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Open Access
Phenotypic stability analysis in bacterial wilt resistant lines of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)
(Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1987) Ushamani P, P; KAU; Peter, K V
Twenty six genotypes of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) were grown continuously in two seasons each under two contrasting environments in a randomised block design. Observations were recorded on yield and seven of its component characters. Significant variations among the genotypes were observed. G x E interaction was significant for plant height, primary branches/plant, percentage of productive flowers, fruits/plant, average fruit weight and yield/plant. The 26 lines were classified as suited to low, medium and high yielding environments. SM 6-6 M, SM 6-4 PL and SM 6-2 SP were suited to average environments; SM 6-6 PL and SM 6-3 SP suited to high yielding environments and SM 6-8PL and SM 6-1 SP suited to low yielding environments. The path analysis revealed fruits/plant and primary branches/plant having maximum direct effect on yield. The 26 lines were grouped into 4 clusters in each environment based on Mahalanobis D2 statistics. The intra and inter cluster distances and genotypes within clusters differed in the four trials. The stable lines were moderately resistant to bacterial wilt. They had root galls caused by Meloidogyne incognita. Root volume was positively correlated with yield. Survey conducted on preference to color and shape showed that white long and purple long fruits were the most preferred. The stable brinjal lines possessed this economic value also.
Open Access
Morphological studies of different types of hibiscus rosasinensis L. and standradisation of propagation techniques
(Department of Pomology Floriculture and landscaping, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1987) Verghese, C A; KAU; Aravindakshan, M
The investigation on collection, morphological description and standardization of propagation techniques of different types of hibiscus were carried out in the Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Horticulture, during the period 1979 to 1981. Thirty four types and fourteen varieties of Hibiscus rosasinensis, two types of H. schizopetalous and one type of H. mutabilis were collected from different zones of Kerala, Tamilnadu and Karnataka and were maintained in the College garden. Since the types collected had no specific varietal names, morphological descriptions of all the fifty one collections were made. Considerable variation both in vegetative and floral characters were exhibited by different types in the collection. A key was prepared based on important distinguishing characters for identification of different types of hibiscus, Acc.3, Acc.5, Acc.13, Acc.29, Acc.32, Acc.33, Acc.42 and Acc.52 were found to produce very attractive showy flowers of different shades of colours. Acc.43 and Acc.45 were bushy types. Pollen viability of ten types of hibiscus were studied. Considerable variation existed with regard to pollen viability among different types. Maximum pollen viability of 89.8 per cent was observed in Acc.22 and minimum of 4.7 per cent in Acc.7. Rooting of stem cuttings were assessed under two treatment conditions, with leaves and without leaves. Retention of leaves had significant influence over the treatment without leaves on rooting of cuttings. The response of growth regulators, IAA, IBA and NAA on rooting of ten hibiscus types were studied. It was revealed that in quick dip method best performance was recorded by NAA 3000 ppm followed by IBA 5000 ppm and IAA 10000 ppm for rooting percentage, number and length of roots. In prolonged dip method, higher rooting percentage, root number, root length and root weight was observed when cuttings were treated with NAA 50 ppm, IBA 75 ppm and IAA 100 ppm. Out of two methods of growth regulator application, quick dip method was significantly superior to prolonged dip method. The types responded differently to growth regulator treatment, Acc.19 responded best while least response was exhibited by Acc.7. From the studies on air layering, it was revealed that maximum rooting percentage of 89.3 was exhibited by Acc.38 and minimum percentage of success by Acc.7. Air layering recorded better rooting than cutting without growth regulator treatment. But, it showed lower rooting percentage when compared to growth regulator treated cuttings.
