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Subject: Home Science × Author: KAU × End date: 2008 × Start date: 2008 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Standardization of green gram based meat analogues
    (Department of Home Science, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2008) Nisha; KAU; Usha, V
    Meat analogue, a simulated product that resembles meat, is suggested as the food for future owing to its nutritional qualities, beneficial health effects and sensory characteristics. In the present study an attempt was made to develop a product possessing both the nutritional and sensory characteristic of meat. It is health beneficial and at the same time is at par with the shortcomings of meat. Meat analogues were prepared using green gram as the base, blended with soya bean and wheat in different proportions. Gluten was used as a texturizing agent and spices like ginger, garlic, pepper and cinnamon were used for flavouring. Totally ten treatments were tried with different proportions including one control with 100 per cent green gram. A standard meat recipe was prepared by replacing meat with the developed products and were evaluated organoleptically using a nine point hedonic rating scale. Three treatments were selected based on maximum index scores, T4 (107.75), control (93.73) and T6 (88.93). The selected three products were packed in metallised polyester polyethylene laminate pouches and kept for shelf life studies for a period of six months. Chemical constituents, sensory qualities and microbial load were analyzed during the initial period, third and sixth month of storage. The products were also subjected to benefit cost analysis by comparing with a similar product available in the market and also with fresh meat and mutton. Meat analogue was observed to be a good source of protein; with a maximum protein content in T6 (26.00g per 100g), invisible fat; which ranged from 1.23g to 2.67g 100g-1 with a maximum fat content in T4, fibre; ranging from 1.33g to 1.82g 100g-1 with T6 having the maximum fibre content, and minerals like calcium (276mg 100g-1), potassium; ranging from 72.00mg to 73.00mg 100g-1, phosphorus; ranging from 177.94mg to 190.85mg 100 g-1 and iron ranging from 1.77mg to 1.89mg 100 g-1. However, on storage there was a significant reduction in the nutrients. A gradual increase in the microbial load was also noticed with the advancement of storage period. The bacterial and the fungal load increased significantly, from 0.167 to a maximum of 2.5 x 106 cfu g-1 and from zero to 1.667 x 103 cfu g-1 respectively, whereas the yeast count remained insignificant with a maximum count of 0.833 x 103 cfu g-1, even at the end of the storage period. However no insect infestation was noticed till the end of storage. Organoleptic evaluation was done by preparing a recipe as in the case of treatment selection. The evaluation revealed that there was decrease in the organoleptic attributes which affected the over all acceptability of the products. High over all acceptability was observed for T4 (5.97). This was mainly contributed by the high scores for attributes like colour, appearance, taste and texture in the third month and high score for flavour, texture and taste during the sixth month. The price of the developed products is comparatively higher than its available substitute in the market. The cost can be reduced considerably through large scale production. Hence, considering the health benefits compared to red meat, cost factor alone cannot be considered as a constraint in the development of the meat analogues. Therefore in this study, treatments T4 (60% green gram, 10% soya and 30% wheat) and T6 (80% green gram, 10% soya and 10% wheat) with comparable nutritional qualities and acceptability can be recommended as a meat analogue for popularization and large scale production.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Prevalence of hypertension and assesment of risk factors among agricultural labourers
    (Department of Home Science, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2008) Archana, S S; KAU; Indira, V
    A study on “Prevalence of hypertension and assessment of risk factors among agricultural labourers” was carried out among male and female labourers of Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur district. A total of 150 agricultural labourers were selected randomly for the study and were grouped as control (non hypertensive) and experimental groups (hypertensive). The details on socio economic status, personal habits, working pattern, food consumption pattern and nutritional status were collected from the respondents. Information regarding socio economic condition of the families revealed that most of the families in control and experimental groups were Hindus and belonged to forward caste with a family size of 4 to 6 members. Educational status of respondents showed that majority in control and experimental groups were literates. Most of the families in both control and experimental groups owned up to 10 cents of land. Majority of the families in both groups did not have kitchen garden and domestic animals. Monthly income of the families in both groups varied from Rs. 4000 to 10, 000. Maximum proportion of income was spent on food items. Majority of the families in both groups did not have the habit of saving money for future purposes. Most of the families in both groups borrowed money from different sources. Most of the families in control and experimental groups had their own houses with brick as the wall material and tiles as the roofing material with 2 to 3 rooms. Drinking water, electricity, recreational and lavatory facilities were found to be satisfactory. Majority of the families in both groups used wood as source of fuel. About 24 per cent of the male respondents in control and 64 per cent in experimental groups had the habit of smoking. About 12 to 24 per cent respondents in control group and 46 to 50 per cent of respondents in experimental group had the habit of tobacco chewing. Majority of respondents in both groups did not have the habit of taking regular physical exercise. Majority of the respondents in both groups worked for 6 days in a week for 6 to 7 hours daily. Most of the respondents in both groups were non vegetarians and consumed rice as their staple food. The most frequently used food items were cereals, pulses, other vegetables, milk and milk products, fats and oils, sugar, salt, fish and spices and condiments in control group while in experimental group all the above food