mm and recorded a mean ovule number of 24.43. The ovules recorded a mean length of 535.13 μm and breadth of 323.41 μm at the middle. The pollen fertility with acetocarmine stain in the studied cultivars ranged from 14.15 per cent in Nadia to 35.28 per cent in SG-66. Attempt to develop a medium which will support pollen germination and tube growth resulted in the identification of ME3 medium with osmoticum as 12 per cent PEG. The maintenance of the medium at pH reactions of 4.0 to 8.0 not significantly influence pollen germination and tube growth. The maximum pollen tube length registered was 1042.17 μm. The pollen germination started within 3 h of incubation and continued till 24 h. The histological examination of ovules of flowers on the day of anthesis revealed the presence of viable egg cell. The flower buds for in vitro pollination were collected and surface sterilized prior to anthesis (3.00 pm). The bacteria destroying the cultures were identified as Psuedomonas solanacearum. Dipping the unopened flower buds in streptocyclin 500 mg 1-1 for 1 h followed by wiping with 70 per cent alcohol and rinsing with mercuric chloride 0.1 per cent for 3 min gave satisfactory microbial sterilization of flower buds for in vitro pollination. Initial experiments for culture establishment showed that ginger ovary would develop under in vitro condition in ½ MS, SH or Nitsch medium when supplemented with growth regulators and CW. There was no ovary development with out hormones. Among the various methods of pollination tried, ovules developed in placental pollination, modified placental pollination and ovular or test tube fertilization. In all the three cases, pollen grains along with ME3 medium were applied over the ovules. The observation of ovules after placental pollination under fluorescence microscopy revealed that pollen germination starts within 3 h of pollination and pollen tube growth is sufficient to fertilize the ovule. Histological examination of ovules 4 DAP showed eight celled pro-embryo and 40 DAP showed well developed embryo and endosperm rich in starch and oil grains. The aforesaid successful pollination techniques are suitable for selfing and crossing in ginger under in vitro condition. Among the successful methods of in vitro pollination tried placental pollination is the best as it registered maximum number of seeds per culture with minimum effort. The mean seed set per culture in this method in four favourable media combinations was 61.56 per cent. The mean number of well developed seeds per culture was 6.87 at 80 DAP. The flower buds collected on the day of anthesis and one day after anthesis were suitable for in vitro pollination. Studies were made to standardize media supplements for enhancing ovule development. The ovules developed at all levels of sucrose concentration 3.0, 6.0, 9.0 and 12.0 per cent levels. Considering the increased seed set, 6.0 to 8.0 per cent is the optimum. The auxins as well as cytokinins alone induced ovule development but combinations proved to be better. The combination of NAA 0.5 to 1 mg 1-1 with varying concentration of BAP from 2 to 10 mg 1-1 had shown positive effect. The effect of BAP in the ovule development could be replaced by KIN (2.0, 5.0 mg1-1) or 2iP (2.5 mg1-1). Similarly the effect of NAA (0.5 to 2.0 mg1-1) could be replaced by 2,4-D (0.05 to 1.0 mg1-1) or IAA (0.05 to 0.2 mg1-1). The GA levels (2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 10.0mg1-1) did not favour ovary and ovule development. The IAA precursor, typtophan (0.1,0.5 and 1.0 mg1-1) also behaved in the same manner. Other supplements like CW (10 to 12 % v/v) and CH (200 to 500 mg1-1) enhanced ovule development along with cytokinin and auxin. The extract from 15 days old inflorescence of ginger at a concentration of 0.3 to 3.0 mg1-1 promoted ovule development with hormones. The aminoacid L-glutamine (25 to 500 mg1-1) did not inhibit ovule development while YE (250 to 1000 mg1-1) inhibited ovule development. The solid as well as liquid form of favourable media combinations supported ovule development after in vitro pollination. The ovary and ovules developed at 260C as well as 280C but the lower temperature was best for the visual assessment of ovary and ovule appearance. With respect to light intensities, they developed in dark, diffused light and light intensities of 500 and 1000 lux. The in vitro produced seeds and fruits of ginger grew rapidly at the initial stage of 20 Dap and later growth was slow and comparatively little. The colour of the seeds at the initial stage was creamy white and in the course of development about 14.95 per cent of cultures develop, purple red colour within a period of 30.65 days. The whole seeds of a culture turned black within a period of 60 to 90 DAP. In the culture condition about 40 per cent of ovaries developed orange colour of ripening within a period of 35 to 65 days. They turned black by 90 DAP. The fruit of ginger is a thick walled three valved capsule with small black arillate seeds. Eighty days after pollination they recorded a mean diameter of 6.5 mm and a maximum of 9.5 mm. The ginger seeds recorded a mean length of 2.20 mm and breadth of 1.60 mm 80 DAP. The arillate seeds showed two seed coats, the outer being thick and the inner one being thin. The seed coat encloses a cavity and in the cavity endosperm with embedded embryo is seen. The in vitro produced seeds of ginger germinated when 80 days old seeds were incubated initially in the medium of ½ MS with 2,4-D 8 mg 1-1 for two months and then in hormone combination of BAP 9 mg1-1 and 2,4-D 0.1 mg1-1.