Open Access
Effect of split application of fertilizer in banana cv. Nendran
(Department of Horticulture, College of Horticulture,Vellanikara, 1987) Beena, Natesh; KAU
Open Access
Intervarietal heterosis in Capsicum annuum L. and evaluation of a set of clustered bell peppers
(Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1987) Girijadevi, T; KAU; Peter, K V
The present studies ‘Intervarietal heterosis in Capsicum annuum L. and evaluation of a set of clustered bell peppers’ were conducted at the College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara during July 1985 - December 1986. The materials for the study comprised of five bell pepper varieties, two hot chillies and their 10F1 hybrids. Evaluation of these materials revealed considerable variation for most of the economic characters. Phenotypic coefficient of variation was maximum for fruits/plant. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was also observed for frults/plant. The F1 hybrids Involving bell peppers and hot chillies were found suitable for warm humid tropical conditions of Kerala. All the F1 hybrids yielded more than the better parent. The F1hybrids showed desirable heterosis for plant height, primary branches/plant, tap root length, primary roots/plant, days to flower, days to green fruit harvest, days to fruit ripening, fruit length, fruit perimeter and green fruit yield/plant. The F1 hybrid Hungarian Wax x KAU Cluster was the most promising yielding 482.8 g/plant (fruits/plant - 92) followed by Sweet Red Cherry Pickling x KAU Cluster and Hungarian Wax x Pant C-l. Combining ability analysis revealed the preponderance of additive gene action for primary branches/plant, days to flower, fruits/plant and green fruit yield/plant. A preponderance of non-additive gene action was observed for plant height, tap root length, primary roots/plant and days to green fruit harvest, days to fruit ripening and fruit perimeter. Preponderance of additive and non-additive gene action was observed for fruit length. The parental lines were grouped into three and four clusters during first and second seasons respectively, based on Mahalanobis D2 statistics. The line KaU Cluster was found resistant to bacterial wilt. Primary roots/plant was positively correlated with yield. In segregating generations of Hungarian Wax x KaU Cluster and Sweet Red Cherry Pickling x KAU Cluster considerable variation was observed for all the characters studied. Elite clustered bell pepper lines were Identified and progressed.
Open Access
Effect of growth regulators on rooting of cuttings and layers in Jasmine (Jasminum auriculatum Vahl.)
(Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1987) Sreelatha, U; KAU; Gopikumar, K
Systematic studies were carried out to standardise various aspects of asexual propagation in jasmine through cutting and layering. For propagation studies using cuttings, semihard wood cuttings of jasminum auriculatum and Jasminum grandiflorum were treated with IBA and NAA each at 2000, 3000 and 4000 ppm concentrations and planted under mist and open conditions. The results revealed that all the auxin treatments particularly IBA were superior to control with regard to rooting percentage. Other root growth parameters such as number, length, fresh weight and dry matter production of roots were also maximum with IBA treatments. However, in Jasminum auriculatum, the effect of growth regulators was not statistically significant and this may be attributed to the shy rooting behaviour of this species due to some endogenous inhibitors. Regardless of the growth regulator treatments mist had profound influence on root growth as well as vegetative growth parameters in both the species of Jasminum studied. To find out the effect of growth regulators and season on rooting of layers, layering was done at monthly intervals with ISA and NAA each at a concentration of 100 and 250 ppm. The results indicated that all the growth regulator treatments were superior to control with regard to rooting percentage, number, length, fresh weight and dry matter production of roots. Study on seasonal effect on success of layering has clearly shown that layering should be done during the rainy season particularly from June to September for getting maximum success. However, further studies to find out the role of inhibitory substances present in the shoots which cause failure of rooting of cuttings and layers may perhaps yield valuable results.
Open Access
Biological effects of gamma rays and EMS in the M2 generation of red gram (Cajanus cajan L.)