items except pulses were found to be the most frequently used food items. Advance meal planning was popular in both groups with three meals a day pattern. Majority of the respondents with hypertension used coconut oil for cooking and used pickle, pappad, dried fish and fried food items daily. None of the respondents neither included nor restricted food to control hypertension. Grade 1 obesity was observed among 27 per cent of respondents in experimental group and 24 per cent in control group. Nearly 22 per cent respondents in experimental group and 16 per cent in control group were found to be at risk for obesity. Most of the male respondents had waist hip ratio less than 0.95 while 84 per cent females in experimental group had a waist hip ratio above 0.85. One day food weighment survey indicated that the mean intake of all food items and all nutrients was lower than the recommended allowances in both male and female respondents. About 53.68 per cent male and 49.8 per cent female agricultural labourers had stage 1 hypertension. Among the respondents with hypertension selected for the study 90 to 98 per cent of respondents also had stage 1 hypertension. Type of family, family size, use of pickle, pappad, fried food items, smoking, tobacco chewing, alcohol consumption, lack of regular physical exercise, personality traits, family history of hypertension, body mass index and waist hip ratio were identified as the risk factors for hypertension among agricultural labourers.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Nutritional status and home environment as determinants of attainment of developmental milestones in children
    (Department of Home Science, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2008) Soumya, M S; KAU; Prasannakumari, B
    A study on ‘Nutritional status and home environment as determinants of attainment of developmental milestones in children’ was carried out to find out the relationship between milestone attainment, nutritional status and home environment of children. The present study was done in Vellanad ICDS project of Thiruvananthapuram District among fifty infants and fifty toddlers. The data pertaining to the socioeconomic and child’s characteristics, health and nutritional profile was assessed using a suitably structured pretested schedule. Home environment of the subjects was assessed using the modified version of Caldwell’s HOME INVENTORY standardized by Child Development Centre, Govt. Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram. Developmental milestones of the subjects were assessed using Trivandrum Developmental Screening Chart also developed by Child Development Centre, Thiruvananthapuram. The data collected were tabulated, analyzed statistically and the results were interpreted. Majority of the mothers interviewed were in the age group of 20-25 years. The age group of fathers was between 30-40 years. Socioeconomic data of the subjects indicated that majority of the families were Hindus with a majority belonging to backward caste. Most of the participants were from nuclear family with medium level of education, low monthly income and moderate physical amenities. Data collected about child’s characteristics revealed that majority of the subjects were males. Majority of them were of first birth order and were delivered normally. Feeding practices of infants and toddlers revealed that colostrum was given as the first feed. About sixty eight per cent of mothers followed demand feeding. Problems related to weaning such as diarrhea, vomiting and constipation were common among the children. Analysis on knowledge of mothers regarding nutrition and child care revealed that majority of them had only medium level of knowledge. Anthropometric measurements revealed that BMI of twenty two per cent of mothers fell below normal range and one per cent were obese. Anthropometric data on children revealed that majority of the children were normal according to weight for age based on Gomez classification. Based on IAP classification fifty eight per cent of the subjects were normal and forty five per cent were normal based on Z score classification. Based on height for age Z score classification, fifty six per cent of the subjects were normal and eleven per cent were found to have severe malnutrition. Wasting was seen among nine per cent of the subjects and twenty three per cent suffered from wasting and stunting according to Waterlow’s classification. Data on MUAC found that fifteen per cent suffered from severe malnutrition. Twenty per cent were found to be malnourished when head to chest circumference ratio was assessed. Clinical examination of the subjects revealed non specific symptoms such as discolouration of hair and angular stomatitis in eight and five per cent of children respectively. Anemia was found to be the most common clinical deficiency symptom prevalent. Nutritional status index of the subjects indicated that 8 per cent of infants and 14 per cent of toddlers had low NSI. Home environment of the subjects were studied using the HOME INVENTORY scale consisting of 19 items for infants and 21 items for toddlers. The scale consisted of statements grouped under six subscales which included parental responsivity, acceptance of the child, organization of the environment, learning materials, parental involvement and variety in experience. Analysis of home environment based on the modified version of HOME inventory revealed that 14 per cent of the infants and 16 per cent of toddlers did not get adequate home environment. Developmental milestones were assessed using the Trivandrum Developmental Screening Chart. The chart consisted of 17 items of milestones which is designed for children upto 24 months of age. The child is said to have developmental delay if the child falls short on the vertical line of the left side of the chart. Assessment of developmental milestone ratio in the studied subjects showed that 2 per cent of infants and 6 per cent of toddlers had delayed developmental milestones. A significant correlation was found between nutritional status and BMI, infant feeding practices, birth order and income and between developmental milestone ratio and economic status and home environment with birth weight. Intercorrelation between dependant variables revealed that there is significant relationship among them. The study highlights the importance of creating more awareness among parents of infants and toddlers about the importance of proper feeding practices and also providing them a stimulating environment for their holistic development.