Open Access
Optimising in vitro somatic embryogenesis in polyembryonic mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties
(Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1995) Bindu, C P; KAU; Rajmohan, K
Studies were conducted to optimise the in vitro propagation techniques via somatic embryogenesis in polyembryonic mango varieties (Vellari, Kalluvarikka, Thalimanga, Kilichundan, Pulichi and Varikka) of Kerala, during 1993-1994 at the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani. Culture media and conditions could be standardised for the first two stages of somatic embryogenesis, namely induction and initiation. However, attempts for inducing normal maturation and germination of the embryoids were not so successfu I . Five out of the six varieties of mango (except Ki I ichundan) responded to the induct ion treatments for somatic embryogenesis. Kalluvarikka recorded the highest per cent cultures (87.50) initiating somatic embryoids from the nucellar tissue. Puliehi was observed to initiate the highest per cent eultures (91.66) initiating somatic embryoids from embryo mass cultured. Somatic embryoids were induced and initiated from nucellus as well as embryo mass. From the nucellus, the embryoids were produced directly, without any intervening callus. The embryo mass gave rise to emb r y og e n i c ca I I us, multiple embryos or zygotic embryos. The somatic embryoids from nucellar tissue were best induced when cultured in darkness on half strength Murashige and Skooge basal medium supplemented with 2,4-D 5.0 mg/l, GA3 5.0 mg/l, glutamine 400.0 mgll, sucrose 60.0 g/l, coconut water 200.0 mIll, agar 6.0 g/l and activated charcoal 2.5 g/l. Somatic embryoids from nucellar tissue were found to be initiated in 55.50 per cent cultures on half strength Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with 2,4-D 5.0 mg/l, BA 0.05 mg/l, glutamine 400.0 mg/l, casein hydrolysate 500.0 mg/l, sucrose 60.0 g/l, coconut water 200.0 mill, agar 6.0 g/l and activated charcoal 2.5 g/l. Darkness was essential for the initiation. Ambient temperature and in the culture room temperature (26°C) were equally effective for the initiation. Abscisic acid was tried, among other treatments, for inducing proper maturation of the somatic embryoids initiated from nucellar tissue. The maximum size of the embryoids was observed on half strength Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with ABA 16.0 uM, casein hydrolysate 100.0 mgll, sucrose 40.0 gll, coconut water 200.0 mIll, agar 6.0 g/l and activated charcoal 2.5 g/l. the embryoids was not influenced by light. Size of Attempts for inducing normal germination of the somatic embryoids from the maturation medium were made using treatments involving plant growth substances (BA, 2iP, GA 3 and NAA), factors known to impart osmotic stress (Polyethelene glycol and high concentrations of sucrose and a g a r) , sodium butyrate, known to influence histone deacetylation, and activated charcoal, capable of absorbing inhibitors. However, the treatments were not very useful in inducing normal germination of the embryoids.
Open Access
Standardization of dehydration techniques in anachunda (Solanum torvum Swartz.) black nightshade (Solanum nigrum Linn.) and lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.)
(Department of Processing Technology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1995) Kuriakose, K J; KAU; Raju, V K
The present investigation on the standardization of dehydration techniques in ‘anachunda’ (Solanum torvum Swartz.) black nightshade (Solanum nigrum Linn.) and lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) was conducted in the Processing Unit and Analytical Laboratory of Department of Processing Technology and in the Laboratory of the Biochemistry Division, College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala during September 1993 to February 1995. The experiments were laid out in completely randomized design with three replications. Study on standardization of dehydration technique revealed that the superior pretreatments for S.torvum were 0.5 per cent KMS at 850C for three minutes and four per cent brine at 850C for three minutes. It was followed by four per cent brine + 0.5 per cent KMS at 850C for three minutes. In S. nigrum the superior pretreatments were one per cent citric acid 850C for three minutes and four per cent brine + 0.5 per cent KMS at 850C for three minutes. It was followed by four per cent brine at 850C. The superior pretreatments for N. nucifera were four per cent brine + 0.5 per cent KMS at 850C for three minutes followed by 0.5 per cent KMS at 850C for three minutes and one per cent citric acid at 850C for three minutes. Thus the superior pretreatment was four per cent brine + 0.5 per cent KMS at 850C for three minutes on an overall basis. It was followed by 0.5 per cent KMS at 850C for three minutes, one per cent citric acid at 850C three minutes and four per cent brine at 850C for three minutes. The experiment also revealed that microwave dehydration was significantly superior to dehydration in cabinet dryer and sundrying with respect to retention of colour and nutritional qualities. Packaging and storage studies revealed that the dehydrated products with an initial moisture content of 7 + 1 per cent could be stored upto six months without significant deterioration in colour, texture and consumer acceptability. The moisture uptake was not significantly different between the four packages under study viz., polyethylene 80 gauge, polyethylene 100 gauge polyethylene, polyethylene 150 gauge, polyethylene 200 gauge. In economic terms polypropylene 80 gauge bags was found to be the cheapest. The experiment on sensory evaluation of hot oil fried products revealed that on an overall basis the treatments viz., four per cent brine + one per cent citric acid at 850C for three minutes, four per cent brine + 0.5 per cent KMS at 850C for three minutes and 0.5 per cent KMS at 850C for three minutes were significantly superior for getting products with better taste, colour and overall acceptability. It was also found that microwave oven dehydrated products scored better for taste, colour and overall acceptability. The investigations also indicated that tremendous potential exist for exploitation of microwave dehydration technology for the dehydration of vegetables.

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