(Department of Agricultural Botany, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1987) Brenda, Valentina Aranha; KAU; Narayanan Namboodiri, K M
The studies reported herein were undertaken in the Department of Agricultural Botany, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, during the period 1984-86. Seeds of the M1 generation of SA-1 variety of red gram (Cajan L.) which were initially subjected to induced mutagenesis using five doses of gamma rays (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 ) and five doses of EMS (0.3 , 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7per cent) were made use of to raise the M2 generation and their biological effects were studied. It was observed that in the chlorophyll mutation frequencyrestricted on M2 progeny row basis and M2 seedling basis , the pattern of change in the frequency in relation to dose was found to be the same not only for gamma rays but also for EMS. In case of both the mutagens the frequency did not appear to exhibit any dose relationship.
Open Access
Effect of ethephon , NAA and GA on flowering and fruit set In mango (Mangifera indica L.)
(Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1987) Suma, A; KAU; Aravindakshan, M (Guide)
The importance of mango as a commercial fruit crop suffers very much due to the biennial bearing habit observed among most of the superior cultivars. Another important problem faced by mango cultivators is the enormous shedding of young fruits and flowers which will result in great loss. An attempt is made here to induce flowering in mango by application of ethephon at different concentrations in the first experiment. The different concentrations of ethephon tried were 100, 200, 300 and 500 ppm along with water spray as control. These sprays were given at 15 day intervals, the first spray commencing on September 15 th 1981. The varieties tried were Banganapally, Imampasant, Mundappa and Neelum. In all the varieties tried ethrel treatment induced early flowering, the optimum concentration being 200 ppm. By the application of ethephon more number of inflorescences were produced. The optimum concentration which induced maximum flowering in Banganapally and Neelum was 200 ppm, 300 ppm in Imampasant and 100 ppm in Mundappa. The percentage of hermaphrodiate flowers and male flowers produced in a panicle were not affected by treatments. The yield of fruits were found to increase by ethephon treatment. In Banganapally and Neelum maximum number of fruits were produced by 200 ppm, while 300 ppm and 100 ppm were found best for Imampasant and Mundappa respectively, In a overall analysis maximum content of carbohydrates was observed just before flowering and it reduced gradually after flowering. A similar trend as that of carbohydrates was observed for carbohydrate/nitrogen ratio. In Experiment 11 an attempt was made to tackle the premature fruit-drop by application of NAA and GA. Their effect on initial fruit set and quality of fruits were also observed. The treatments were as follows. NAA - 0,10,20,30 and 40 ppm GA - 0,25,50,75 and 100 ppm The chemicals were applied three times at weekely intervals, the first spray commencing when the panicles were in full bloom. The varieties tried were Banganapally, Imampasant, Mundappa and Neelum. Generally GA treatments were found better in increasing fruit set and GA 100 ppm particularly proved most effective in increasing initial fruit set when compared to other treatments in all the varieties studied. Fruit drop at different stages of fruit development viz., mustard, pea, marble and pre-harvest stages were found to be effectively controlled by NAA treatments in all the varieties. Among the NAA treatments NAA 40 ppm proved to be the best treatment. Increased fruit weight was observed by application of NAA 40 ppm in all the varieties. Fruit-length was found to be increased by GA treatment while girth was found maximum for NAA 40 ppm. In all the varieties fruit quality was found to be enhanced by NAA treatments, in general, but notable effects were seen for NAA 40 ppm, the application of which resulted in maximum TSS, sugar content and Vitamin C.
Open Access
Genome analysis in the genus Amatanthus
(Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1987) Mallika, V K; KAU; Peter, K V
Cytogenetical studies on eight Amananthiu species, viz., A. inicot-Qn./ A. JUvvduA/ A. vajujcLaa, A, ApAnoAUA, A, cLliAallA, A,hypochondmacuA, A. cnuentuA and/4, caudaiiu and their hydrids were undertaken to understand their genome relationship, phylogeny and evolution. The development and arrangement of flower cluster In AmcuiardhuA were analysed microscopically and discussed in detail. A simple provisional key was developed for Identification of the eight species as the existing keys were complex and confusing. The eight species were also evaluated for their photoperiodlc requirements and antinutritional factors. Meiotic studies revealed that members of section Blitopsis had x = 17 while section Amaranthus had x = 16 and 17. A.duLuu a polyploid with n = 32 behaved as an allopolyploid. Mean number of chiasmata/bivalent was maximum in the cultivated species and minimum in the semiwild species, A ,apaiioaua which also had maximum number of rod bivalents. Pollen grains of varying sizes (Macro and medium) were observed In all the species. The cultivated species were characterised by bigger chromosomes and pollen grains. Interspecific hybridization was attempted in all possible combinations but many of the crosses failed. A few failed crosses exhibited seedling mortality. Seven interspecific hybrids grew and flowered and these included hybrids within and between sections Blitopsis and Amaranthus. A .IavaduA x. A, ioAcolon. the only interspecific hybrid within Blitopsis resembled mostly the male parent but was highly sterile. Cytologlcal studies revealed the presence of two or more Interchanges involving 3-6 chromosomes and subsequent melotic abnormalities resulted in 90% pollen sterility. The interspecific hybrids within section Amaranthus included A.^p-moAiUyA^nHinA A , ApmoALLb x A.hypochoncbuxLCLU,, A ,4 p m o 4 iu x A , c a u d a iiu t A, A p in o itu x A, c A u & n iiu , and A, c A ii& n tiu x A. c a u d a iiu . The hybrid A .c /u ie n iiu x A,caudaiiu produced only female flowers in the stunted and deformed hybrid plant. Other hybrids exhibited a preponderance of AupinoAtu characters indicated by presence of spines, reduction in inflorescence size, distinct placement of male and female flowers etc. Cytological studies revealed the presence of 1-2 multivalents including 3-4 chromosomes, moderate frequency of bivalents, and a low frequency of univalents in the hybrids. Chromosomal repatterning through translocations and inversions are also involved in speciation within both sections Blitopsis and Amaranthus. A, 6p u \.0Auu x A, v ia m L u , the first success of hybridization between the two sections resulted in a short and sturdy hybrid plant with dominating A.qunoMu characters. Cytological studies revealed that PMCs had high frequency of bivalents and only low frequency of univalents. The complete absence of multivalents indicated that cryptic structural changes and genetic drift are only involved In the cytogenetic differentiation of 2 the two species. D analysis of data of chromosome associations In interspecific hybrids at metaphase I indicate the clustering of hybrids within and between sections under the same group. This as well as morphological studies questions the validity of the naturalness of the two sections in AmaAO/iiJvu, The 40 accessions available in the germplasm were classified into different species based on detailed cytomorphological studies. Twenty one species were ascribed to A, four to A. d u J L u u and 15 to A. h y p o c h o n d b u j a c iiA , The reasons for low seed recovery in the A ,b u £ .o £ o A . accession A- were also studied. Investigations on photoperiodic response of the different species indicated that there is precocious flowering with increase in photoperiod in A. h y p o c h o r u d j u x L c i u , A, riidLuu and A, A p A n o A t u , Flowering was delayed with more light in A, cniirlatiu, and A, iju.c.o&QJi while A, cAuentu& and A, v u u x L l a were photoinsensitive. The content of antinutrient factors in the tender leaf and stem varied from 3.60 to 5.10% for oxalate and 0.295 to 0.695% for nitrate in the different species. In general Blitopsis had higher content of antinutrients than section Amaranthus, the only exception being A, A p .in .o A u A of section Amaranthus. The primitiveness of A ,apjjioaua was evident from the present studies. This pantropical cosmopolitan weed has played a major role in the evolution of otherAmoAaniAuAspp. Evidences were also obtained on the origin of vegetable amaranths from grain amaranths.
Open Access
Interclonal hybridization studies in banana
(Department of Pomology, Floriculture and Landscapping, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1987) Krishnakumar, M P; KAU; Valsalakumari, P K
Investigations were carried out on the interclonal hybridization in banana, involving six female parents, viz: ‘Palayankodan’, ‘Rasthali’, ‘Nendravannan’, ‘NeyPoovan’, ‘Karpooravally’ and ‘Nendran’ and three male parents, viz: ‘Pisang Lilin”, Tongat’ and ‘Sanna chenkadali’, with a view to make a detailed study on pollen production, fertility and viability in different nodes of the male parents and female fertility pattern in different hands of the six female parents, compatibility and seed set in 18 cross combinations involving six female parents and three male parents, effect of different seed treatment on germination of banana seeds and evaluation of existing interclonal hybrids already available, in the Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Horticulture during the year 1985-86. Pollen production, fertility and viability studied in the three male parents, viz: ‘Pisang Lilin’, ‘Tongat’ and ‘Sanna Chenkadali’ revealed that there was marked variation among the parents in all these pollen characters. Within each parent, all these characters varied greatly with the age of bud. ‘pisang Lilin’ recorded the maximum pollen production per anther (8431.12) and highest pollen fertility (53.74 per cent). The pollen production varied from 3875.41 in the 1st node to 947.14 in the 55th node and fertility from 46.14 per cent in the 1st node to 28.45 per cent in the 55th node, with the maximum pollen production and fertility in the 25th and 20th nodes. In ‘Sanna Chenkadali’, the maximum pollen production and fertility were obtained in the 27th and 28th nodes and in ‘Tongat’ in the 20th and 16th nodes respectively. Standardisation of media for pollen germination and tube growth indicated that a medium consisting of 35 per cent sucrose was the best. The germination of pollen grains was found to be maximum after 24 hours of dusting on the medium. The pollen viability in terms of germination per cent and tube growth was also found to be maximum in ‘Pisang Lilin’ which varied between 19.63 in the 1st node to 6.14 in the 50th node, with a maximum of 31.15 in the 15th node. The pollen tube length varied between 210.12 µ in the 1st node to 112. 40 µ in the 50th node, with a maximum tube length of 410.83 µ in the 25th node. Out of the 18 cross combinations studied, only 3 combinations, involving, ‘Palayankodan’, ‘Rasthali’ and ‘Nendran’ as female parents and ‘Pisang lilin’ as male parent were compatible. Among the three male parents used for hybridization, only ‘Pisang Lilin’ was found to be compatible with the fertile female parents. Seed production was found to be maximum in ‘Palayankodan’ (102.96 seeds per bunch). ‘Rasthali’ produced the least number of seeds per bunch (10.98). The fertility patteren with respect to position of hands in a bunch showed variation. In ‘Palayankodan’, fertility was maximum in the third hand (27.33), while in ‘Nendran”, second hand was more fertile (7.00). ‘Rasthali’ produced maximum number of seeds in second and third hands (2.66). Among the various seed treatments tried, only two seeds subjected to acid treatment, from the cross ‘Palayankodan’ x ‘Pisang Lilin’ germinated. However, the treatments were not found to be effective. The three hybrids from cross, ‘Agniswar’ x ‘Pisang Lilin’, were found to be triploids (2n = 33) with AAB genomic group. With respect to various growth parameters, duration aspects, bunch characters, finger characters and quality aspects, the three hybrids differed significantly between parents and also among themselves. Among the hybrids, ‘Hybrid No. 111” was superior in characters such as height (285.00 cm), number of functional leaves (8.33), leaf area (9.3 M2), petiole length (47.66 cm), bunch yield (9.10 kg), number of hands (7.00), number of fingers (95.00) and quality aspects, viz: total soluble solids (21.17 per cent) and total sugars (15.5 per cent), to both the parents and other two hybrids. The hybrids were found to be male fertile n pollen studies and female fertile on artificial pollination, excepting ;Hybrid No. 11’which was only male fertile. However, hybrids were inferior in pollen production, fertility and viability as compared to the paternal parent and poor in seed yield as compared to the maternal parent.

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